Abstract
This chapter has been written for the hydraulic engineer who is, or is going to be, engaged in water resources development studies. Therefore, more emphasis has been placed on practical aspects (such as determining the diameter of a conduit, the width of a spillway, or the dimensions of a canal) than on theoretical aspects (such as viscous resistance, boundary layer, or turbulence characteristics).
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Bibliography
Abbett, R. W. (1956). American Civil Engineering Practice, Vol. II. (See in Bibliography to Chapter 5.)
Albertson, M. L., and others. (1960). Fluid Mechanics for Engineers. 567 pp. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. (A good elementary and practical textbook on engineering hydraulics. The chapter on flow in open channels is
comprehensive and clear. Other chapter headings: Fluid statics; Fluid dynamics; Fluid resistance; Flow in closed conduits; Flow around submerged objects.)
ASCE Task Force on Friction Factors (1963). ‘Friction factors in open channels.’ Proc. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., March 1963, HY2, pp. 97–143. (This report represents four years of work in assembling a comprehensive bibliography and in summarizing current thought on friction in open channels. It is concluded that use of Darcy-Weisbach f has advantages over the use of Manning’s n.)
Brooks, N. H. (1958). ‘Mechanics of streams with movable beds of fine sand.’ Trans. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 123, pp. 526–94. (This paper presents a laboratory study of the influence of bed configuration upon the relationship between sediment transport and channel slope. It was found that for a given discharge and slope, the depth of flow was a function of the sediment discharge. At a small sediment discharge, the bed became rough and the depth of flow became large. At a large sediment discharge, the bed became smooth and the depth of flow became small. For the laboratory flume, the sediment discharge could not be expressed as a function of depth and slope. However, when the water discharge and sediment load were used as independent variables, all other quantities were uniquely determined.)
Carey, W. C, and Keller, M. D. (1957). ‘Systematic changes in the beds of alluvial rivers.’ Proc. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs. August 1957, HY4 Paper 1331, 24 pp. (This paper describes the sand wave formation and movement on the Mississippi River. The relation to hydraulic roughness is discussed.)
Chatley, H. (1938). ‘Hydraulics of large rivers.’ J. Junior Inst. Eng. Lond., June 1938, pp. 401–16. (This paper discusses the characteristics of the Mississippi, the Yellow, and the Yangtze Rivers, from a viewpoint of frequency of floods, fluctuation of precipitation, deforestation and aridity, erosion and delta formation.)
Chow, V. T. (1959). Open-channel Hydraulics. 680 pp. New York; McGraw-Hill. (This is by far the most comprehensive handbook on this subject, written in a clear style and dealing with practical problems. Some chapter headings: Open channel flow classifications; Energy and momentum principles; Critical flow; Design of channel for uniform flow; Gradually varied flow theory; Practical problems; Flow over spillways; Hydraulic jump; Non-prismatic channels; Unsteady flow; Flood routing.)
Einstein, H. A., and Barbarossa, N. L. (1952). ‘River channel roughness.’ Trans. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 117, pp. 1121–88. (This paper offers a rational approach to the solution of the problem of determining the frictional losses in natural streams. An interdependent treatment of hydraulic and sedimentary characteristics is presented.)
Karman, T. von. (1934). ‘Turbulence and skin friction.’ J. aero. Soc, Vol. 1, pp. 1–18. (This paper deals with boundary layer resistance and its interpretation in terms of a friction factor.)
Kennedy, R. J., and Fulton, J. F. (1961). ‘The effect of secondary currents upon the capacity of a straight open channel.’ Trans. Engng. Inst. Canada, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 12–18. (This paper describes how the pattern of secondary currents in a smooth rectangular channel may change abruptly with increasing depth, and thus affect the channel’s carrying capacity by as much as 20 per cent.)
Kindsvater, C. E., and Carter, R. W. (1955). ‘Tranquil flow through open channel constrictions.’ Trans. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 120, pp. 955–92. (A practicable solution of the discharge equation for an open channel restriction has been achieved by the application of a systematic experimental investigation to an approximate analysis.)
King, H. W. (1939). Handbook of Hydraulics. 617 pp. New York; McGraw-Hill. (This handbook presents the essentials of engineering hydraulics, followed by a wealth of empirical data, such as: coefficients of discharge for various shaped orifices, gates and weirs; roughness coefficients for pipes and open channels; permissible velocities in canals; discharge at critical depth for various shaped channels; rating table for current meters.)
Lamb, H. (1945). Hydrodynamics. 738 pp. New York; Dover Publications. (A reprint of the first edition published in 1879. This is one of the classical texts of the hydraulic literature. It deals with the mathematical concepts of the movement of a fluid in a highly theoretical fashion.)
Lane, E. W. (1949). ‘Low temperature increases sediment transport in Colorado River.’ (See in Bibliography to Chapter 4.)
Manning, R. (1891). ‘Flow of water in open channels and pipes.’ Trans. Inst. civ. Engrs. Ireland, Vol. 20, pp. 161–207. (In this paper Manning proposes a rather complicated formula which has later been reduced to the well-known Manning formula.)
Matthes, G. H. (1940). ‘Stage transmission in the lower Mississippi River.’ University of Iowa, Studies in Engineering, Bull. 20, pp. 240–47’ (This paper discusses the rate of travel of flood crests and the influence of cut-offs, levees, and valley storage.)
Matthes, G. H. (1956). ‘ Stream flow characteristics.’ (See Abbett, R. W., 1956, American Civil Engineering Practice, in Bibliography to Chapter 5.) Proceedings (1937, 1948, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1963), Confs. Assoc. Hydr. Res. Secretariat: Raam 61, Delft. Netherlands. (These proceedings contain a wealth of information on hydraulic engineering. Most papers deal with hydraulics laboratory techniques and the results of research; some papers deal with practical engineering problems. Some conference themes: sediment transportation; density currents; air entrainment; waves; tidal hydraulics; modern instrumentation; outlet works; hydraulics of shiplocks; ice problems; scale effect; cavitation; turbulence; groundwater flow; hydraulic problems for computers. The Association also issues an annual publication, Hydraulic Research listing all important research being conducted at all hydraulics laboratories in the world, except the U.S. and Canada. Those two countries issue their own annual publication, Hydraulic Research in the U.S. and Canada, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington.) Proceedings (1939, 1942, 1946, 1952, 1955, 1958). Hydr. Confs. Iowa Inst. Hydr. Res., published by the State University of Iowa. (These publications contain a large number of interesting papers on hydraulics, some of which are listed in this Bibliography under their author’s name.)
Rouse, H. (1946). Elementary Mechanics of Fluids. 376 pp. New York; Wiley. (An excellent introductory textbook on fluid motion. Although somewhat theoretical, it is fairly easy to read and has good illustrations. Some chapter headings: Fluid velocity and acceleration; Effects of gravity on fluid motion; One-dimensional method of flow analysis; Surface resistance; Form resistance.)
Rouse, H. (1950). Engineering Hydraulics. 1,039 pp. New York; Wiley. (One of the most comprehensive textbooks on the subject, prepared by thirteen authors. Some chapter headings: Fundamental principles by H. Rouse; Hydrology by G. R. Williams; Flow of groundwater by C. E. Jacob; Channel transition by A. T. Ippen; Gradually varied channel flow by C. J. Posey; Flood routing by B. R. Gilcrest; Sediment transportation by C. B. Brown.)
Rouse, H. (1959). Advanced Mechanics of Fluids. 444 pp. New York; Wiley. (A highly theoretical textbook on fluid motion, prepared by nine authors. Some chapter headings: Principles of irrotational flow by P. G. Hubbard; Laminar motion by Chia-Shun Yih; Turbulence by Tien-To Siao; Boundary layers by L. Laudweber; Free turbulence sheer flow by E. M. Laursen.)
Sayre, W. W., and Albertson, M. L. (1961). ‘Roughness spacing in rigid open channels.’ Proc. Amer. civ. Engrs., May 1961, HY3, pp. 121–50. (This paper describes a series of experiments to determine the effect of the spacing of roughness elements on the total resistance of flow. Logarithmic flow formulae are developed on the basis of the observed data.)
Schnackenberg, E. C. (1951). ‘Slope discharge formulae for alluvial streams.’ Proc. N. Z. Inst. Eng., Vol. 37, pp. 340–449. (This paper presents a good deal of field data on the friction factor of open channel flow.)
Shukry, A. (1950). ‘Flow around bends in an open flume.’ Trans. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 115, pp. 751–88. (Presents results of a laboratory study of the spiral motion around bends. The effects of varying Reynold’s number, depth-breadth ratio, radius breadth ratio, and deflection angle are indicated. It is concluded that spiral motion exists in straight flumes as well as in curved flumes.)
Simons, D, B., and Richardson, E. V. (1961). ‘Forms of bed Toughness in alluvial channels.’ Proc. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., May 1961, HY3, pp. 87–105. (This paper discusses the different regimes of flow in alluvial channels and their associated roughness.)
Simons, D. B., and Richardson, E. V. (1962), ‘Resistance to flow in alluvial channels.’ Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 127, pt. I, pp. 927–1006. (This paper presents the initial results of a flume study of alluvial channels. A detailed classification of the regimes of flow, the forms of bed roughness, and the basic concepts pertaining to flow resistance are discussed.)
Simons, D. B., and others (1962). ‘Depth-discharge relations in alluvial channels.’ Proc. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Sept. 1962, HY5, pp. 57–72. (The roughness of alluvial channels varies with the flow, the channel, the bed material, and the sediment load, A change in roughness is reflected in a change in stage, depth, velocity, and hence in stage-discharge and depth-discharge relations. These relations are examined and the results are presented.)
Tults, H. (1956). ‘Flood protection of canals by lateral spillways.’ Proc. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Oct. 1956, HY5, Paper 1077, 17 pp. (Water levels in front of a lateral spillway crest can be computed by the Bernoulli and the continuity equations. The paper discusses different water surface profiles upstream, in front, and downstream of the spillway, depending on the flow stage and the location of the spillway.)
U.S. Waterways Experiment Station (1935), ‘Studies of river bed materials and their movement.’ Pap, 17 of U.S. Wat. Exp. St., Vicksburg, 161 pp, (This paper reports on a study that was aimed at determining the tractive force required to move bed material of different sizes and physical characteristics.)
Vanoni, V. A. (1946). ‘Transportation of suspended sediment by water.’ (See in Bibliography to Chapter 4.)
Vanoni, V. A., and Nomicos, G. N. (1960). ‘Resistance properties of sediment laden streams.’ Trans. Amer. Soc. civ. Engrs., Vol. 125, pp. 1140–75. (Laboratory experiments showed that the friction factor of a stream carrying suspended sediment is less than a comparable one without sediment.)
Vogel, H. D., and Thompson, P. W. (1933). ‘Flow in river bends.’ (See in Bibliography to Chapter 4.)
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Kuiper, E. (1965). Hydraulics. In: Water Resources Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6281-2_3
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