Abstract
No text on polymer science and viscoelasticity is complete without a discussion of time-dependent failure and just as with other structural materials, failure must be defined. In this chapter, only failure by a creep to yield or a creep to rupture (separation) will be considered. We will address both the mechanisms of deformation that often precede these types of failures as well as modeling to describe this behavior. The primary focus will be on one-dimensional models but many of the models discussed have been or can be extended to three-dimensions. The procedures to be discussed are not new and are relatively easy to use by the design engineer to make estimates of the time for either yielding or rupture to occur. While no discussion of either viscoelastic fracture mechanics or fatigue crack growth will be given these are very important topics and the reader is referred to Knauss (1973, 2003) for the former and to Kinloch and Young (1983) for the latter for an in-depth discussion of these topics. Fracture based approaches for prediction of time to failure work best when a crack of a known size exists. The same is true for fatigue as a relation between crack growth rates and time to failure can be established. Other approaches provided by damage mechanics (Krajcinovic 1983) and viscoplasticity (Lubliner 1990) provide a more rational but highly mathematical approach to damage and/or failure evolution for three-dimensional stress states and are perhaps best suited for numerical procedures such as the finite element method. Here we restrict ourselves to simpler, analytic approaches to introduce the fundamental issues.
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- 1.
The birefringence photos here and elsewhere were taken by viewing a specimen using polarizing filters such that stress or strain induced birefringence could be viewed. The fringes are termed isochromatics because if they are viewed with polychromatic light they will appear in various colors dependent upon the stress field. The fringes are black here as the specimen is illuminated with monochromatic light. In this text the isochromatics are not being used for stress or strain analysis but simply to enhance the ability to view the shear band region. For more information, see Optical Methods in engineering Analysis by G. Cloud, Cambridge University Press
- 2.
For a review of early models, see Sancaktar (1987). Also see Cristescu (1967; Cristescu and Suliciu 1982) for the references cited as well as further discussion. For a more complete description of plasticity and viscoplasticity see, Shames and Cozzarelli (1992) as well as Bodner (1975) and Lubliner (1990).
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Brinson, H.F., Brinson, L.C. (2015). Rate and Time-Dependent Failure: Mechanisms and Predictive Models. In: Polymer Engineering Science and Viscoelasticity. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7485-3_11
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