Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Warning Coloration and Mimicry

  • Chapter
Chemical Ecology of Insects

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to provide a current analysis of warning coloration and mimicry to accompany the other discussions in this volume of the chemical ecology of insects. Recent literature in this area includes a chapter devoted principally to the chemical aspects of mimetic and aposematic associations (Eisner, 1970) and two excellent chapters on mimicry provided by Ford (1975) in his book on ecological genetics. The only recent book on mimicry available in English (Wickler, 1968) provides an introduction to many aspects of the subject but sometimes goes rather far afield. Pasteur (1972) has written a useful little book, but it is not readily available in this country. Rettenmeyer (1970) and Turner (1977) have written thorough reviews of insect mimicry and butterfly mimicry, respectively, and the reader is referred to those articles for the earlier discussions. The present review attempts to place mimicry in the ecological and evolutionary context of the chemical ecology of insects. Most of the examples discussed in this chapter will be from that group, but since the primary purpose is to develop the principles, selective forces, limitations, and results of mimicry, examples from other animals will also be included where they provide relevant insights. The extremely interesting topic of plant mimicry has been completely omitted (Wiens, 1978). The literature is reviewed through the first half of 1983, but some references have reluctantly been omitted because of space considerations.

Dedicated to the memory of Philip M. Sheppard, one of those few zoologists who turned the study of mimicry from ‘stamp collecting’ into a true science (an idea derived from the philosophy of Lord Kelvin)

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alcock, J. (1970) Punishment levels and the response of white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) to three kinds of artificial models and mimics. Anim. Behay., 18, 733–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S. J. (1978) The evolution of a special class of modifiable behaviors in relation to environmental pattern. Am. Nat., 112, 415–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayala, F. J. and Campbell, C. A. (1974) Frequency-dependent selection. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5, 115–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakus, G. J. (1981) Chemical defense mechanisms on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Science, 211, 497–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, J. A. (1976) The maintenance of non-mimetic forms in a dimorphic Batesian mimic species. Evolution, 30, 82–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, H. W. (1862) Contributions to an insect of the Amazon Valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool., 23, 495–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal, F. E. L. (1918) Food habits of the swallows, a family of valuable native birds. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bull. No. 619, 1–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bees, J. (1977) Terminal terminology. Antenna, 1, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benson, W. W. (1972) Natural selection for Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius erato in Costa Rica. Science, 176, 936–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, W. W. (1977) On the supposed spectrum between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry. Evolution, 31, 454–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. L. (1978) Learned taste aversions in children receiving chemotherapy. Science, 200, 1302–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bobisud, L. E. (1978) Optimal time of appearance of mimics. Am. Nat., 112, 962–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobisud, L. E. and Potratz, C. J. (1976) One-trial versus multi-trial learning for a predator encountering a model-mimic system. Am. Nat., 110, 121–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boggs, C. L. and Gilbert, L. E. (1979) Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating. Science, 206, 83–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowers, M. D. (1980) Unpalatability as a defense strategy of Euphydryas phaeton (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evolution, 34, 586–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyden, T. C. (1976) Butterfly palatability and mimicry: Experiments with Ameiva lizards. Evolution, 30, 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, R. A., Labanick, G. M. and Huheey, J. E. (1979) Relative palatability, defensive behavior, and mimetic relationships of Pseudotriton ruber, P. montanus, and red efts. Herpetologica, 35, 289–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, J. V. Z. (1958) Experimental studies of mimicry in some North American butterflies. Part I. The monarch, Danaus plexippus, and viceroy, Limenitis archippus archippus. Evolution, 12, 32–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, J. V. Z. (1960) Experimental studies of mimicry. IV. The reactions of starling to different proportions of models and mimics. Am. Nat., 94, 271–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, J. V. Z. and Brower, L. P. (1962) Experimental studies of mimicry. 6. The reaction of toads (Bufo terrestris) to honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their dronefly mimics (Eristalis vinetorum). Am. Nat., 96, 297–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, J. V. Z. and Brower, L. P. (1965) Experimental studies of mimicry. 8. Further investigations of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their dronefly mimics (Eristalis spp.). Am. Nat., 99, 173–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. (1969) Ecological chemistry. Sci. Am., 220, 22–29 (Feb).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. (1970) Plant poisons in a terrestrial foodchain and implications for mimicry theory. In: Biochemical Coevolution ( Chambers, K. L., ed.) pp. 69–82. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. (1977) Monarch migration. Nat. Hist., 86., 41–53 (June-July).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. and Westcott, P. W. (1960) Experimental studies of mimicry. 5. The reactions of toads (Bufo terrestris) to bumblebees (Bombus americanorum) and their robberfly mimics (Mallophora bomboides), with a discussion of aggressive mimicry. Am. Nat., 94, 343–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. and Coffins, C. T. (1963) Experimental studies of mimicry. 7. Relative palatability and Müllerian mimicry among Neoptropical butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae. Zoologica, 48, 65–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. and Brower, J. V. Z. (1964) Birds, butterflies, and plant poisons: A study in ecological chemistry. Zoologica, 49, 137–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Brower, J. V. Z. and Corvino, J. M. (1967) Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 57, 892–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Cook, L. M. and Croze, H. J. (1967) Predator responses to artificial Batesian mimics released in a neotropical environment. Evolution, 21, 11–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Ryerson, W. N., Coppinger, L. L. and Glazier, S. C. (1968) Ecological chemistry and the palatability spectrum. Science, 161, 1349–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Pough, F. H. and Meck, H. R. (1970) Theoretical investigations of automimicry, I. Single trial learning. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 66, 1059–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. and Brower, J. V. Z. (1972) Parallelism, convergence, divergence, and the new concept of advergence in the evolution of mimicry. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Sci., 44, 59–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., McEvoy, P. B., Williamson, K. L. and Flannery, M. A. (1972) Variation in cardiac glycoside content of monarch butterflies from natural populations in eastern North America. Science, 177, 426–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. and Moffitt, C. M. (1974) Palatability dynamics of cardenolides in the monarch Butterfly. Nature, 249, 280–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Edmunds, M. and Moffitt, C. M. (1975) Cardenolide content and palatability of a population of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from West Africa. J. Ent. (A), 49, 183–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P. and Glazier, S. C. (1975) Localization of heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science, 188, 19–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Gibson, D. O., Moffitt, C. M. and Panchen, A. L. (1978) Cardenolide content of Danaus chrysippus butterflies from three areas of East Africa. Biol. J. Linn., 10, 251–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower, L. P., Seiber, J. N., Nelson, C. J., Lynch, S. P. and Tuskes, P. M. (1982) Plant-determined variation in the cardenolide content, thin-layer chromatography profiles, and emetic potency of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus, reared on the milkweed, Asclepias eriocarpa, in California. J. Chem. Ecol., 8, 579–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Jr., K. S. and Benson, W. W. (1974) Adaptive polymorphism associated with multiple Müllerian mimicry in Heliconius numata (Lepid. Nymph.). Biotropica, 6, 205–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Jr., K. S., Sheppard, P. M. and Turner, J. R. G. (1974) Quaternary refugia in tropical America: Evidence from race formation in Heliconius butterflies. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 187, 369–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, Jr., K. S. and Neto, J. V. (1976) Predation on aposematic ithomiine butterflies by Tanagers (Pipraeidea melanota). Biotropica, 8, 136–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burghardt, G. M., Wilcoxon, H. C. and Czaplicki, J. A. (1973) Conditioning in garter snakes: Aversion to palatable prey induced by delayed illness. Anim. Learn. Behay., 1, 317–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, W. H., Hedrick, L. E. and Brower, L. P. (1979) Mortality of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.): Avian predation at five overwintering sites in Mexico. Science, 204, 847–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J-S. and Amsel, A. (1980) Recall (versus recognition) of taste and immunization against aversive taste anticipations based on illness. Science, 209, 831–833.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, L. M., Brower, L. P. and Alcock, J. (1969) An attempt to verify mimetic advantage in a neotropical environment. Evolution, 23, 339–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cott, H. B. (1940) Adaptive Coloration in Animals. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dill, L. M. (1975) Calculated risk-taking by predators as a factor in Batesian mimicry. Can. J. Zool., 53, 1614–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, C. A., Erickson, J. M., Kellett, D. N. and Rothschild, M. (1978) Some adaptations between Danausplexippus and its food plant, with notes on Danaus chrysippus and Euploe core (Insecta: Lepidoptera). J. Zool., Lond., 185, 437–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dressler, R. L. (1979) Eulaema bombiformis, E. meriana, and Müllerian mimicry in related species (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Biotropica, 11, 144–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhard, W. G. (1977) Aggressive chemical mimicry by a Bolas Spider. Science, 198, 1173–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich, P. R. and Raven, P. H. (1965) Butterflies and plants: a study in co-evolution. Evolution, 18, 586–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T. (1970) Chemical defense against predation in arthropods. In: Chemical Ecology ( Sondheimer, E. and Simeone, J. B., eds). Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T. and Kafatos, F. C. (1962) Defense mechanisms of arthropods. X. A pheromone promoting aggregation in an aposematic distasteful insect. Psyche, 69, 53–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T., Kafatos, F. C. and Linsley, E. G. (1962) Lycid predation by mimetic adult Cerambycidae (Coleoptera). Evolution, 16, 316–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, T., Nowicki, S., Goetz, M. and Meinwald, J. (1980) Red cochineal dye (carminic acid): Its role in nature. Science, 208, 1039–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estabrook, G. F. and Jespersen, D. C. (1974) Strategy for a predator encountering a model—mimic system. Am. Nat., 108, 443–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Euw, J., Fishelson, L., Parsons, J. A., Reichstein, T. and Rothschild, M. (1967) Cardenolides (heart poisons) in a grasshopper feeding on milkweeds. Nature, 214, 35–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • von Euw, J., Reichstein, T., and Rothschild, M. (1968) Aristolochic acid-I in the swallowtail butterfly Pachlioptera aristolochiae Fabr. (Papilionidae), Israel J. Chem., 6, 659–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fink, L. S. and Brower, L. P. (1981) Birds can overcome the cardenolide defence of monarch butterflies in Mexico. Nature, 291, 67–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, R. A. (1958) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Dover Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford, E. B. (1975) Ecological Genetics, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D. L. (1976) Animal Biochromes and Structural Colors, 2nd ed., University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gans, C. (1965) Empathic learning and the mimicry of African snakes. Evolution, 18, 705.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaul, A. T. (1952) Audio mimicry: An adjunct to color mimicry. Psyche, 59, 82–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, D. O. (1980) The role of escape in mimicry and polymorphism: I. The response of captive birds to artificial prey. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 14, 201–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, L. E. (1972) Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius butterflies. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA., 69, 1403–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, H. F. and McDiarmid, R. W. (1981) Coral snake mimicry: Does it occur? Science, 213, 1207–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grobman, A. B. (1978) An alternative solution to the Coral Snake mimic problem (Reptilia, Serpentes, Elapidae). J. Herp., 12, 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heal, J. R. (1979) Colour patterns of Syrphidae. II. Eristalis intricarius. Heredity, 43, 229–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heal, J. R. (1981) Colour patterns of Syrphidae. III. Sexual dimorphism in Eristalis arbustorum. Ecol. Ent., 6, 119–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holling, C. S. (1965) The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Mem. Ent. Soc. Can., 45, 1–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, R. W., McDaniel, C. A. and Blomquist, G. J. (1980) Chemical mimicry as an integrating mechanism: cuticular hydrocarbons of a termitophile and its host. Science, 210, 431–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huey, R. B. and Pianka, E. R. (1977) Natural selection for juvenile lizards mimicking noxious beetles. Science, 195, 201–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1961) Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. III. Evolution of Müllerian mimicry. Evolution, 15, 567–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1964) Studies of warning coloration and mimicry. IV. A mathematical model of model-mimic frequencies. Ecology, 45, 185–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1976) Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. VII. Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian—Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry. Evolution, 30, 86–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1980a) The question of synchrony or “temporal sympatry” in mimicry. Evolution, 34, 614–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1980b) Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. VIII. Further evidence for a frequency-dependent model of predation. J. Herp., 14, 223–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. (1980c) Batesian and Müllerian mimicry: Semantic and substantive differences of opinion. Evolution, 34, 1212–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huheey, J. E. and Brandon, R. A. (1974) Studies in warning coloration and mimicry. VI. Comments on the warning coloration of red efts and their presumed mimicry by red salamanders. Herpetol., 30, 149–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isman, M. B., Duffey, S. S. and Scudder, G. G. E. (1977) Cardenolide content of some leaf-and stem-feeding insects on temperate North American milkweeds (Asclepias spp.). Can. J. Zool., 55, 1024–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. F. and Drummond, B. A. III (1974) A Batesian ant-mimicry complex from the Mountain Pine Ridge of British Honduras, with an example of transformational mimicry. Am. Midi. Nat., 91, 248–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. A., Parsons, J. and Rothschild, M. (1962) Release of hydrocyanic acid from crushed tissues of all stages in the life-cycle of species of the Zygaeninae. Nature, 193, 52–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. (1976) Introduction to Natural Selection. University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, C. and Rothschild, M. (1965) A case of Müllerian mimicry of sound. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 40, 156–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lea, R. G. and Turner, J. R. G. (1972) Experiments on mimicry: II. The effect of a Batesian mimic on its model. Behaviour, 38, 131–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, E. G. (1960) Ethology of some bee-and wasp-killing robberflies of Southeastern Arizona and Western New Mexico. (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Cal. Publ. Ent., 16, 357–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsley, E. G., Eisner, T. and Klots, A. B. (1961) Mimetic assemblages of sibling species of lycid beetles. Evolution, 15, 15–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. E. (1975) Aggressive mimicry in Photuris fireflies: Signal repertoires by femmes fatales. Science, 187, 452–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. E. (1980) Male Photuris fireflies mimic sexual signals of their females’ prey. Science, 210, 669–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, J. E. (1981) Firefly mate-rivals mimic their predators and vice versa. Nature, 290, 498–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, N. and Rothschild, M. (1974) Aposematic and cryptic Lepidoptera tested on the mouse. J. Zool., Lond., 1974, 89–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, N. A., Clarke, C. A., Rothschild, M. and Kellett, D. N. (1977) Hypolimnas bolina (L.), a mimic of danaid butterflies, and its model Euploea core (Cram.) store cardioactive substances. Nature, 268, 726–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, E. (1970) Populations, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlmann, H. (1934) Im Modellversuch künstlich erzeugte Mimikry unde ihre Bedeutung für den `Nachahmer’. Z. Morph. Okol., 28, 259–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller, F. (1879) Ituna and Thyridia; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.,20–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nur, U. (1970) Evolutionary rates of models and mimics in Batesian mimicry. Am. Nat., 104, 477–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. F. (1970) Mimetic polymorphism and the palatability spectrum. Oikos, 21, 333–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. F. (1971) Tropical Butterflies. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, J. A. (1965) A digitalis-like toxin in the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. J. Physiol., 178, 290–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasteels, J. M. and Daloze, D. (1977) Cardiac glycosides in the defensive secretion of chrysomelid beetles: evidence for their production by the insects. Science, 197, 70–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasteur, G. (1972) Le Mimétisme. Presses Universitairres de France, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, A. P., Coppinger, R. P. and Brower, L. P. (1971) Demonstration of the selective advantage of mimetic Limenitis butterflies presented to caged avian predators. Evolution, 25, 692–701.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pough, Jr., F. H., Brower, L. P., Meck, H. R. and Kessell, S. R. (1973) Theoretical investigations of automimicry: multiple trial learning and the palatability spectrum. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 70, 2261–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichstein, M., von Euw, J., Parsons, J. A. and Rothschild, M. (1968) Heart poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science, 161, 861–866.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reiskind, J. (1977) Ant-mimicry in Panamanian clubionid and salticid spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Salticidae), Biotropica, 9, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Remington, J. E. and Remington, C. L. (1957) Mimicry, a test of evolutionary theory. Yale Sci. Mag., 32, 10–11, 13–14, 16–17, 19, 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rettenmeyer, C. W. (1970) Insect mimicry. A. Rev. Ent., 15, 43–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revusky, S. H. and Bedarf, E. W. (1967) Association of illness with prior ingestion of novel foods. Science, 155, 219–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs, R. E. (1979) Ecology, 2nd edn, Chiron Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1961) Defensive odours and Müllerian mimicry among insects. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond., 113, 101–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1963) Is the buff ermine (Spilosoma lutea (Huff.)) a mimic of the White Ermine (Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.))? Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond., 38, 159–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1964) A note on the evolution of defensive and repellent odours of insects. Entomologist, 97, 276–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1971) Speculations about mimicry with Henry Ford. In: Ecological Genetics and Evolution ( Creed, R., ed. ) pp. 202–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, Oxford. Rothschild, M. (1972a) Colour and poisons in insect protection. New Sci. (11 May), 318–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1972b) Secondary plant substances and warning colouration in insects. In: Insect/Plant Relationships (van Emden, H. F., ed.) pp. 59–83. Symp. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. No., 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. (1979) Mimicry: Butterflies and Plants. Proc. Symp. on Parasites as Plant Taxonomists, Symb. Bot. Upsal., XXII, 82–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M. and Ford, B. (1968) Warning signals from a starling Sturnus vulgaris observing a bird rejecting unpalatable prey. Ibis., 110, 14–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M., von Euw, J. and Reichstein, T. (1970) Cardiac glycosides in the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii. J. Insect Physiol., 16, 1141–1145.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild, M., von Euw, J. and Reichstein, T. (1972) Some problems connected with warningly coloured insects and toxic defense mechanism. Mitt. Basler Afrika Bibliogr., 46, 135–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sbordoni, V., Bullini, L., Scarpelli, G., Forestiero, S. and Rampini, M. (1979) Mimicry in the burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes: Population studies and evidence of a Batesian—Müllerian stivation. Ecol. Ent., 4, 83–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuler, W. (1980) Zum Meidenlernen ungeniessbarer Beute bei Vögelin: Der Einfluss der Faktoren Umlernen, neue Alternativebeute and Ahnlichkeit der Alternativebeute. Z. Tierpsychol., 54, 105–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seiber, J. N., Tuskes, P. M., Brower, L. P. and Nelson, C. N. (1980). Pharmacodynamics of some individual milkweed cardenolides fed to larvae of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.). J. Chem. Ecol., 6, 321–39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sexton, O. J., Hoger, C. and Ortleb, E. (1966) Anolis carolinensis: Effects of feeding on reaction to aposematic prey. Science, 153, 1140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, A. M. (1965) Antepione thiosaria and Xanthotype: A case of mimicry. J. Res. Lepid., 4, 6–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, P. M. (1958) Natural Selection and Heredity. Harpers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, P. M. (1959) The evolution of mimicry; a problem in ecology and genetics. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol., 24, 131–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, P. M. (1961) Recent work on polymorphic mimetic papilios. In: Insect Polymorphism (Kennedy, J. S., ed.) pp. 20–9. Symp. R. Ent. Soc. Lond.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, P. M. and Turner, J. R. G. (1977) The existence of Müllerian mimicry. Evolution, 31, 452–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silberglied, R. E. and Eisner, T. (1969) Mimicry of Hymenoptera by beetles with unconventional flight. Science, 163, 486–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A. S. (1976) Phenotypic diversity, mimicry and natural selection in the African butterfly Hypolimnas misippus L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 8, 183–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A. S. (1978a) Cardiac glycosides in Danaus chrysippus (L.) provide some protection against an insect parasitoid. Experientia, 34, 844–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A. S. (1978b) The effect of cardiac glycoside storage on growth rate and adult size in the butterfly Danaus chrysippus (L.). Experientia, 34, 845–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. A. S. (1979) The significance of beak marks on the wings of an aposematic, distasteful and polymorphic butterfly. Nature, 281, 215–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M. (1975) Innate recognition of coral snake pattern by a possible avian predator. Science, 187, 759–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M. (1977) Coral-snake pattern recognition and stimulus generalisation by naive great kiskadees (Ayes: Tyrannidae). Nature, 265, 535–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sternburg, J. G., Waldbauer, G. P. and Jeffords, M. R. (1977) Batesian mimicry: Selective advantage of color pattern. Science, 195, 681–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stiles, E. W. (1979) Evolution of color pattern and pubescence characteristics in male bumblebees: Automimicry vs. themoregulation. Evolution, 33, 941–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sydow, S. L. and Lloyd, J. E. (1975) Distasteful fireflies sometimes emetic, but not lethal. Florida Ent., 58, 312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terhune, E. C. (1977) Components of a visual stimulus used by scrub jays to discriminate a Batesian model. Am. Nat., 111, 435–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill, R. (1979) Adaptive female-mimicking behavior in a scorpionfly. Science, 205, 412–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1971) Studies of Müllerian mimicry and its evolution in Burnet Moths and heliconid butterflies. In: Ecological Genetics and Evolution ( Creed, R., ed.) pp. 224–60. Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1975) A tale of two butterflies. Nat. Hist., 84 (Feb) 28–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1976a) Müllerian mimicry: classical `beanbag’ evolution and the role of ecological islands in adaptive race formation. In: Population Genetics and Ecology ( Karlin, S. and Nevo, E., eds) pp. 185–218. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1976b) Adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butter- fly genus Heliconius (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 58, 297–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1977) Butterfly mimicry: The genetical evolution of an adaptation. In: Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 10 ( Hecht, M. K., Steere, W. C. and Wallace, B., eds) pp. 163–206. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1978) Why male butterflies are non-mimetic: natural selection, sexual selection, group selection, modification and sieving. Biol. J. Linn. Soc., 10, 385–432.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. R. G. (1981) Adaptation and evolution in Heliconius: A defense of Neo-Darwinism. A Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12, 99–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vander Meer, R. K. and Wojcik, D. P. (1982) Chemical mimicry in the myrmecophilous beetle Myrmecaphidus excavaticollis. Science, 218, 806–808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waldbauer, G. P. and Sheldon, J. K. (1971) Phenological relationships of some aculeate Hymenoptera, their dipteran mimics, and insectivorous birds. Evolution, 25, 371–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickler, W. (1968) Mimicry in Plants and Animals. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiens, D. (1978) Mimicry in plants. In: Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 11 ( Hecht, M. K.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steere, W. C. and Wallace, B., eds) pp. 365–403. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. James E. Huheey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology and Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of Kansas, 66045, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

    William J. Bell (Professor of Entomology) (Professor of Entomology)

  2. Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA

    Ring T. Cardé (Professor of Entomology) (Professor of Entomology)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 William J. Bell and Ring T. Cardé

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huheey, J.E. (1984). Warning Coloration and Mimicry. In: Bell, W.J., Cardé, R.T. (eds) Chemical Ecology of Insects. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3368-3_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-23260-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3368-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation