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Part 6. Pressure Measurements for the Range 1 kPa to 100 μPa

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Abstract

The measurement of pressure between 1 kPa and 100μPa is complicated by the fact that the nature of the gas transport mechanism undergoes a distinct change within this range. The description of gas flow in rarefied gaseous systems is usually divided into three parts, with the division specified by the range in value of the ratio of the molecular mean free path to the characteristic dimension of the channel through which the gas passes. In the upper pressure range, for example at 1 kPa where the mean free path for all gases is less than 20 μm at 298 K, the characteristics of the flow are dominated by intermolecular collisions. Viscosity and thermal conductivity of the gases are independent of pressure; other properties such as temperature, density and flow velocity show small variation within a distance of one mean free path; therefore, the flow is hydrodynamical and viscous. In the low pressure range, for example at 100 μPa where the mean free path is of the order of 200 m at 298 K, the gas flow is characterized by molecular free flight, and transport is determined by gas-wall interactions. Discontinuities in temperature and variations in molecular flux may occur within the gas at a distance of one mean free path, and the flow is free-molecular flow. The transition from viscous to molecular flow at intermediate pressures is characterized by the influence of both types of collisions. No general derivations of flow equations are constructed from first principles for this transition range, and description is semi-empirical.

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  1. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, 20234, USA

    Stanley Ruthberg

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  1. Stanley Ruthberg
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  1. Laboratoire des Interactions Moléculaires et des Hautes Pressions, CNRS, Meudon, France

    B. Le Neindre  & B. Vodar  & 

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Ruthberg, S. (1968). Part 6. Pressure Measurements for the Range 1 kPa to 100 μPa. In: Le Neindre, B., Vodar, B. (eds) Experimental Thermodynamics Volume II. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6569-1_9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6569-1_9

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