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Defining Prevention Science pp 27–57Cite as

Benchmarks, Developmental Challenges, and Risks During the Prenatal and Infancy Period

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Part of the book series: Advances in Prevention Science ((Adv. Prevention Science))

Abstract

The increasing and extreme death toll of infants and children during the nineteenth century in industrializing countries was the starting signal for public recognition of the vulnerability of young children and their mothers and for public preventive measures. These ranged from city planning to improved hygiene, vaccinations against deadly infections, and mother education in infant care. While child survival and physical health are still prominent issues in many developing countries, prevention of, or compensation for, early social and psychological risks for later major problems have come into scientific and public focus during the past 60 years.

While many physical risks for young children are now well understood and can be handled effectively, major environmental and social changes as well as medical advances, and changes in infant care, present new opportunities, but also new risks, for many infants and new challenges for their parents. This chapter presents recent basic and intervention research for the prenatal, the neonatal, and the infancy period with special focus on some period-specific risks and long-term outcomes. The early period of life appears to be particularly vulnerable to, but also protected from, external influences. Furthermore, evidence accumulates of differential sensibilities to positive and negative influences due to genetic differences, early stressful experiences, and fragile constitution. The early period of life is also an optimal time for effective and economical preventive measures. They will be even more effective when geared to the specific culture and to the conditions of the individual child.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

    Hellgard Rauh

  2. Department for the Epidemiology of Non-communicable Diseases, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany

    Karl E. Bergmann

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  1. Hellgard Rauh
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  2. Karl E. Bergmann
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Correspondence to Hellgard Rauh .

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  1. Ontario, Ohio, USA

    Zili Sloboda

  2. JBS International, Inc., Rockville, USA

    Hanno Petras

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Rauh, H., Bergmann, K.E. (2014). Benchmarks, Developmental Challenges, and Risks During the Prenatal and Infancy Period. In: Sloboda, Z., Petras, H. (eds) Defining Prevention Science. Advances in Prevention Science. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7424-2_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7424-2_2

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