Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lung Immunology and HIV

  • Chapter
AIDS and Respiratory Medicine

  • 50 Accesses

Abstract

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in a wide spectrum of clinical illness from the rapidly fatal to the chronically indolent. Cohort studies of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infected individuals in the USA and Europe place the median time for HIV-1 infection to the development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at approximately 8 to 10 years (Schrager et al., 1994). AIDS can occur in as little as 2–4 months (Isaksson et al., 1988) while some infected individuals have remained healthy for more than 12 years (Lifson et al., 1991). The outcome of the progressive deterioration of the immune system that occurs in the majority of patients infected with HIV is clinically apparent disease, manifest with either severe and persistent constitutional signs and symptoms or an opportunistic infection or neoplasm.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Afessa, B., Greaves, W., Gren, W. et al. (1992) Autopsy findings in HIV-infected inner city patients. J. AIDS, 5, 132–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agostini, C., Poletti, V., Zambello, R. et al.,(1988) Phenotypical and functional analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in patients with HIV infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.,138, 1609–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agostini, C., Zambello, R. and Trentin, L. (1990) Cytotoxic events taking place in the lungs of patients with HIV-1 infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 142, 516–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agostino, C., Trentin, L., Zambello, R. et al. (1992) Release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by alveolar macrophages in the lung of HIV-1 infected patients. J. Immunol., 149, 3379–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agostino, C., Tentrin, L., Zambello, R. and Semenzato, G. (1993) HIV-1 and the lung: Infectivity, pathogenic mechanisms, cellular immune responses taking place in the lower respiratory tract. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 147, 1038–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agostino, C. and Semenzato, G. (1994) Does analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid provide a tool to monitor disease progression or to predict survival in patients with HIV-1 infection? Thorax, 49, 848–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainslie, G.M., Solomon, J.A. and Bateman, E.D. (1992) Lymphocyte and lymphocyte subset numbers in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage and pleural fluid in various forms of human pulmonary tuberculosis at presentation and during recovery. Thorax, 47, 513–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariyoshi, K., Harwood, E., Chiengsong-Popov, R. and Weber, J. (1992) Is clearance of HIV-1 viraemia at seroconversion mediated by neutralising antibodies? Lancet, 340, 1257–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariyoshi, K., Cham, F., Berry, N. et al. (1995) HIV-2-specific CTL activity is inversely related to proviral load. AIDS, 9, 555–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autran, B., Sadat-Sowti, B., Hadida, F. et al. (1991) HIV-specific CTL against alveolar macrophages: specificities and down-regulation. Res. Virol., 142, 113–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autran, B., Maynaud, C., Raphael, M. et al. (1988) Evidence for cytotoxic T lymphocyte alveolitis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. AIDS, 2, 179–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Autran, B., Plata, F. and Debre, P. (1991) MHCrestricted cytotoxicity against HIV. J. AIDS, 4, 361–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, J.M. and Shellito, J. (1989) Effects of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary host defenses. Sem. Respir. Infect., 4, 75–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D.Y., Haseman, J.A., Spock, A. et al. (1981) Plasma proteins of the bronchoalveolar surface of lungs of smokers and non-smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 124, 72–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, B.J., Dobbs, L.G. and Ansfield, M.J. (1983) Immunopharmacology of lung surfactant, in Immunopharmacology of the Lung: Lung Biology in Health and Disease series (ed. H.H. Newball) Executive ed. C. LenFant. Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, A., Gay-Belille, V., Amiot, M. et al. (1984) A novel human leucocyte differentiation antigen: monoclonal antibody anti-D44 defines a 28Kd molecule present on immature haematological cells and a subpopulation of mature T cells. J. Immunol., 132, 2345–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biggar, R.J. (1986) The clinical features of HIV infection in Africa. Lancet, ii, 1453–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, P. (1988) Structure and function of antibody molecules, in B Lymphocytes in Human Disease. (ed. G. Bird and J. Calvert) Oxford Medical Publishers, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, D. L., Lane, H.C. and Fauci, A.S. (1985) Immunopathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 103, 704–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonavida, B., Katz, J. and Gottleib, M. (1986) Mechanism of defective NK cell activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS related complex. J. Immunol., 137, 1157–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrow, P., Lewicki, H., Hahn, B.H. et al. (1994) Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol., 68, 6103–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady, E.M., Margolis, M.L. and Korzeniowski, O.M. (1984) Pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA, 252, 89–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bretscher, P.A., Wei, G., Menon, J.N. and Bielefeldt-Ohmann, H. (1992) Establishment of stable, cell-mediated immunity that makes “susceptible” mice resistant to Leishmania major. Science, 257, 539–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broliden, P.A., von Gegerfelt, A., Clapham, P. et al. (1992) Identification of human neuralization-inducing regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 envelope glycoproteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 89, 461–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmichael, A., Jin, X., Sissons, P. and Borysiewicz, L. (1993) Quantitative analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response at different stages of HIV-1 infection: differential CTL response to HIV-1 and Epstein-Barr virus in late disease. J. Exp. Med., 177, 249–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P.U., Mallal, S.A., French, M. and Dawkins, R.L. (1990) MHC genes influence the outcome of HIV infection. Human Immunol., 29, 282–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chayt, K.J., Harper, M.E., Merselle, L.M. et al. (1986) Detection of HTLV-III RNA in lungs of patients with AIDS and pulmonary involvements. JAMA., 256, 2356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaisson, R.E. (1989) Bacterial pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. Sem. Respir. Infect., 4, 133–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Krishnan, V., Bennett, J. et al. (1990) Detection of HIV-1 in human lung macrophages using polymerase chain reaction. AIDS, 4, 113–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Taylor, I.K., Flemming, J. et al. (1993) Relation of HIV-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage cells to abnormalities of lung function and to the presence of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-1 seropositive patients. Thorax, 48, 1222–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Taylor, I.K., Fleming, J. et al. (1993) The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection of the lung in AIDS patients. AIDS, 7, 555–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Williamson, J.D. and Mitchell, D.M. (1993) The biological properties of HIV-1 isolates from the lung: relationship to disease progression. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 147, A1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Coker, R. J., Harris, J.R. and Mitchell, D.M. (1994) Rapidly evolving HIV-1 infection in the lung of AIDS patients. Lancet, 344, 67980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.R., Robinson, D.S., Coker, R.J. et al. (1995) Role of human immunodeficiency virus within the lung. Thorax, 50, 56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clavell, F., Mansinho, K., Chamaret, S. et al. (1987) Human immunodeficiency virus type-2 infection associated with AIDS in West Africa. New. Engl. J. Med., 316, 1180–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clerichi, M. and Shearer, G.M. (1993) A TH1–TH2 switch is a critical step in the aetiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today, 14, 107–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clerici, M. and Berzofsky, J.A. (1994) Cellular immunity and cytokines in HIV infection. AIDS, 8, S175 - S182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clerici, M. and Shearer, G. (1994) The Thl-Th2 hypothesis of HIV infection: new insights. Immunol. Today, 15, 575–581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clumeck, N., Sonnet, J., Taelman, H. and Mascart-Lemone, F. (1984) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in African patients. New. Engl. J. Med., 310, 492–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J.M. (1995) HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science, 267, 48–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, D.L. (1991) Bacterial pneumonia in the HIV-infected patient. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 5: 3, 485–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, G.C. (1987) Opportunistic parasitic infections associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): parasitology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Quart. J. Med., New Series, 65: 248, 967–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R.A., Anders, G.T. and Cappelli, P.J. (1990) Production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 by alveolar macrophages from HIV-1 infected persons. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses., 6, 431–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crapo, J.D., Barry, B.E., Gehr, P. et al. (1982) Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 126, 332–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creemers, P.C., Stark, D.E. and Boyko, W.J. (1985) Evaluation of natural killer activity in patients with persistent and generalized lymphadenopathy and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 36, 141–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolei, A., Serra, C., Arca, M.V. and Toniola, A. (1992) Acute HIV-1 infection of CD4+ human lung fibroblasts. AIDS, 6, 232–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, W.C., Golden, J.A., Evans, L. et al. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus recovery from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with AIDS. Chest, 93, 1176–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denis, M. and Ghadirian, E. (1994) Alveolar macrophages from subjects infected with HIV-1 express macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1): contribution to the CDS+ alveolitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 96, 187–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denis, M. and Ghadirian, E. (1994) Dysregulation of IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 release by alveolar macrophages from HIV-type-1 infected subjects. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 10, 12, 1619–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donabedian, H. and Gallin, J.I. (1983) Neutrophil dysfunction and lung disease in Immunopharmacology of the Lung. (ed. H.H. Newball), Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, Y.K., Bell, J.E., Holmes, E.C. et al. (1994) In vitro distribution and cytopathology of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 showing restricted sequence variability in the V3 loop. J. Virol, 68, 59991–60005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, M., Gupta, S., Galant, S. et al. (1988) Impaired neutrophil dysfunction in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a comprehensive evaluation. J. Infect. Dis., 158, 126–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ettensohn, D.B., Mayer, K.H., Kessimian, N. et al. (1985) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 131, 956–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabio, G., Scorza, R., Lazzarin, A. et al. (1992) HLA-associated susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 87, 20–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fantone, J.C. and Ward, P.A. (1983) Chemotactic Mechanisms in the Lung. 243–272, in Immunopharmacology of the lung. (ed. H.H. Newman ), Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauci, A.S. (1993) Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. J. AIDS, 6, 655–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel, T.H., Tudor-Williams, G., Banda, N.K. et al.,(1995) Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph node. Nature Medicine,1,2, 129–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Firestein, G.S., Roeder, W.D., Laxer, J.A. et al. (1988) A new murine CD4+ T-cell subset with an unrestricted cytokine profile. J. Immunol. 143, 518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gellene, R.A., Stover, D., Gebhard, D. et al. (1984) Analysis of cellular content and T lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Res., 32, 429A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gendelman, H.E., Baca, L.M., Husayni, H. et al. (1990) Macrophage-HIV interaction: viral isolation and target cell tropism. AIDS, 4, 221–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, J.W.M. (1988) Infectious complications in patients with HIV infection. AIDS, 2, 327–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, S., Clarke, S., Greaves, D. and Doyle, A. (1995) Molecular immunobiology of macrophages: recent progress. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 7, 24–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, M.S. (1984) Pulmonary disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest, 112, 357–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger, D.L. and Hobbs, M.M. (1988) Do natural killer cells help protect us from disease caused by fungi? Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 138, 510–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graziosi, C., Pantaleo, G., Gantt, K.R. et al. (1994) Lack of evidence for the dichotomy of Thl and Th2 predominance in HIV-infected individuals. Science, 265, 248–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grieco, M.H. and Chinoy-Acharya, P. (1985) Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 131, 952–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruters, R.A., Terpstra, F.G., DeJong, R. et al. (1990) Selective loss of T cell functions in different stages of HIV infection. Eur. J. Immunol., 20, 1039–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillon, J.-M., Autran, B., Denis, M. et al. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus related lymphocytic alveolitis. Chest, 94, 1264–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Vayuvegula, B., Ruhling, M. and Thornton, M. (1987) Interleukin 1 and interleukin-2 production in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol., 22, 113–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heagy, W., Kelly, V.E., Storm, T.B. (1984) Decreased expression of human class II antigens on monocytes from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Invest, 74, 2089–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helbert, M.R., L’age-Stehr, J. and Mitchison, N.A. (1993) Antigen presentation, loss of immunological memory and AIDS. Immunol. Today, 14, 340–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiserodt, J.C., Britvan, L.J. and Targan, S.R. (1982) Characterisation of the cytolytic mechanism of human nature killer cells (NK) lymphocyte: resolution into binding, programming and killer cell-independent steps. J. Immunol., 129, 1782–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, A.V.S. (1992) HLA and infection. J. Royal Coll. Phys., 26, 11–16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffenbach, A., Langlade-Demoyen, P., Dadaglio, G. et al. (1989) Unusually high frequencies of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol., 142, 452–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P.G., Schon-Hegrad, M.A., Phillips, M.J. and McMenamin, P.G. (1989) Ia-positive dendritic cells form a tightly meshed network within human airway epithelium. Clin. Exp. Allergy, 19, 597–601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P.G. (1993) Regulation of antigen presenting cell function(s) in lung and airway tissues. Eur. Respir. J., 6, 120–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P.G. (1986) Down-regulation of immune responses in lower respiratory tract: the role of alveolar macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 63, 261–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunninghake, G.W., Gadek, J.E., Kawanami, O. et al. (1979) Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: Evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. J. Pathol., 97, 149–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaksson, B., Albert, J., Chiodi, F. et al. (1988) AIDS two months after primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Infect. Dis., 158, 866–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itescu, S., Brancato, L.J., Buxbaum, J. et al. (1990) A diffuse infiltrative CD8 lymphocytosis syndrome in HIV infection: a host immune response associated with HLA-DRS. Ann. Intern. Med., 112, 3–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itescu, S. and Winchester, R. (1992) Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome: a disorder occurring in HIV-1 infection that may present as a sicca syndrome. Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am., 18, 683–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itescu, S., Mathur, W.U., Skovron, M.L. et al. (1992) HLA-B35 is associated with accelerated progression to AIDS. J. AIDS, 5, 37–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itescu, S., Dalton, J., Zhang, H.Z. and Winchester, R. (1993) Tissue infiltration in a CD8 lymphocytosis syndrome associated with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection has the phenotypic appearance of an antigenically driven response. J. Clin. Invest., 91, 2216–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jassoy, C., Harrer, T., Rosenthal, T. et al. (1993) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes release gamma interferon, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and TNF-beta when they encounter their target antigens. J. Virol., 67, 2844–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jassoy, C., Johnson, R.P., Navia, B.A. et al. (1992) Detection of a vigorous HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in cerebrospinal fluid from infected persons with AIDS dementia complex. J. Immunol., 149, 3113–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenson, B.N., Lisse, I.M., Gerstoff, J. et al. (1991) Cellular profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of HIV-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms: relation to diagnosis and prognosis. AIDS, 5, 527–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, A.A., Israel-Beit, D., Andrieu, J.M. et al. (1991) HIV isolation from pulmonary cells derived from bronchoalveolar lavage. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 85, 488–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joly, P., Guillon, J.-M., Mayaud, C. et al. (1989) Cell-mediated suppression of HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Immunol., 143, 2193–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Just, J., Louie, L. and Norams, E. (1992) Genetic risk factors for perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. Paediatr. Perinatal Epidemiol., 6, 215–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, R.A., Duquesnoy, R., van Raden, M. et al. (1990) A1,Cw7,B8,DR3 HLA antigen combinations associated with rapid decline of T-helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Lancet, 1, 927–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, J.A., Baseler, M. and Dewar, R.J. (1995) Increases in CD4 T lymphocytes with intermittent course of IL-2 in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 567–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, R.A. and Mann, D.L. (1994) The role of the MHC in HIV infection–ever more complex? J. Infect. Dis., 169, 1332–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaslow, R.A., Duquesnoy, R., VanRaden, M. et al. (1990) Al, Cw7, B8, DR3 HLA antigen combination associated with rapid decline of T-helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Lancet, 335, 927–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M.R., Keet, I.P., D’Amaro, J. et al. (1994) Associations between HLA frequencies and pathogenic features of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in seroconverters from the Amsterdam cohort of homosexual men. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 1244–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, S.C. and Macatonia, S.E. (1991) Effect of HIV on antigen presentation by dendritic cells and macrophages. Res. Virol., 142, 123–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koup, R.A., Safrit, J.T., Cao, Y. et al. (1994) Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J. Virol., 68, 4650–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, H.C., Masur, H., Edgar, L.C. et al. (1984) Abnormalities of B cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 309, 453–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landay, A., Schade, S.Z., Takefman, D.M. et al. (1993) Detection of HIV-1 provirus in bronchoalveolar lavage cells by polymerase chain reaction. J. AIDS, 6, 171–75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazzarin, A., Uberti-Fobba, C., Galli, M. et al. (1986) Impairment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and with lymphadenopathy syndrome. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 65, 105–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebargy, F., Branellee, A., Deforges, L. et al. (1994) HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages from infected patients is latent in vivo but replicates after in vitro stimulation. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 10, 72–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J.A. (1993) Pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Microbiol Rev., 57, 1, 183–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, J.A. (1995) HIV research: a need to focus on the right target. Lancet, 345, 1619–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lifson, A.R., Buchbinder, S.P., Sheppard, H.W. et al. (1991) Long-term human immunodeficiency virus infection in asymptomatic homosexual and bisexual men with normal CD4+ lymphocyte counts: immunologic and virologic characteristics. J. Infect. Dis., 163, 959–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipschik, G.Y., Doerfler, M.E., Kovacs, J.A. et al. (1993) Leukotriene B4 and interleukin-8 in human immunodeficiency virus related pulmonary disease. Chest, 104, 763–69.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lipscomb, M.F., Bice, D.E., Lyons, R. et al. (1995) The regulation of pulmonary immunity. Adv. Immunol., 59, 369–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louie, L.G., Newman, B. and King, M.C. (1991) Influence of host genotype on progression to AIDS among HIV-infected men. J. AIDS, 4, 814–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, S. (1988) Aids in Africa–clinicopathological aspects. Trans. Roy. Soc. Med., 82, 801–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackewicz, C. and Levy, J.A. (1992) CD8+ cell anti-HIV activity: nonlytic suppression of virus replication. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 8, 1039–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggi, E., Mazezetti, M., Ravina, A. et al. (1994) Ability of HIV to promote a Th1 to Tho shift and replicate preferentially in Th2 and Tho cells. Science, 265, 244–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallal, S., Cameron, P.U., French, M.A.H. and Dawkins, R.L. (1990) MHC genes and HIV infection. Lancet, 335, 1591–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, D., Carrington, M., O’Donnell, M. et al. (1993) Selected HLA class I and II alleles are associated with relative rates of disease progression in HIV-infection. IX International Conference on AIDS and/IV STD World Congress, Berlin, June 1993: (Abstract WS-AO7–6).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, D.L., Carrington, M.N. and Kroner, B.L. (1994) The human MHC and HIV-1 pathogenesis. AIDS, 8 (suppl. 1), S53 - S60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D.J., Sim, J.G., Sole, G.J. et al. (1995) CD4+ lymphocyte count in African patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. J. AIDS Hum. Retrovirol., 8, 4, 386–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, J. (1988) What T cells see and how they see it. Science, 242, 863–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, J. (1995) The T cell receptor begins to reveal its many facets. Science, 267, 459–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, G.R., Hashimoto, C.H., Dickman, P.S. et al. (1989) Prognostic implications of bronchoalveolar lavage neutropenia in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and AIDS. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 139, 1336–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDevitt, H.O. (1980) Regulation of the immune response by the major histocompatibility system. N. Engl. J. Med., 303, 514–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMichael, A.J. and Walker, B.D. (1994) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes: implications for HIV vaccines. AIDS, 8 (suppl. 1), S155–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miedema, F., Petit, A.J., Terpstra, F.G. et al. (1988) Immunological abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected asymptomatic homosexual men. HIV affects the immune system before CD4+ T helper cell depletion occurs. J. Clin. Invest., 82, 1908–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miedema, F., Tersmette, M. and van Lier, R.A. (1990) AIDS pathogenesis: a dynamic interaction between HIV and the immune system. Immunol. Today, 11, 293–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meignan, M., Guillon, J.M., Denis, M. et al. (1990) Increased lung epithelial permeability in HIV-infected patients with isolated cytotoxic T-lymphocytic alveolitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 141, 1241–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meduri, G.U. and Stein, D.S. (1992) Pulmonary manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin. Infect. Dis., 14, 98–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, M.S., Skillman, D.R., Hoover, D.L. et al. (1990) Macrophages and the human immunodeficiency virus. Immunol. Today, 11, 21723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, M.S., Kornbluth, R.S., Hansen, B. et al. (1993) HIV infection of the lung: role of virus-infected macrophages in the pathophysiology of pulmonary disease. Chest, 103, 1035–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyaard, L., Schuitemaker, H. and Miedema, F. (1993) T-cell dysfunction in HIV infection: anergy due to defective antigen presenting cell function? Immunol. Today, 14, 161–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyaard, L., Otto, S.A., Keet, I.P.M. et al. (1994) Changes in cytokine secretion patterns of CD4+ T-cell clones in HIV infection. Blood, 12, 426–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Millar, A.B., Millar, R.F., Foley, N.M. et al. (1991) Production of TNFa by blood and lung mononuclear phagocytes from patients with human immunodeficiency virus related lung disease. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 5, 144–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montaner, L.J. and Gordon, S. (1995) Th2 down-regulation of macrophage HIV-1 replication. Nature, 267, 538–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, S., Kenyan, C., Cryzan, S. et al. (1987) A comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage cells in organ recipients with AIDS. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 135, A169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann, T.R. and Coffman, R.L. (1989) Heterogeneity of cytokine secretion patterns and functions of helper T cells. Adv. Immunol., 46, 111–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann, T.R., Schumacher, J.H., Street, N.F. et al. (1991) Diversity of cytokine synthesis and function of mouse CD4± T cells. Immunol. Rev., 123, 209–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosmann, T.R. (1994) Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science, 265, 193–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, P.A.H., Rowland-Jones, S.L., Frodsham, P.M. et al. (1995) Persistent very high frequency of HIV-specific CTL in peripheral blood of infected donors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 92, 5773–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mossman, T.R. (1994) Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science, 265, 193–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukadi, Y., Perriens, J.H., St. Louis, M.E. et al. (1993) Spectrum of immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zaire. Lancet, 342, 143–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J.F., Felton, C.P., Goray, S.M. et al. (1984) Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a report of a National Heart, Lung and Blood workshop. N. Engl. J. Med., 310, 1682–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J.F., Garray, S.M., Hopewell, P.C. et al. (1987) Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. An update. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 135, 504–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, H.W., Gellere, R.A., Libby, D.M. et al. (1985) Activation of tissue macrophages from AIDS patients: in vitro response of AIDS alveolar macrophages to lymphokines and interferon-gamma. J. Immunol., 5, 2374–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Musher, D.M., Watson, D.A., Nickelson, D. et al. (1990) The effect of HIV infection on phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcal aureus by human pulmonary macrophages. Am. J. Med. Sci., 299, 158–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, C.F. (1987) Secretory products of macrophages. J. Clin. Invest., 79, 319–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niedt, G.W. and Schinella, R.A. (1985) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinicopathological study of 56 autopsies. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., 109, 727–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielson, H., Kharazmi, A. and Faber, V. (1986) Blood monocyte and neutrophil functions in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Scand. J. Immunol., 24, 291–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, D.F. and McMichael, A.J. (1991) Cytotoxic T cell recognition of HIV proteins and peptides. AIDS, 5, 1049–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogden, D.M., Fischer, H.E. and Liu, F.J. (1988) Plasma fibronectin values in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complexes. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 90, 293–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orentas, R.J., Hildreth, J.E.K., Obah, E. et al. (1990) Induction of CD4+ human cytolytic T cells specific for HIV-infected cells by a gp160 subunit vaccine. Science, 248, 1234–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, L., Kunkel, S. and Nabel, G.J. (1989) Tumour necrosis factor-a and interleukin-1 stimulate the HIV enhancer by activation of the NFkB transcription factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 2336–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., DeMaria, A., Koenig, S. (1990) CD8+ T lymphocytes of patients with AIDS maintain normal broad cytolytic function despite the loss of human immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 481–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C. and Fauci, A. (1993) The immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 328, 5, 327–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Menzo, S., Vaccarezza, M. et al. (1994) Studies in subjects with long-term non-progressive HIV infection. New Engl. J. Med., 332, 209–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G., Demarest, J.F., Soudeyns, H. et al. (1994) Major expansion of CD8+ T cells with a predominant Vß usage during primary immune response to HIV. Nature, 370, 463–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G. and Fauci, A.S. (1995a) Apoptosis in HIV infection. Nature Medicine, 2, 1, 118–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pantaleo, G. and Fauci, A.S. (1995b) New concepts in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 13, 487–512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plata, F., Autran, B., Martins, L.P. and WainHobson, S. (1987) Aids virus specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lung disorders. Nature, 328, 348–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plata, F., Garcia-Pons, F., Ryter, A. et al. (1990) HIV-1 infection of lung alveolar fibroblasts and macrophages in humans. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 6, 979–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, F. A. et al. (1993) IXth International Conference on AIDS, 1993.: Abstract WS-A07–3, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, W.E. (1994) Fundamental Immunology. 3rd edn, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlo, S., Jalowayski, A.A., Durand, C.M. and West, J.B. (1975) Distribution of red and white cells in the alveolar walls. J. Appl. Physiol., 38, 117–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poli, G., Bressler, P., Kinter, A. et al. (1990) Interleukin-6 induces HIV expression in infected monocytic cells alone and in synergy with tumour necrosis factor-a by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J. Exp. Med., 172, 151–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polmar, S.H. (1976) Immunodeficiency and pulmonary disease. Chapter 10 in Immunologic and Infectious Reactions in the Lung. (eds. C.H. Kirkpatrick and H.Y. Reynolds). Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polsky, B., Gold, J.W.M. and Whimbey, E. (1986) Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 404, 38–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proctor, R.A. (ed.) (1987) Fibronectin and the pathogenesis of infections. Rev. Infect. Dis., 9. Suppl 4, S317–S430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ratjen, F., Bredendiek, M., Zheng, L. et al. (1995) Lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children without bronchopulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Care Med., 152, 174–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rankin, J.A., Collman, R. and Daniele, R.P. (1988) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the lung. Chest, 94, 1, 155–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H.Y. (1994) Normal and defective respiratory host defenses, in Respiratory Infections, Diagnosis and Management. Raven Press, New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H.Y. (1987) Lung inflammation: normal host defense or a complication of some diseases? Ann. Rev. Med., 38, 295–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H.Y. (1988) Subject review: Immunoglobulin G and its function in the human respiratory tract. Mayo. Clin. Proc., 63, 161–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B.W.S., Pinkston, P. and Crystal, R.G. (1984) NK cells are present in the normal human lung but are functionally impotent. J. Clin. Invest., 74, 942–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D.S., Sun, Y., Taylor, I.K. et al. (1994) Evidence for a Th1-like bronchoalveolar T cell subset and predominance of IFNy gene activation in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 149, 989–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rollides, E., Mertins, S., Eddy, J. et al. (1990) Impairment of neutrophil chemotactic and bacterial function in children infected with HIVtype-1 and partial reversal after in vitro exposure to granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor. J. Pediatr., 117, 331–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romagnani, S. (1991) Human Thl and Th2 subsets: doubts no more. Immunol. Today, 12, 2568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R.M., Krivine, A., Pikston, P. et al. (1991) Frequent identification of HIV-1 DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from individuals with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 143, 850–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, Z.F. and Fauci, A.S. (1989) The immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Adv. Immunol., 47, 377–431.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland-Jones, S. and McMichael, A. (1993) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in HIV infection. Sem. Virol., 4, 83–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland-Jones, S.L. and McMichael, A.J. (1995) Immune responses in HIV-exposed seronegatives: have they repelled the virus? Curr. Opin. Immunol., 7, 448–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royer, H.D. and Reinherz, E.L. (1987) T lymphocytes: ontogeny, function and relevance to clinical disorders. N. Engl. J. Med., 317, 8, 1136–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, A., Marecki, R., Silverman, B. et al. (1986) Pulmonary disease in children with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. J. Pediatr., 108, 498–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadat-Sowti, B., Parrot, A., Quint, L. et al. (1994) Alveolar CD8+ CD57+ lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection produce an inhibitor of cytotoxic functions. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care. Med., 149, 927–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadat-Sowti, B., Debre, P., Idziorek, T. et al. (1991) A lectin-binding soluble factor released by CD8+ CD57+ lymphocytes from AIDS patients inhibits T cell cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Immunol., 21, 73741.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Safrit, J.T., Andrews, C.A., Zhu, T. et al. (1994) Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones isolated during acute seroconversion: recognition of autologous virus sequences within a conserved immunodominant epitope. J. Exp. Med., 179, 463–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahn, S.A. (1988) State of the art: the pleura. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 138, 184–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salahuddin, S.Z., Rose, R.M. and Groopman, J.E. (1986) Human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection of human alveolar macrophages. Blood, 68, 281–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahmoud, T., Laurian, Y., Gazengel, C. et al. (1993) Progression to AIDS in French haemophiliacs: association with HLA-B35. AIDS, 7, 497–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samle, S., Chernoff, D.N., Lenahan, G.A. et al. (1990) Elevated serum concentrations of IgE antibodies to environmental antigens in HIVseropositive male homosexuals. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 86, 876–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saukkonen, J.J., Kornfeld, H. and Berman, J.S. (1993) Expansion of a CD8+ CD28- cell population in the blood and lung of HIV-positive patients. J. AIDS, 6, 1194–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scrager, L.K., Young, J.M., Fowler, M.G. et al. (1994) Long-term survivors of HIV-infection: definitions and research challenges. AIDS, 8, Suppl 1, S95 - S108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sei, S., Kleiner, D.E., Kopp, J.B. et al. Quantitative analysis of viral burden in tissues from adults and children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection assessed by polymerase chain reaction. J. Infect. Dis., 170, 325–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shearer, G.M. and Clerici, M. (1992) T helper cell immune dysfunction in asymptomatic HIVseropositive individuals: the role of Thl-Th2 cross regulation, in Regulation and Functional Significance of T-cell Subsets (ed. R.L. Coffman ), Karger, Basel, 21–43.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, H.W., Lang, W., Ascher, M.S. et al. (1993) The characterisation of non-progressors: long term HIV-1 infection with stable CD4 T cell levels. AIDS, 7, 1159–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sierra-Madero, J.G., Toosi, Z., Hom, D.L. et al. (1994) Relationship between load of virus in alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus-type-1 infected persons, production of cytokines and clinical status. J. Infect. Dis., 169, 18–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sirriani, M.C., Tagliaferri, F. and Auti, F. (1990) Pathogenesis of the natural killer cell deficiency in AIDS. Immunol. Today, 11, 81–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Rl, El Sadr, W.M. and Lewis, M.L. (1988) Correlation of bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations with clinical severity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest, 92, 60–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P.D., Ohura, K., Masur, H. et al. (1984) Monocyte function in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. J. Clin. Invest., 74, 212–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solal-Celigni, P., Couderc, L.J., Herman, D., et al. (1985) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis in AIDS-related complex. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 131, 956–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprag, R.G., Smith, R.M. and Harrell, J.H. (1987) Evidence of lung inflammation in patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 135, A169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spry, C.J.F. (1988) Parasitic Diseases: Chapter 10 in Eosinophils - A Comprehensive Review and Guide to the Scientific and Medical Literature. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley, S.K. and Fauci, A.S. (1993) T cell homeostasis in HIV infection: Part of the solution or part of the problem? J. AIDS, 6, 142–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steel, C.M., Ludlam, C.A., Beatson, D. et al. (1988) HLA haplotype Al B8 DR3 as a risk factor for HIV-related disease. Lancet, 1, 1185–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, M. and Gendelman, H.E. (1994) Cellular and viral determinants that regulate HIV-1 infection in macrophages. J. Leuco. Biol., 56, 278–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suffredini, A.F., Ognibene, F.P., Lack, E.E. et al. (1987) Non-specific interstitial pneumonitis: a common cause of pulmonary disease in AIDS. Ann. Intern. Med., 107, 7–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tausk, F. and Gigli, I. (1990) The human C3b receptor: function and role in human disease. J. Invest. Dermatol., 94, 1451–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teirstein, A.S. and Rosea, M.J. (1988) Lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. Clin. Chest Med., 94, 195–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trentin, L., Garbisi, S., Zambello, R. et al. (1992) Spontaneous production of interleukin-6 by alveolar macrophages from human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients. J. Infect. Dis., 166, 731–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, H.L., Iwamotto, G.K. and Soliman, D.M. (1992) Role of cytokines in alveolar macrophage accessory cell function in HIV-infected individuals. J. Immunol., 149, 1462–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, H.L., Lipscomb, M.F., Yoffe, B. et al. (1989) Enhanced accessory cell function by alveolar macrophages from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: potential role for depletion of CD4+ cells in the lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 1, 391–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, H.L. and Soliman, D.M. (1994) Role of alveolar macrophage-T cell adherence in accessory cell function in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol., 11, 138–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, H.L., Soliman, D.M. and Spain, B. (1994) Impaired alveolar macrophage accessory cell function and reduced incidence of lymphocytic alveolitis in HIV-infected patients who smoke. AIDS, 8, 611–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Venet, A., Clarel, F., Israel-Biet, D. et al. (1985) Lung in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: infections and immunological status assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir., 21, 535 43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wain-Hobson, S. (1995) Virological mayhem. Nature, 373, 102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, B.D., Chakrabarti, S., Moss, B. et al. (1987) HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in seropositive individuals. Nature, 328, 345–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, J.M., Barbers, R.G., Oishi, J.S. and Prince, H. (1984) Cellular and T-lymphocyte subpopulation profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with AIDS and pneumonitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., 130, 786–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, K., Subklewe, M., Pothof, G. et al. (1994) Expression of surface markers on alveolar macrophages from symptomatic patients with HIV infection as detected by flow cytometry. Chest, 105, 1324–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R., Kuster, H., Visvesvara, G.S. et al. (1993) Disseminated microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem: Pulmonary colonization, microhaematuria, and mild conjunctivitis in a patient with AIDS. Clin. Infect. Dis., 17, 415–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, X., Gosh, S.K., Taylor, M.E. et al. (1995) Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. Nature, 373, 117–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, L., Haefner-Cavaillon, N., Laude, M. et al. (1989) HIV infection is associated with spontaneous production of interleukin-1 in vivo and with abnormal release of IL-1 in vitro. AIDS, 3, 695–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, D.A., Gellen, R.A. and Gupta, S. (1985) Pulmonary cell populations in the immunosuppressed patient. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings during episodes of pneumonitis. Chest, 88, 352–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, K.R., Jnr., Rankin, J.A., Naegel, G.P. et al. (1985) Bronchoalveolar lavage cells and proteins in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med., 103, 522–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarling, J.M., Ledbetter, J.A., Sias, J. et al. (1990) HIV-infected humans but not chimpanzees, have circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes that lyse uninfected CD4+ cells. J. Immunol., 144, 2992–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, B.H. and Eden, F. (1993) Effect of corticosteroids on IL-1 and TNFa release by alveolar macrophages from patients with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest, 104, 751–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zumla, A., James, D.G. (1991) Lung immunology in the tropics in Lung Disease in the Tropics, (ed. O.P. Sharma) Marcel-Dekker, New York, pp. 1–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumla, A. and Croft, S. (1992) Chemotherapy and immunity of parasitic infections in AIDS patients. Parasitology, 105, S93 - S101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziza, J.-M., Brun-Vizinet, F., Venet, A. et al. (1985) Lymphadenopathy-associated virus isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in AIDS-related complex with lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis. N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Alimuddin Zumla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sarah Rowland-Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrew McMichael
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University College London Medical School, London, UK

    Alimuddin Zumla BSc MB ChB MSc PhD FRCP (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases) (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases)

  2. Camden and Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust, London, UK

    Alimuddin Zumla BSc MB ChB MSc PhD FRCP (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases) (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases)

  3. Department of Medicine, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia

    Alimuddin Zumla BSc MB ChB MSc PhD FRCP (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases) (Director, Visiting Professor, Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases)

  4. Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

    Margaret Johnson MD, FRCP (Consultant Physician) (Consultant Physician)

  5. Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Division of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, University College London Medical School, London, UK

    Robert Miller MB FRCP (Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant Physician, Honorary Consultant Physician) (Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant Physician, Honorary Consultant Physician)

  6. Camden and Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust, London, UK

    Robert Miller MB FRCP (Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant Physician, Honorary Consultant Physician) (Senior Lecturer/Honorary Consultant Physician, Honorary Consultant Physician)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zumla, A., Rowland-Jones, S., McMichael, A. (1997). Lung Immunology and HIV. In: Zumla, A., Johnson, M., Miller, R. (eds) AIDS and Respiratory Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3446-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3446-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-60140-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3446-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation