Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Steroid Hormones pp 61–67Cite as

The History of Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Steroids

  • Chapter

  • 94 Accesses

Abstract

The application of gas-liquid chromatography to the separation and measurement of steroids dates back less than six years. Although it appeared from the early reports of gas chromatography [1–3], that this tool would find its primary application in the separation of relatively volatile substances, by 1959 a number of compounds of boiling points nearly equal to steroid molecules had been gas chromatographed successfully. Notable among them are the fatty acids, which were chromatographed as the methyl esters to reduce the hydrogen bonding effects of the carboxyl group, thereby decreasing their boiling point. Late in 1959, there appeared a report by Eglinton et al. [4] describing the gas chromatographic separation of a number of substances including two relatively nonpolar sterols. This work was done using short grease columns and required fairly long retention times. Soon thereafter, a report by Berthuis and Recourt [5] also showed the possibility of chromatographing sterols in the vapor phase. However, the first specific efforts directed toward the separation of hormones containing the steroid nucleus were reported independently and nearly simultaneously by three laboratories in 1960.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin, Analyst 77:915 (1952).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. A. T. James and A. J. P. Martin, Biochem. J. 50:679 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. N. H. Ray, J. Appl. Chem. 4:21, 82 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. G. Eglinton, R. J. Hamilton, R. Hodges, and R. A. Raphael, Chem. Ind. 955 (1959). 1

    Google Scholar 

  5. R. K. Berthuis and J. H. Recourt, Nature 186:372 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. W. J. A. VandenHeuvel, C. C. Sweeley, andE. C. Horning, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82:3481 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H. H. Wotiz and H. F. Martin, Am. Chem. Soc. Meeting, New York City, September 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  8. C. Chen and C. D. Lantz, . Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 3:182 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. W. J. A. VandenHeuvel, E. O. A. Haahti, and E. C. Horning, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83:1513 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. S. R. Lipsky and R. A. Landowne, Anal. Chem. 33:818 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. H. H. Wotiz and H. F. Martin, J. Biol. Chem. 236:1312 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. S. H. Langer, R. A. Friedal, J. Wender, and A. C. Sharkey, Anal. Chem. 30:1353 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. Luukkainen, W. J. A. VandenHeuvel, E. O. A. Haahti, and E. C. Horning, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 52:599 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Harley and V. Pretorius, Nature 181:177 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. I. G. McWilliam and A. Dewar, Nature 182:1664 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  16. H. H. Wotiz and H. F. Martin, Federation Proc. 20:199 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  17. H. H. Wotiz and H. F. Martin, Anal. Biochem. 3:97 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. J. Fishman and J. B. Brown, J. Chromatog. 8:21 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. B. Brown, Biochem. J. 60:185 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. A. Cooper and B. G. Creech, Anal. Biochem. 2:502 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. I. S. Hartman and H. H. Wotiz, Steroids 1:33 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. M. Sparagana, W. B. Mason, and E. H. Keutman, Anal. Chem. 34:1157 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. W. J. A. VandenHeuvel, B. G. Creech, and E. C. Horning, Anal. Biochem. 4:191 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. M. A. Kirschner and M. B. Lipsett, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 23:255 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. M. A. Kirschner and M. B. Lipsett, Steroids 3:277 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. J. T. France, N. L. McNiven, and R. I. Dorfman, Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. 90:71 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. B. S. Thomas, Airlie House Conference, Warrenton, Va., February 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  28. J. A. Cooper, J. P. Abbott, B. K. Rosengreen, and W. R. Claggett, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 38:388 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. H. H. Wotiz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 69:415 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. H. H. Wotiz and P. J. Mozden, Human Ovulation, edited by C. S. Keefer (Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1965), p. 160.

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. A. Turner, G. E. Seegar-Jones, I. J. Sarlos. A. C. Barnes, and R. Cohen, Anal. Biochem. 5:99 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. A. A. Patti, P. Bonnano, A. A. Stein, and T. Frawley, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 39:399 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  33. A. P. Jansen, Clin. Chim. Acta 8:785 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. I. Cox, J. Chromatog. 12:242 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. M. E. Yannone, D. B. McComas, and A. Goldfien, J. Gas Chromatog. 2:30 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. W. P. Collins and I. F. Somerville, Nature 203:836 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. H. VanderMolen and D. Groen, Airlie House Conference, Warrenton, Va., February 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  38. H. H. Wotiz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 74:122 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. H. L. Yousem, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 88:375 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. J. C. Touchstone, A. Nikolski, and T. Murawec, Steroids 3:569 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Luukkainen, W. J. A. VandenHeuvel, and E. C. Horning, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 62:153 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Luukkainen and H. Adlerkreutz, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 70:700 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. H. S. Kroman, S. R. Bender, and R. L. Capizzi, Clin. Chim. Acta 9:73 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. H. H. Wotiz and S. C. Chattoraj, Anal. Chem. 36:1466 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. H. H. Wotiz and S. C. Chattoraj, Airlie House Conference, Warrenton, Va., February 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  46. W. Futterweit, N. L. McNiven, L. Marcus, C. Lantos, M. Drosdowsky, and R. I. Dorfman, Steroids 1:628 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. H. Ibayashi, M. Nakamura, S. Murakawa, T. Uchikawa,T. T. Nioka, and K. Nakao, Steroids 3:559 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. R. V. Brooks, Steroids 4:117 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. D. H. Sandberg, N. Ahmad, W. W. Cleveland, and K. Savard, Steroids 4:557 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. M. Sparagana, Steroids 5:773 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. R. Guerra-Garcia, S. C. Chattoraj, L. J. Gabrilove, and H. H. Wotiz, Steroids 2:605 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. A. C. Brownie, H. J. VanderMolen, E. E. Nishizawa,andK. B. Eik-Nes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 24:1091 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R. A. Landowne and S. R. Lipsky, Anal. Chem. 35:532 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S. J. Clark and H. H. Wotiz, Steroids 2:535 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. S. Rosenfeld, M. C. Lebeau, R. D. Jandorek, and T. Sabina, J. Chromatog. 8:355 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. B. G. Creech, J. Gas Chromatog. 2:194 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. G. W. Kittinger, Steroids 3:21 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. E. Bailey, J. Endocrinol. 28:131 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. E. Bailey, Airlie House Conference, Warrenton, Va., February 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. A. Luetscher and G. R. Gould, J. Chromatog. 13:350 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. M. A. Kirschner and H. M. Fales, Anal. Chem. 34:1548 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. R. S. Rosenfeld, Steroids 4:147 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. E. Menini and J. E. Norymberski, Biochim. J. 95:1 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. H. H. Wotiz, I. Naukkarinen, and H. E. Carr, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 53:449 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. H. E. Carr and H. H. Wotiz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 71:178 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. P. Eneroth, K. Hellstrum, and R. Ryhage, J. Lipid Res. 5:245 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. W. Wells and M. Makita, Anal. Biochem. 4:204 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. H. J. O’Neill and L. L. Gershlein, Anal. Chem. 33:182 (1961).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. L. P. Cawley, B. O. Musser, S. Campbell, and W. Faucette, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 39:450 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. C. J. W. Brooks and J. S. Young, Biochem. J. 84:53P (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  71. D. B. Gower and G. A. D. Haslewood, J. Endocrinol. 23:253 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. B. A. Knights, A. W. Rogers, and G. H. Thomas, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 8:253 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. M. A. Kirschner, M. B. Lipsett, and H. Wilson, Acta Endocrinol. 43:387 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. G. H. Thomas, E. Forchielli, and K. Brown-Grant, Nature 202:260 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Herbert H. Wotiz (Professor of Biochemistry) & Stanley J. Clark (Research Associate in Biochemistry)

Authors
  1. Herbert H. Wotiz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stanley J. Clark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1966 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wotiz, H.H., Clark, S.J. (1966). The History of Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Steroids. In: Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Steroid Hormones. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6633-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6633-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-6618-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-6633-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation