Abstract
A proper appreciation of eye and skin hazards from optical radiation requires an understanding of man’s exposure in his natural environment. A knowledge of biological thresholds as determined in the laboratory and clinic provides only an incomplete understanding of the relative importance of different adverse effects. It must be remembered that mankind has evolved over many millenia the natural, inborn protective reactions and social habits for protection against a rather harsh natural environment. Hence a prior understanding of this environment and normal exposure conditions is necessary before considering exposure limits and safety standards.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agarwal, LP. and Malik, S. R. K., 1959, Solar retinitis, Brit. J. Ophth. 53:366–375.
Bener, P., 1972, “Approximate Values of Intensity of Natural UV Radiation for Different Amounts of Atmospheric Ozone,” Final Tech. Rept., Contract DAJA37–68-C-1017, European Research Office, US Army, London.
Berson, E. L., 1973, Experimental and therapeutic aspects of photic damage to the retina, Invest. Ophth. 12(1):35–44.
Chatterjee, A., 1973, Cataract in Punjab, in “Symposium on the Human Lens in Relation to Cataract,” pp. 265–279, Ciba Foundation Symposium 19, Amsterdam, Associated Scientific Publishers.
Clarke, A. M., and Behrendt, T., 1972, Solar retinitis and pupillary reaction, Am. J. Ophth. 73(5):700–703.
Cogan, D. G., 1963, On viewing the eclipse, Arch. Ophth. 69:690–692.
Cordes, F. D., 1944, A type of foveo-macular retinitis observed in the US Navy, Am. J. Ophth. 27:803–815.
Coulson, K. L., 1975, “Solar and Terrestrial Radiation, Methods and Measurements,” Academic Press, New York.
Davies, J. M., 1959, The Effect of Intense Normal Radiation on Animal Skin; A Comparison of Calculated and Observed Burns. Report T-24, Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command, Nadick, Mass., (29 April 1959) Defense Documentation Center AD456794.
Diffey, B. L., 1979, The calculation of the spectral distribution of natural ultraviolet radiation under clear day conditions, Phys. Med. Biol. 22(2):309–316.
Eccles, J. C. and Flynn, A. J., 1944, Experimental photoretinitis, Med. J. Australia 1:339–342.
Ewald, R. A. and Ritchey, C. L., 1970, Sun gazing as the cause of foveomacular retinitis, Am. J. Ophth. 70(4):491–497.
Fitzpatrick, T. B., (ed.), 1974, “Sunlight and Man,” Proceedings of the International Congress on Photosenstitization and Photoprotection, Tokyo, Japan, November 6–8, 1972, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Flynn, J. A. F., 1959, Retinal burns after sun’s eclipse, Trans. Ophth. Soc. Australia 20:90–96.
Flynn, J. A. F., 1952, Eclipse blindness: Prevention is better than cure, Trans. Ophth. Soc. Australia 12:7–14.
Fraunfelder, F. T. and Hanna, C., 1973, Spheroidal degeneration of cornea and conjunctiva. III. Incidences, classification and etiology, Am. J. Ophth. 76(1):41–50.
Garrisson, L. M., Murray, L. E., Doda, D. D., and Green, A. E. S., 1978, Diffuse—direct ultraviolet ratios with compact double monochromator, Appl. Opt. 17(5):827–836.
Gates, D. M., 1966, Spectral distribution of solar radiation at the earth’s surface, Science 151: 523–529.
Geeraets, W. J., Nooney, D. W., Svoboda, J. R., and Ching, F. C., 1970, Solar retinopathy following the eclipse of March 7, 1970, Med. College of Va. Quarterly 6(1):3–7.
Gerathewohl, S. J. and Strughold, H., 1953, Motoric responses of the eyes when exposed to light flashes of high intensities in short durations. J. Aviation Med. 24:200–207.
Goody, R. M., 1964, “Atmospheric Radiation,” Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Green, A. E. S., Mo, T., and Miller, J. H. 1974, A study of solar erythema radiation doses, Photo-chem. Photobiol. 20:473–482.
Green, A. E. S., and Hedinger, R. A., 1978, Models relating ultraviolet light and non-melanoma skin cancer incidence, Photochem. Photobiol. 28:283–291.
Hadley, M. E., 1972, Functional significance of vertebrate integumental pigmentation, Am. Zoologist 12:63–76.
Ham, W. T., Jr., Mueller, H. A., and Sliney, D. H., 1976, Retinal sensitivity to damage from short wavelength light, Nature 260:153–155.
Ham, W. T., Jr., Mueller, H. A., Williams, R. C., and Geeraets, W. J., 1973, Ocular hazard from viewing the sun unprotected and through various windows and filters, Appl. Opt. 12(9): 2122–2129.
Hardy, J. D., Jacobs, I., and Meisner, M. D., 1953, Thresholds of pain and reflex contraction as related to noxious stimulation, J. Appl. Physiol. 5(12):724–739.
Harwerth, R. S. and Sperling, H. G., 1975, Effects of intense radiation on the increment threshold spectral sensitivity of the rhesus monkey eye, Vis. Res. 15:1193–1204.
Hatfield, E. M., 1970, Eye injuries and the solar eclipse, Sight Sav. Rev. 40(1):79–85.
Hausser, K. W., 1928, Influence of wavelength in radiation biology, Strahlentherapie 28:25–44.
Hausser, K. W. and Vahle, W., 1969, Sunburn and suntanning. Wissenchaftliche VerÖffnungen des Siemens Konzern 6(1): 101–120 (1927); translated in “The Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation,” (F. Urbach, ed.), Pergamon Press, New York.
Henderson, S. T., 1970, “Daylight and Its Spectrum,” American Elsevier Publishers, New York.
Hiller, R., Giacomotti, L. and Yuen, K., 1977, Sunlight and cataract: an epidemiologic investigation, Am. J. Epidemiol. 5:450–459.
Johnson, F. S., Mo, T., and Green, A. E. S., 1976, Average latitudinal variation in ultraviolet radiation at the earth’s surface, Photochem. Photobiol 23:179–188.
Klein, W. H. and Goldberg, B.,1974, Solar Radiation Measurements: 1968–1973, Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory, Rockville, MD; published by the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
Knudtzon, 1948, The prognosis of scotoma heliocliptom, Acta. Ophth. 26:470.
Kurzel, R. B., Wolbarsht, M. L., and Yamanashi, B. S., 1977, UV radiation effects on the human eye, in “Photochemical and Photobiological Reviews,” (K. C. Smith, ed.) Vol. 2, pp. 133–167, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
Kuwabara, T., 1970, Retinal recovery from exposure to light, Am. J. Ophth. 70:187–193.
Lawwill, T. E., 1973, Effects of prolonged exposure of rabbit retina to low intensity light, Invest. Ophth. 12:45–51.
Livingston, P. C., 1932, The study of sun glare in Iraq, Brit. J. Ophth. 6:577–525.
MacDonald, J. E. and Fordon, L., 1971, Erythropsia and light toxicity thresholds. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, FL.
Machta, L., Cotton, G., Hass, W., and Komhyr, W., 1975, CIAP Measurements of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation, US Department of Transportation Final Report, Interagency Agreement DOT-A5–20082, Washington, DC, August, 1975.
Mainster, M. A., 1978, Solar retinitis photic maculopathy and the Pseudophakie eye, Am. Intraocular Implant Soc. J. 4:84–89.
Marlor, R. L., Biais, B. R., Preston, F. R., and Boyden, D. G., Foveomacular retinitis, an important problem in military medicine: epidemiology, Invest. Ophth. 12(1):5–16.
McCullough, E. C., 1970, Qualitative and quantitative features of the clear day terrestrial solar ultraviolet radiation environment, Phys. Med. Biol 15(4):723–734.
McFaul, P. A., 1969, Visual prognosis after solar retinopathy, Brit J. Ophth. 53:534–541.
National Academy of Sciences/National Academy of Engineering, 1973, Biological Impacts of Increased Intensities of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation. A Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on the Biological Impacts of Increased Intensities of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation to the Environmental Studies Board of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC.
Noell, W. K., and Albrecht, R., 1971, Irreversible effects of visible light on the retina—role of Vitamin A, Science 172:76–79.
Peckham, R. H., and Harley, R. D., 1951, The effect of sunglasses in protecting retinal sensitiv-ity, Am.J. Ophth. 34(11): 1499–1507.
Penner, R., and McNair, J. N., 1966, Eclipse blindness, Am. J. Ophth. 61:1452.
Pirie, A., 1972, The effect of sunlight on proteins of the lens, in “Contemporary Ophthalmology, Honoring Sir Stuart Duke-Elder,” (J. G. Bellows, ed.), pp. 494–501, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
Robinson, N., 1966, “Solar Radiation,” American Elsevier, New York.
Roger, F. C., 1973, Clinical findings, course and progress of biatis corneal degeneration in the Dahlak Islands, Brit. J. Ophth. 57:657–661.
Rundel, R. D., and Nachtwey, D. S., 1978, Skin cancer and ultraviolet radiation, Photochem. Photobiol. 28:345–365.
Schmidt, R. H., Williams, R. C., Ham, W. T., Jr., Brooks, J. W., and Evans, I. E., 1954, Experimental production of flash burns, Surgery 36:1163.
Schulze, R., 1962, Zum Strahlungsklima der Erde, Strahlungther. 119:321–348.
Scotto, J., Fears, T. R., and Gori, G. B., 1975, Measurements of Ultraviolet Radiation in the United States and Comparisons with Skin Cancer Data, National Cancer Institute Report No. DHEW (NIH) 76–1029, US Dept. Health Education and Welfare, Washington, DC.
Sliney, D. H., 1972, The merits of an envelope action spectrum for ultraviolet radiation exposure criteria, Am. Indust Hyg. Assoc. J. 33:644–653.
Sliney, D. H. and Freasier, B. C., 1973, The evaluation of optical radiation hazards, Appl Opt. 12:1–22.
Smith, H. E., 1944, Actinic macular retinal pigment degeneration, U.S. Naval Medical Bulletin 42:675–680.
Thekakara, M. P., 1976, Solar irradiance: total and spectral and its possible variations, Appl. Opt. 15(4):915–920.
Tso, M. O. M., 1976, Photic injury to the human retina, in “Retinitis Pigmentosa: Clinical Implications of Current Research,” (M. B. Landers, M. L. Wolbarsht, J. E. Dowling, and A. M. Laties, eds.), pp. 257–259, Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York.
Tso, M. O. M. and La Piana, F. G., 1975, The human fovea after sun gazing, Trans. Am. Acad. Ophth. 79:788–795.
Urbach, F., 1969, Geographic pathology of skin cancer, in “Biologic Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation,” (F. Urbach, ed.), pp. 635–650, Pergamon Press, New York.
Valley, S. L., 1965, “Handbook of Geophysics and Space Environments,” USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories, Hanscom Field, MA; published in New York, McGraw Hill.
White, T. J., Mainster, M. A., Wilson, P. W., and Tips, J. H., 1971, Chorioretinal temperature increases from solar observation, Am J. Math. Biophys. 33(1): 1–17.
Wolbarsht, M. L., 1976, The function of intraocular color filters, Fed. Proc. 35(1):44–49.
Wright, R. E. 1936–37, The possible influence of solar radiation on the production of cataract in certain districts of southern India: a preliminary investigation, Indian J. Med. Res. 24:917.
Wurtman, R. J., 1974, The action of light on man and mamals: Normal physiologic and pathologic extracutaneous effects, in “Sunlight and Man,” (T. Fitzpatrick, ed.) pp. 231–246, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.
Young, J. D. H., and Finley, R. D., 1973, Primary spheroidal degeneration of the cornea in Labrador and Northern Newfoundland, Am. J. Ophth. 71(1):129–134.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sliney, D., Wolbarsht, M. (1980). Optical Hazards from the Ambient Environment. In: Safety with Lasers and Other Optical Sources. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3596-0_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3596-0_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-3598-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3596-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive