Abstract
An impairment is defined as an abnormality or loss of function (WHO, 1980). The impairments that may result from a spinal cord injury were delineated in Chapter 3 and may include motor or sensory loss or dysfunction, autonomic system dysfunction, loss of voluntary control over bowel and bladder and impairments of respiratory function. The impairments that are the sequelae of a spinal cord injury cannot be cured. However, correct and creative management of impairments will prevent many of them from leading to significant disabilities or to lifestyle handicaps.
It is sometimes said that a patient with a spinal cord injury is too ill to be moved to a major center. Actually, these individuals are too sick to be safely managed in small hospitals or in large hospitals where fragmentation of services and specialty groups prevent the overall view of their complex problems... over and above the humane factor, favorable prognosis as to the life expectancy and stability of neuromuscular disability justifies a considerable investment of time, money and effort required to rehabilitate the patient with a spinal cord injury.
(Schweigel and Peerless, 1971)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, T.P. and Andberg, M.M. (1979) Psychosocial factors associated with pressure sores. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 60, 341–6.
Bloch, R.F. (1986) Autonomie dysfunction, in Management of Spinal Cord Injuries (eds R.F. Bloch and M. Basbaum), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 149–63.
Braddom, R.L. and Rocco, J.F. (1991) Autonomic dysreflexia: a survey of current treatment. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 70, 234–41.
Brindley, G.S., Polkey, C.E., Rushton, D.N. and Cardozo, L. (1986) Sacral anterior root stimulators for bladder control in paraplegia: the first 50 cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 49, 1104–14.
Bromley, I. (1991) Tetraplegia and Paraplegia — a Guide for Physiotherapists, 4th edn, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp. 6, 18-20, 27-30, 37, 39.
Brooks, M.E. and Ohry, A. (1992) Conservative versus surgical treatment of the cervical and thoracolumbar spine in spinal trauma. Paraplegia 30(1), 46–9.
Brownlee, S. and Williams, S. (1987) Physiotherapy in the respiratory care of patients with high spinal injury. Physiotherapy, 73(3), 148–52.
Burke, D.C. and Murray, D.D. (1975) Handbook of Spinal Cord Medicine, Macmillan, Basingstoke, pp. 27–9, 36-8, 67.
Clough, P., Lindenhaur, D., Hayes, J. and Zekarny, B. (1986) Guidelines for routine respiratory care of patients with spinal cord injury. Physical Therapy, 66(9), 1395–402.
Colachis, S.C. (1992) Autonomic hyperreflexia with spinal cord injury. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, 15(3), 171–86.
Curtin, M. (1993) The management of the C6 quadriplegic patient’s hand. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 56(12), 455.
Davidoff, G.N., Roth, E.J. and Richards, J.S. (1992) Cognitive deficits in spinal cord injury: epidemiology and outcome. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 275–84.
DeVivo, M.J., Kartus, P.L., Stover, S.L. et al. (1989) Cause of death for patients with spinal cord injuries. Archives of Internal Medicine, 149(8), 1761–6.
DeVivo, M.J., Rutt, R.D., Black, K.J. et al. (1992a) Trends in spinal cord injury demographics and treatment outcomes between 1973 and 1986. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 424–30.
DeVivo, M.J., Stover, S.L. and Black, K.J. (1992b) Prognostic factors for 12-year survival after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 156–62.
Donovan, W.H., Carter, R.E., Bedbrook, G.M. et al. (1984) Incidence of medical complications in spinal cord injury: patients in specialised compared with non-specialised centres. Paraplegia, 22, 282–90.
Donovan, W.H., Garber, S.L., Hamilton, S.M. et al. (1988) Pressure ulcers, in Rehabilitation Medicine: Principles and Practice, (ed. J.A. DeLisa), J.B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 476–91.
Dover, H., Pickard, W., Swain, I. and Grundy, D. (1992) The effectiveness of a pressure clinic in preventing pressure sores. Paraplegia, 30(4), 267–71.
Ford, J. and Duckworth, B. (1987) Physical Management for the Quadriplegic Patient 2nd edn, F.A. Davis, Philadelphia, PA.
Formal, C. (1992) Metabolic and neurologic changes after spinal cord injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 3(4), 783–95.
Geisler, W.O., Jousse, A.T., Wynne-Jones, M. and Breithaupt, D. (1983) Survival in traumatic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia, 21, 364–73.
Goldman, J.M., Rose, L.S., Williams, S.J. et al. (1986) The effect of abdominal binders on breathing in tetraplegic patients. Thorax, 41(12), 940–5.
Grundy, D. and Swain, A. (1993) ABC of Spinal Cord Injury, 2nd edn, British Medical Journal, London, pp. 6, 16-17, 19, 22-5, 27-8, 32-3.
Hammell, K.R.W. (1991) An Investigation into the Availability and Adequacy of Social Relationships Following Head Injury and Spinal Cord Injury: a Study of Injured Men and their Partners, MSc thesis (Rehabilitation Studies), University of Southampton, Southampton.
Heilporn, A. (1991) Psychological factors in the causation of pressure sores: case reports. Paraplegia 29, 137–9.
Herschorn, S. and Gerridzen, R.G. (1986) The management of the neurogenic bladder, in Management of Spinal Cord Injuries (eds R.F. Bloch and M. Basbaum), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, pp. 117–33.
Hildebrand, K.H. and Weintraub, A.H. (1992) The combination injury: spinal cord injury with concomitant traumatic brain injury, in Management of Spinal Cord Injury, 2nd edn, (C.P. Zejdlik), Jones and Bartlett, Boston, MA, pp. 571–81.
Krajnik, S.R. and Bridle, M.J. (1992) Hand splinting in quadriplegia: current practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46(2), 149–56.
Krause, J. and Crewe, N. (1987) Prediction of long term survival among persons with spinal cord injury: an 11 year prospective study. Rehabilitation Psychology 32, 205–13.
Krause, J. S. (1991) Survival following spinal cord injury: a fifteen year prospective study. Rehabilitation Psychology, 36(2), 89–98.
Krause, J.S. and Kjorsvig, J.M. (1992) Mortality after spinal cord injury: a four year prospective study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 73, 558–63.
Krishnan, K.R., Glass, C.A., Turner, S.M. et al. (1992) Perceptual deprivation in the acute phase of spinal injury rehabilitation. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, 15(2), 60–5.
Malik, M.H. (1979) Manual on Static Hand Splinting, Harmarville Rehabilitation Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
McCagg, C. (1986) Postoperative management and acute rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries. Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 17(1), 171–82.
McGregor, J.C. (1992) Pressure sores: a personal comment. Paraplegia, 30(2), 116–7.
Merli, G.J., Herbison, G.J., Ditunno, J.F. et al. (1988) Deep vein thrombosis: prophylaxis in acute spinal cord injured patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69, 661–4.
NIDRR (1992) National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research. Consensus statement, January 27–29, 1992. The prevention and management of urinary tract infections among people with spinal cord injuries. Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, 15(3), 194–204.
Oliver, M. (1981) Disability, adjustment and family life — some theoretical considerations, in Handicap in a Social World, (eds A. Brechin, P. Liddiard and J. Swain), Open University and Hodder and Stoughton, London, p. 55.
Oliver, M., Zarb, G., Silver, J. et al. (1988) Walking into Darkness: the Experience of Spinal Cord Injury, The Macmillan Press, Basingstoke.
Ozer, M.N., (1988) The management of persons with spinal cord injury, Demos Publications, New York.
Roth, E., Davidoff, G., Thomas, P., Doljanac, R., Dijkers, M., Berent, S., Morris, J., Yarkony, G., (1989) A controlled study of neuropsychological deficits in acute spinal cord injury patients, Paraplegia, 27, 480–9.
Schweigel, J., Peerless, S., (1971) A proposal for a spinal cord injury unit at Shaughnessy Hospital, Preliminary research review for Canadian Paraplegic Association, Vancouver, B.C., In Management of spinal cord injuries, 2nd edition, (C.P. Zejdlik, 2–4), Jones and Bartlett, Boston.
Scott, J.A., Donovan, W.H., (1981) Prevention of shoulder pain and contracture in the acute tetraplegia patient, Paraplegia, 19, 313–19.
Scott, M.D., Frost, F., Supinski, G., Gonzalez, M., (1993) The effect of body position and abdominal binders in chronic tetraplegic subjects more than fifteen years post injury, Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, (abstract), 16(2) 117.
Silfverskiold, J., Waters, R.L., (1991) Shoulder pain and functional disability in spinal cord injury patients, Clinical Orthopaedics, 272, 141–5.
Swarczinski, C, Dijkers, M., (1991) The value of serial leg measurements for monitoring deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injury, Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 23(5) 306–14.
Trieschmann, R.B., (1988) Spinal cord injuries. Psychological, social and vocational rehabilitation, 2nd edition, Demos Publications, New York.
Tucker, S.J., (1980) The psychology of spinal cord injury: patient-staff interaction, Rehabilitation Literature, 41(5–6) 114–22.
Waring, W.P., Maynard, F.M., (1991) Shoulder pain in acute traumatic quadriplegia, Paraplegia, 29, 37–41.
Whiteneck, G.G., (1993) Learning from recent empirical investigations, In Aging with spinal cord injury, (ed, G.G. Whiteneck), Demos Publications, New York.
Whiteneck, G.G., Charlifue, S.W., Frankel, H.L., Fraser, M.H., Gardner, B.P., Gerhart, K.A., Krishnan, K.R., Menter, R.R., Nuseibeh, I., Short, D.J., Silver, J.R., (1992) Mortality, morbidity and psychosocial outcomes of persons spinal cord injured more than 20 years ago, Paraplegia, 30(9) 617–30.
WHO, (1980) International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps: a manual of classification relating to the consequences of diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva.
Woodbury, B., Redd, C, (1987) Psychosocial issues and approaches, In Spinal cord injury. Concepts and management approaches, (eds, L.A. Buchanan & D.A. Nawoczenski), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Yarkony, G.M., Bass, L.M., Keenan, V., Meyer, P.R., (1985) Contractures complicating spinal cord injury: incidence and comparison between spinal cord centre and general hospital acute care, Paraplegia, 23, 265–71.
Zejdlik, C.P., (1992) Management of spinal cord injuries, 2nd edition, Tones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hammell, K.W. (1995). Acute care and reduction of disability. In: Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation. Therapy in Practice Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4451-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4451-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-47680-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-4451-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive