Abstract
Cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were first reported in June and July of 1981, as clusters of Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual men (CDC, 1981, a, b). Since then, epidemiologic surveillance has been used by investigators and public health professionals to identify that an outbreak existed, to characterize the outbreak, and to determine and predict its extent and course. Surveillance and epidemiologic studies will be used increasingly to ascertain the effects of interventions. In addition to surveillance, epidemiologic methods are used to provide essential data about the pathogenesis of AIDS, and about the transmission, disease spectrum, and cofactors involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AHA (1986) Management of HTLV-III/LAV infection in the hospital. The recommendation of the advisory committee on infections within hospitals. American Hospital Association, January, 1986.
Barré-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F. et al. (1983) Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science, 220, 868–71.
Brun-Vezinet, F., Rouzioux, C., Barre-Sinoussi, F. et al. (1984) Detection of IgG antibodies to lymphadenopathy-associated virus in patients with AIDS or lym-phadenopathy syndrome. Lancet, i, 1253–6.
CDC (1981a) Pneumocystis pneumonia — Los Angeles. MMWR, 30, 250–2.
CDC (1981b) Kaposi’s sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men — New York City and California. MMWR, 30, 305–8.
CDC (1982) Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) — United States. MMWR, 31, 507–14.
CDC (1983) Prevention of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Report of inter-agency recommendations. MMWR, 32, 101–4.
CDC (1984) Declining rates of rectal and pharyngeal gonorrhea among males — New York City. MMWR, 33, 295–7.
CDC (1985a) Results of human T-lymphotropic virus type III test kits reported from blood collection centers — United States, April 22 — May 19, 1985. MMWR, 34, 375–6.
CDC (1985b) Update: Public Health Service workshop on human T-lymphotropic virus type III antibody testing — United States. MMWR, 34, 477–8.
CDC (1985c) Provisional Public Health Service Inter-Agency recommendations for screening donated blood and plasma for antibody to the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR, 34, 1–5.
CDC (1985d) Recommendations for assisting in the prevention of perinatal transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR, 34, 721–6, 731–2.
CDC (1985e) Education and foster care of children infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. MMWR, 34, 517–21.
CDC (1985f) Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the work place. MMWR, 34, 681–86, 691–5.
CDC (1986a) Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting — United States. MMWR, 34, 373–5.
CDC (1986b) Update: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome — Europe. MMWR, 35, 35–8, 43–6.
Conant, M., Hardy, D., Sernatinger, J. et al. (1986) Condoms prevent transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus (letter). JAMA., 255, 1306.
Courouce, A.-M. (1986) Evaluation of eight ELISA kits for the detection of anti-LAW HTLV-III antibodies (letter). Lancet, i, 1152–3.
Curran, J. W., Lawrence, D. N., Jaffe, H. et al. (1984) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N. Engl. J. Med., 310, 69–75.
Curran, J. W., Morgan, W. M., Hardy, A. M. et al. (1985) The epidemiology of AIDS: current status and future prospects. Science, 229, 1352–7
Des Jadis, D. C., Marmor, M., Cohen, H. et al. (1984) Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome. MMWR, 33, 377–9.
DHEW (1977) Study to evaluate supply-demand relationships for AHF and PTC through 1980. NIH publication 77–1274, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Evatt, B. L., Gomperts, E. D., McDougal, J. S. and Ramsey, R. B. (1985) Coincidental appearance of LAV/HTLV-III antibodies in hemophiliacs and the onset of the AIDS epidemic. N. Engl.J. Med., 312, 483–6.
Eyster, M. E., Goedert, J. J., Sarngadharan, M. G. et al. (1985) Development and early natural history of HTLV-III antibodies in persons with hemophilia. JAMA 253, 2219–23.
Felding, P., Nilsson, I. M., Hansson, B. G. and Biberfeld, G. (1985) Absence of antibodies to LAV/HTLV-III in haemophiliacs treated with heat-treated factor VIII concentrate of American origin (letter). Lancet, ii, 832–3.
Friedland, G. H., Saltzman, B. R., Rogers, M. F. et al. (1986) Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 314, 344–9.
Fujikawa, L. S., Salahuddin, S. Z., Palestine, A. G. et al. (1985) Isolation of human T-lymphotropic virus type III from the tears of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet, ii, 529–30.
Gallo, R. C., Salahuddin, S. Z. Popovic, M. et al. (1984) Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk from AIDS. Science, 224, 500–3.
Goedert, J. J., Biggar, R. J., Weiss, S. H. et al. (1986) Three-year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III-infected risk group members. Science, 231, 992–5.
Gomperts, E. D., Feorino, P., Evatt, B. L. et al. (1985) LAV/HTLV-III presence in peripheral blood lymphocytes of seropositive young hemophiliacs. Blood, 65, 1549–52.
Groopman, J. E., Salahuddin, S. Z., Sarngadharan, M. G. et al. (1984) HTLV-III in saliva of people with AIDS-related complex and healthy homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Science, 226, 447–9.
Groopman, J. E., Mayer, K. H., Sarngadharan, M. G. et al. (1985) Seroepidemiology of human T-lymphotropic virus type III among homosexual men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or generalized lymphadenopathy and among asymptomatic controls in Boston. Ann. Intern. Med., 102, 334–7.
Hardy, A. M., Allen, J. R., Morgan, W. M. and Curran, J. W. (1985) The incidence rate of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in selected populations. JAMA, 253, 215–20.
Hardy, A. M., Rauch, K., Echenberg, D. et al. (1986) The economic impact of the first 10, 000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States. JAMA, 255, 209–11.
Hargraves, M. A., Jason, J. M., Chorba, T. L. et al. (In press) Hemophiliac patients’ knowledge and educational needs concerning AIDS. Amer. J. Hematol.
Hicks, D. R., Martin, L. S., Getchell, J. P. et al. (1985) Inactivation of HTLV-III/LAV-infected cultures of normal human lymphocytes by nonoxynol-9 in vitro (letter). Lancet, ii, 1422–3.
Hirsch, M. S., Wormser, G. P., Schooley, R.T. et al. (1985) Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus III (HTLV-III). N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 1–4.
Ho, D. D., Schooley, R. T., Rota, T. R. et al. (1984) HTLV-III in the semen and blood of a homosexual man. Science, 226, 451–3.
Ho, D. D., Rota, T. R., Schooley, R. T. et al. (1985a) Isolation of HTLV-III from cerebrospinal fluid and neural tissues of patients with neurologic syndromes related to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 1493–7.
Ho, D. D., Byington, R. E., Schooley, R. T. et al. (1985b) Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS (letter). N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 1606.
Jaffe, H. W., Darrow, W. W., Echenberg, D. F. et al. (1985) The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of homosexual men. A six year follow-up study. Ann. Intern. Med., 103, 210–14.
Jason, J., McDougal, J. S., Holman, R. C. et al. (1985) Human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus antibody. Association with hemophiliacs’ immune status and blood component usage. JAMA, 253, 3409–15.
Jason, J. M., McDougal, J. S., Dixon, G. et al. (1986) HTLV-III/LAV antibody and immune status of household contacts and sexual partners of persons with hemophilia. JAMA, 255, 212–5.
Johnson, R. E., Lawrence, D. N., Evatt, B. L. et al. (1985) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among patients attending hemophilia treatment centers and mortality experience of hemophiliacs in the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol., 121, 797–810.
Jovaisas, E., Koch, M. A., Schafer, A. et al. (1985) LAV/HTLV-III in a 20-week fetus (letter). Lancet, ii, 1129.
Klatzmann, D., Barre-Sinoussi, F., Nugeyre, M. T. et al. (1984) Selective tropism of lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV) for helper-inducer T-lymphocytes. Science, 225, 59–63.
Lapointe, N., Michaud, J., Pekodic, D. et al. (1985) Transplacental transmission of HTLV-III virus. N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 1325–6.
Lawrence, D. N., Jason, J. M., Bouhasin, J. D. et al. (1985) HTLV-III/LAV antibody status of spouses and household contacts assisting in home infusion of hemophilia patients. Blood, 66, 703–5.
Levy, J. A., Hoffman, A. D., Kramer, S.M. et al. (1984) Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science, 225, 840–2.
Lui, K.-J., Lawrence, D. N., Morgan, W. M. et al. (1986) A model-based approach for estimating the mean incubation period of transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci., USA, 83, 3051–5.
Marx, J. L. (1986) The slow, insidious natures of the human T lymphotropic retroviruses. Science, 231, 450–1.
Mathur-Wagh, U., Mildvan, D., Spigland, I. et al. (1985) Longitudinal assessment of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) in homosexual men. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 187, 93–6.
McDougal, J. S., Mawle, A., Cort, S. P. et al. (1985a) Cellular tropism of the human retrovirus HTLV-III/LAV. I. Role of T cell activation and expression of the T4 antigen. J. Immunol., 135, 3151–62.
McDougal, J. S., Martin, L. S., Cort, S. P. et al. (1985b) Thermal inactivation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus, human T-lymphotropic virus-III/ lymphadenopathy-associated virus, with special reference to antihemophilic factor. J. Clin. Invest., 76, 875–7.
Mortimer, P. P., Parry, J. V. and Mortimer, J. Y. (1985) Which anti-HTLV-III/LAV assays for screening and confirmatory testing? Lancet, ii, 873–7.
Mosseler, J., Schimpf, K., Auerswald, G. et al. (1985) Inability of pasteurised factor VIII preparations to induce antibodies to HTLV-III after long-term treatment (letter). Lancet, i, 1111.
NBTS (1985) Study Subgroup of the National Blood Transfusion Society. Evaluation of 3 immuno-enzyme kits for the detection of anti-LAV antibodies. Comparison with confirmation tests (French). Rev. Fr. Transfus. Immunohematol, 28, 325–44.
NHF (1985) The National Hemophilia Foundation Medical and Scientific Advisory Council. Recommendations concerning AIDS and the treatment of hemophilia. Hemophilia Information Exchange, AIDS Update, Feb. 14, 1985, New York, NY.
Peterman, T. A., Jaffe, H. W., Feorino, P. M. et al. (1985) Transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States. JAMA, 254, 2913–7.
Ragni, M. V., Urbach, A. H., Kiernan, S. et al. (1985) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the child of a haemophiliac. Lancet, i, 133–5.
Redfield, R. R., Markham, P. D., Salahuddin, S. Z. et al. (1985a) Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS. JAMA, 253, 1571–3.
Redfield, R. R., Markham, P. D., Salahuddin, S. Z. et al. (1985b) Heterosexually acquired HTLV-III/LAV disease (AIDS-related complex and AIDS). Epidemiologic evidence for female-to-male transmission. JAMA, 254, 2094–6.
Rouzioux, C., Chamaret, S., Montagnier, L. et al. (1985) Absence of antibodies to AIDS virus in haemophiliacs treated with heat-treated factor VIII concentrates (letter). Lancet, i, 271–2.
Safai, B., Sarngadharan, M. G., Groopman, J. E. et al. (1984) Seroepidemiological studies of human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Lancet, i, 1438–40.
Sandstrom, E. G., Schooley, R. T., Hodd, T. et al. (1985) Detection of human anti-HTLV-III antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence using fixed cells. Transfusion, 25, 308–12.
Saviteer, S. M., White, G. C., Cohen, M. S. and Jason, J. (1985) HTLV-III exposure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (letter). N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 1606–7.
Schechter, M. T., Boyko, W. J., Douglas, B. et al. (1986) Can HTLV-III be transmitted orally? (letter). Lancet, i, 379.
Scott, G. B., Fischl, M. A., Klimas, N. et al. (1985) Mothers of infants with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for both symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers. JAMA, 253, 363–6.
Spire, B., Dormont, D., Barre-Sinoussi, F. et al. (1985) Inactivation of lym-phadenopathy-associated virus by heat, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light. Lancet, i, 188–9.
Stewart, G. J., Tyler, J. P., Cunningham, A. L. et al. (1985) Transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) by artificial insemination by donor. Lancet, ii, 581–5.
Thiry, L., Sprecher-Goldberger, S., Jonckheer, T. et al. (1985) Isolation of AIDS virus from cell-free breast milk of three healthy virus carriers (letter). Lancet, ii, 891–2.
van den Berg, W., ten Cate, J. W., Breederveld, C. and Goudsmit, J. (1986) Seroconversion to HTLV-III in haemophiliac given heat-treated factor VIII concentrate (letter). Lancet, i, 803–4.
Vilmer, E., Fischer, A., Griscelli, C. et al. (1984) Possible transmission of a human lymphotropic retrovirus (LAV) from mother to infant with AIDS (letter). Lancet, ii, 229–30.
Voeller, B. (1986) Nonoxynol-9 and HTLV-III (letter). Lancet, i, 1153.
Vogt, M. W., Witt, D. J., Craven, D. E. et al. (1986) Isolation of HTLV-III/LAV from cervical secretions of women at risk for AIDS. Lancet, i, 525–7.
Weiss, S. H., Goedert, J. J., Sarngadharan, M. G. et al. (1985a) Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies. Specificity, sensitivity, and applications. JAMA, 253, 221–5.
Weiss, S. H., Saxinger, W. C., Rechtman, D. et al. (1985b) HTLV-III infection among health care workers. Association with needle-stick injuries. JAMA, 254, 2089–93.
White, G. C. II, Matthews, T. J., Weinhold, K. J. et al. (1986) HTLV-III seroconversion associated with heat-treated factor VIII concentrate (letter). Lancet, i, 611–12.
Wofsy, C. B., Cohen, J. B., Hauer, L. B. et al. (1986) Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet, i, 527–9.
Zagury, D., Bernard, J., Leibowitch, J. et al. (1984) HTLV-III in cells cultured from semen of two patients with AIDS. Science, 226, 449–51.
Zagury, D., Fouchard, M., Cheynier, R. et al. (1985) Evidence of HTLV-III in T-cells from semen of AIDS patients: expression in primary cell cultures, long-term mitogen-stimulated cell cultures, and cocultures with a permissive T-cell line. Cancer Res., 45(9 Suppl), 4595s–7s.
Ziegler, J. B., Cooper, D. A., Johnson, R. O. et al. (1985) Postnatal transmission of AIDS-associated retrovirus from mother to infant. Lancet, i, 896–8.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jason, J.M., Curran, J.W. (1987). The epidemiology of AIDS. In: Madhok, R., Forbes, C.D., Evatt, B.L. (eds) Blood, Blood Products — and AIDS —. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3394-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3394-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-8018-3608-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3394-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive