Abstract
The way that the phenomena of the major psychoses have been classified and conceptualized has fluctuated markedly during the past 150 years. Kraepelin’s formulation, and Eugen Bleuler’s extension of it, have been clinically influential and scientifically fruitful although alternative models have always been available. The negative symptoms, for example, are well-known to neurologists in the form of akinetic mutism, catatonia and abulia. They occur in a wide range of psychiatric conditions, including dementia, the autistic spectrum, schizophrenia and bipolar disorders, in an approximate dimension of severity. The positive symptoms appear clinically to lie near the top of an approximate hierarchy. Symptoms of conditions lower down, such as the affective psychoses and neuroses, are commonly associated.
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Wing, J.K. (1992). Differential diagnosis of schizophrenia. In: Kavanagh, D.J. (eds) Schizophrenia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4457-3_2
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