Abstract
It is well known that the hematocrit in microvessels is a major determinant of oxygen transport to the tissue proper. The tube hematocrit plays the dominant role in establishing the apparent viscosity of blood in glass tubes (Barbee and Cokelet, 1971) and in microvessels of cat mesentery (Lipowsky et al., 1980). The flux of red blood cells at the capillary level describes the capacity of blood to deliver oxygen to the tissue surrounding the capillary. According to the theme of this symposium, models and measurements, we shall first examine the methods used to measure the hematocrit in microvessels. The model for interpreting the low capillary hematocrit and the experimental evidences on the balance of microvascular and macrovascular blood flow are reviewed. The arising issues which need to be resolved and the critics on the hematocrit measurements are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albrecht, K.H., Gaehtgens, P., Pries, A. and Heuser, M., 1979, The Fahraeus effect in narrow capillaries (i.d. 3.3 to 11.0 um), Mocrovas. Res., 18:33–47.
Baker, C.H., Davis, D.L., and Sutton, E.T., 1979, Microvascular plasma velocity and indicator dispersion with hemorrhage, Circ. Shock, 6:61–74.
Barbee, J.H, and Cokelet, G.R., 1971a, The Fahraeus effect, Microvase. Res. 3, 6–16.
Barbee, J.H., and Cokelet, G.R., 1971b, Prediction of blood flow in tubes with diameters as small as 29 y m. Microvasc. Res. 3, 17–21.
Copley, A.L., and Staple, P.H., 1962, Haemorheiological studies on the plasmatic zone in the microcirculation of the cheek pouch of Chinese and Syrian hamsters, Biorheology, 1:3–14.
Crone, C., 1963, The Permeability of capillaries in various organs as determined by use of the indicator-diffusion method, Acta, Physiol. Scand. 58:292–305.
Effros, R.M., 1974, Osmotic extraction of hypotonic fluid from the lungs, J. Clin. Invest. 54:935–947.
Jendrucko, R., and Lee, J.S., 1973, The measurement of hematocrit of blood flowing in glass capillaries by microphotmetry, Microvasc. Res. 6, 316–331.
Jendrucko, R. and Lee, J.S., 1974, Hematocrit measurement in cat arterioles by micro-photometry, Fed. Proc. 33, 313.
Johnson, P.C., Blaschke, J., Burton, K.S., and Dial, J.H, 1971, Influence of flow variations on capillary hematocrit in mesentery, Amer. J. Physio. 221, 105–112.
Kenner, T., Leopold, H. and Hinghoffer-Szalkay, H., 1977, The continous high-precision measurement of the density of flowing blood, Pflügers Archiv, 370:25–29.
Klitzman, B., and Duling, B.R., 1979, Microvascular hematocrit and red blood cell flow in resting and contracting striated muscle, Am. J. Physiol. 273: H481–H490.
Krogh, A., 1929, “The anatomy and physiology of capillaries”, pp. 5–7, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn.
Lee, J.S., Indicator dilution in single microvessels and its integration for whole organs, pp. 162-167, in “9th Europ.Conf. of Microcirculation,” Ed. D.H. Lewis, Ed., Darger Basel
Lee, J.S., 1980, Micro-Macroscopic Scaling, pp. 159–168, “Mathematics of microcirculation phenomena,” J.F. Gross and A. Popel, Ed. Raven Press, N.Y.
Lee, J.S. and Attinger, E.O., 1978, Flow, mean transit time, and dispersion of indicator in a microcirculatory network, pp. 205–214, in “Cardiovascular System Dynamics,” J. Baan, A. Noordergraaf, and J. Raines, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Lee, J.S. and Fronek, A., 1970, An analysis of the exchange on indicators in single capillaries, Microvas. Res. 2:302–318.
Lee, J.S. and Fung, Y.C., 1970, Flow in locally constricted tubes at low Reynolds numbers, J. App. Mechanics, 37: 9–16.
Lee, J.S., and Lee, L.P., 1980, Transcapillary fluid flux induced by transient hypertonic disturbances, in “Routes of transcapillary transport: correlation of structure and function,” J.A.G., Rhodin, Ed. Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest.
Levenspeiel, O. and W.K. Smith, Notes on the diffusion-type model for the longitudinal mixing of fluids in flow, Chem. Eng. Sci. 6:227–233, 1957.
Levine, O.R., Dell, R.B., Bowe, E. and Hyman, A.I., 1974, Pulmonary extra-vascular chlorid space and albumin in adult dogs and puppies, Pediat. Res. 8:270–274.
Lipowsky, H.H., Usami, S. and Chien, S., 1980, In vivo measurements of “apparent viscosity” and microvessel hematocrit in the mesentery of the cat, Microvas. Res., 19:297–319.
Meier, P., and Zierler, K.L., 1954, On the theory of the indicatordilution method for measurement of blood flow and volume, J. App. Physiol. 6: 731–744.
Nellis, S.H. and Lee, J.S., 1974, Dispersion of indicator measured from micro-vessels of cat mesentery, Circ. Res. 35:580–591.
Newman, E.V., Merrell, M., Genecin, A., Monge, C. Milnor, W.R. and McKeever, W.P., 1951, The dye dilution method for describing the central circulation, an analysis of factors shaping the time-concentration curves, Circ. 4:735–746.
Taylor, G., 1953, Dispersion of soluble matter in solvent flowing through a tube, Proc. Royal Soc. of London, Ser. A., 219: 186–203.
Wiedman, M.P, 1963, Patterns of the arteriovenous pathways, pp. 891-934, “Handbook of Physiology” Sect. 2, vol. II, W.F. Hamilton and P. Dow, Ed., Am. Physiol. Soc. Wash. D.C.
Zierler, K.L., 1963, Theory of use of indicators to measure blood flow and extra-cellular volume and calculation of transcapillary movement of tracers, Circ. Res. 12:464–471.
Zierler, K.L., 1965, Tracer-dilution techniques in the study of microvascular behavior, Fed. Proc. 24:1085–1091.
Zweifach, B.W., and Kossman, C.E., 1937, Micromanipulation of small vessels in the mouse, Am. J. Physiol.120:23–35.
Zweifach. B.W., and Lipowsky, H.H., 1977, Quantitative studies of microcirculatory structure and function, III, Microvascular hemodynamics of cat mesentery and rabbit omentum, Circ. Res. 3, 380–390.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, Js., Kenner, T. (1982). Microvascular Dynamics. In: Kenner, T., Busse, R., Hinghofer-Szalkay, H. (eds) Cardiovascular System Dynamics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6693-3_41
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6693-3_41
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-6695-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-6693-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive