Abstract
In the previous chapter, the rationale for a qualitative approach for research was presented. In this chapter, some of the methods that may be used to examine phenomena qualitatively will be introduced, and then factors to consider when selecting a qualitative method will be discussed.
Keywords
- Focus Group
- Qualitative Research
- Historical Research
- Qualitative Research Method
- Symbolic Interactionism
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aamodt, A.M. (1982) Examining ethnography for nurse researchers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 4(2), 209–21.
Atkinson, P. (1992) The ethnography of a medical setting: reading, writing and rhetoric. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 451–74.
Benson, D. and Hughes, J.A. (1983) The Perspective of Ethnomethodology, Longman, London.
Bergum, V. (1991) Being a phenomenological researcher, in Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary Dialogue, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 55–71.
Blurton-Jones, N.G. (1972) Characteristics of ethological studies of human behaviour, in Ethological Studies of Childhood Behaviour, (ed. N. Blurton-Jones), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 3–33.
Bohannan, L. (1956/1992) Shakespeare in the bush, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 20–30.
Bottorff, J.L. and Morse, J.M. (1994) Identifying types of attending: patterns of nurses’ work. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 26(1), 53–60.
Bowers, L. (1992) Ethnomethodology I: an approach to nursing research. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 29(1), 59–68.
Boyle, J. (1994) Style of ethnograph, in Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 159–85.
Brady-Fryer, B. (1994) Becoming the mother of a preterai baby, in Uncertain Motherhood: Negotiating Risk in the Childbearing Years, (eds P.A. Field and P.B. Marck), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 195–222.
Bruyn, S.R. (1966) The Human Perspective in Sociology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Cassell, J. (1987/92) On control, certitude and the ‘paranoia’ of surgeons, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 170–91.
Chenitz, W.C. and Swanson, J.M. (1986) From Practice to Grounded Theory, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA.
Clarke, M. (1990/92) Memories of breathing: a phenomenological dialogue: Asthma as a way of becoming, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 123–40.
Cohen, M.Z. (1987) A historical overview of the phenomenological movement. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19, 31–4.
Cohen, M.Z. and Ornery, A. (1994) Schools of phenomenology: implications for research, in Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 136–57.
Côté, J.J., Morse, J.M. and James, S.G. (1991) The pain response of the postoperative newborn. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 16(4), 378–87.
Davis, D.L. (1986/92) The meaning of menopause in a Newfoundland fishing village, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp.145–69.
Denzin, N.K. (1970). Symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology, in Understanding Everyday Life, (ed. J. Douglas), Aldine, NY, pp. 261–86.
Denzin, N.K. (1989) Interpretive Interactionism, Newbury Park, Sage, CA.
Douglas, J. (1970) Understanding Everyday Life, Aldine, Chicago, IL.
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1989) Human Ethology, Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
Ekman, P. (ed.) (1983) Emotion in the Human Face, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ekman, P., Sorenson, E.R. and Friesen, W.V. (1968) Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotions. Science, 164, 86–8.
Ellen, R.F. (ed.) (1984) Ethnographic research, Academic Press, London.
Evaneshko, V. and Kay, M.A. (1982) The ethnoscience research technique. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 4(1), 49–64.
Fetterman, D.M. (1989) Ethnography: Step by Step, Sage, Melno Park, CA.
Fisher, B.J. and Peterson, C. (1993) She won’t be dancing much anyway: A study of surgeons, surgical nurses and elderly patients. Qualitative Health Research, 3, 165–83.
Fitzpatrick, M.L. (1993) Historical research, in Nursing Research: A Qualitative Perspective, 2nd edn, (eds P.L. Munhall and CO. Boyd), National League for Nursing, New York, pp. 359–90.
Frake, C.O. (1962) The ethnographic study of cognitive systems, in Anthropology and Human Behavior, (eds T. Gladwin and W.C. Sturveant), Anthropological Society of Washington, Washington, DC, pp. 72–85.
Garfinkel, H. (1967) Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Geertz, C. (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures, Basic Books, New York.
Germain, C. (1979) The Cancer Unit: An Ethnography, Nursing Resources, Wakefield, MA.
Giorgi, A. (1970) Psychology As A Human Science: A Phenomenologically Based Approach, Harper and Row, New York.
Glaser, B.G. (1978) Theoretical Sensitivity, The Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA.
Glaser, B.G. (1992) Basics of Grounded Theory Analysis, The Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA.
Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1967) The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Aldine, New York.
Golander, H. (1987/92) Under the guide of passivity, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 192–201.
Goodenough, W.H. (1967) Componential analysis. Science, 156, 1203–09.
Gould, J.L. (1982) Ethology, W.W. Norton and Company, London.
Grant, L. and Fine, G.A. (1992) Sociology unleashed: creative directions in classical ethnography, in The Handbook of Qualitative Methodology, (eds M.D. LeCompte, W.L. Millroy and J. Preissle), Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 405–46.
Häggström, M.T., Axelsson, K. And Norberg, A. (1994) The experience of living with stroke sequelae illuminated by means of stories and metaphors. Qualitative Health Research, 4(3), 321–37.
Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1983) Ethnography: Principles in Practice, Tavistock, London.
Heritage, J. (1984) Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Holstein, J.A. and Gubrium, J.F. (1994) Phenomenology, ethnomethodology and interpretive practice, in Handbook of Qualitative Research, (eds N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 262–72.
Hughes, C.C. (1992) ‘Ethnography’: what’s in a work — process? product? promise? Qualitative Health Research, 2, 451–74.
Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Kelpin, V. (1984/92) Birthing pain, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 93–103.
Krueger, R.A. (1994) Focus Groups, 2nd edn, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Lankshear, A.J. (1993) The use of focus groups in a study of attitudes to student nurses assessment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 18, 1986–9.
Leininger, M. (1969) Ethnoscience: a promising research approach to improve nursing practice. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 3(1), 2–8.
Leiter, K. (1980) A Primer on Ethnomethodology, Oxford University Press, New York.
Levi-Strauss, C. (1963) Structural Anthropology, Basic Books, New York.
Lipson, J.G. (1991) The use of self in ethnographic research, in Qualitative Nursing Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 73–89.
Lorencz, B. (1991) Becoming ordinary: leaving the psychiatric hospital, in The Illness Experience: Dimensions of Suffering, (eds J.M. Morse and J. Johnson), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 140–200.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, A.M. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Morse, J.M. (1991/92) The structure and function of gift-giving in the patient — nurse relationship, in Qualitative Health Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 236–56.
Morse, J.M. (1994) Designing funded qualitative research, in Handbook of Qualitative Research, (eds N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 220–35.
Morse, J.M. and Bottorff, J. (1990) The use of ethology in clinical nursing. Advances in Nursing Science, 12(3), 53–64.
Newman, L.F. (1981, April 13) Anthropology and ethology in the special care nursery: communicative functions in low birthweight infants, paper presented to the Society for Applied Anthropology, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Ornery, A. (1983) Phenomenology: a method for nursing research. Advances in Nursing Science, 5, 49–63.
Ragucci, A. (1972) The ethnographic approach to nursing research. Nursing Research, 21, 485–90.
Ray, M.A. (1994) The richness of phenomenology: philosophic, theoretic and méthodologic concerns, in Critical Issues in Qualitative Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 117–33.
Roberson, M.H.B. (1992) The meaning of compliance: patient perspectives. Qualitative Health Research, 2(1), 7–26.
Rogers, M. F. (1983) Sociology, Ethnomethodology, and Experience, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sanjek, R. (1990) Fieldnotes: The Makings of Anthropology, Cornell University Press, Ithica, NY.
Scherer, K.R. and Ekman, P. (1982) Handbook of Methods in Nonverbal Behavior Research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
Solberg, S. and Morse, J.M. (1991) The comforting behaviors of caregivers toward distressed postoperative neonates. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 14, 77–92.
Spradley, J.P. (1970) You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads, Little, Brown and Company, Boston.
Spradley, J.P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Spradley, J.P. (1980) Participant Observation, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Spradley, J.P. and McCurdy, D. (1972) The Cultural Experience: Ethnography in Complex Society, Science Research Associates, Chicago.
Stein, H.F. (1991) The role of some nonbiomedical parameters in clinical decision making: an ethnographic approach. Qualitative Health Research, 1, 6–26.
Stern, P.N. (1994) Eroding grounded theory, in Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 212–23.
Strauss, B.G. (1987) Qualitative Data Analysis for Social Scientists, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1990) Basics of Qualitative Research, Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
van Manen, M. (1984) Practicing phenomenological writing. Phenomenology and Pedagogy, 2, 36–69.
van Manen, M. (1990) Researching Lived Experience, The Althouse Press, London, Ont.
Werner, O. and Schoepfle, G.M. (1987a) Systematic Fieldwork: Foundations of Ethnography and Interviewing (Vol. 1), Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Werner, O. and Schoepfle, G.M. (1987b) Systematic Fieldwork: Ethnographic Analysis and Data Management (Vol. 2), Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Further Reading
Aessler, D.C. and Tomlinson, P.S. (1988) Nursing research and the discipline of ethological science. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10, 743–56.
Allen, M. and Jensen, L. (1990) Hermeneutical inquiry: meaning and scope. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 12, 241–53.
Becker, P.H. (1993) Common pitfalls in published grounded theory research. Qualitative Health Research, 3, 254–60.
Cressler, D.L. and Tomlinson, P.S. (1988) Nursing research and the discipline of ethological science. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10(6), 743–56.
Davis, A.J. (1978) The phenomenological approach in nursing research, in The Nursing Profession: Views Through the Mist, (ed. N.L. Chaska), McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 186–96.
Gilgun, J.F., Daly, K. and Handel, G. (eds) (1992) Qualitative Methods in Family Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Goodwin, L.D. and Goodwin, W.L. (1984) Qualitative vs. quantitative research or qualitative and quantitative research. Nursing Research, 33, 378–80.
Gubrium, J.F. and Sankar, A. (eds) (1994) Qualitative Methods in Aging Research, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Hughes, C.C. (1992) ‘Ethnography’ What’s in a word — process? product? promise? Qualitative Health Research, 2, 439–50.
Mitchell, E.S. (1986) Multiple triangulation: a methodology for nursing science. Advances in Nursing Science, 8, 18–26.
Morgan, D.L. (1988) Focus Groups as Qualitative Research, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
Munhall, P.L. (1989) Philosophical ponderings on qualitative research methods in nursing. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2, 20–8.
Robertson, H.B. and Boyle, J.S. (1984) Ethnography: contributions to nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 9, 43–50.
Silverman, D. (1985) Qualitative Methodology and Sociology, Gower, Hants, England.
Spradley, J.P. (1979) The Ethnographic Interview, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Orlando.
Stern, P.N. (1994) Eroding grounded theory, in Critical Issues in Qualitative Research, (ed. J.M. Morse), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 212–23.
Swanson-Kaufman, K. (1986) A combined methodology for nursing research. Advances in Nursing Science, 8, 58–69.
Taylor, B. (1993) Phenomenology: one way to understanding nursing practice. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30, 171–9.
van Maanen, J., Dabbs, J.M., Jr and Faulkner, R.R. (1982) Varieties of Qualitative Research, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA.
Werner, O. (1994) Short take 12: ethnoscience 1994. Cultural Anthropology Methods, February 1994, 6, pp. 5–8.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Janice M. Morse and Peggy Anne Field
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Morse, J.M., Field, P.A. (1996). An overview of qualitative methods. In: Nursing Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4471-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4471-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-60510-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-4471-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive