Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thyroid

  • Chapter
Clinical Nuclear Medicine

  • 138 Accesses

Abstract

The prevalence of diseases of the thyroid is high. In 1956, Perlmutter and Slater [1] estimated that 4–12% of the population of the USA had palpable thyroid nodules of which 2–5% were probably malignant. In a population study of north-east England, Tunbridge et al. [2] reported that in adult females, the prevalence of hyperthyroidism was 1.9–2.7%, of overt hypothyroidism 1.4–1.9%, of subclinical hypothyroidism 7.5%, and of non-toxic goitres 8.6%; however, the prevalence of these conditions was much lower in males. The classification of thyroid diseases is shown in Table 10.1.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Perlmutter, M. and Slater, S.L. (1956) Which nodular goiters should be removed? A physiologic plan for the diagnosis and treatment of nodular goiter. N. Engl. J. Med., 255, 65–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Tunbridge, W.M.G., Evered, D.C., Hall, R. et al. (1977) The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Wickham survey. Clin. Endocrinol., 7, 481–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Werner, S.C.J. (1969) Classification of thyroid disease. Report of the Committee on Nomenclature: American Thyroid Association. J. Clin. Endocrinol., 29, 860–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Fogelman, I., Cooke, S.G. and Maisey, M.N. (1986) The role of thyroid scanning in hyperthyroidism. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 11, 397–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooke, S.G., Ratcliffe, G.E., Fogelman, I. and Maisey, M.N. (1986) Prevalence of inappropriate drug treatment in patients with hyperthyroidism. Br. Med. J., 291, 1491–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ratcliffe, G.E., Fogelman, I. and Maisey, M.N. (1986) The evaluation of radioiodine therapy for thyroid patients using a fixed dose regime. Br. J. Radiol., 59, 1105–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ratcliffe, G.E., Cooke, S., Fogelman, I. and Maisey, M.N. (1986) Radioiodine treatment of solitary functioning thyroid nodules. Br. J. Radiol., 59, 385–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Reschini, E. and Peracchi, M. (1993) Thyroid scintigraphy during antithyroid treatment for autonomous nodules as a means of imaging extranodular tissue. Clin. Nucl. Med., 18, 597–600.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Martino, E., Aghini Lombardi, F., Lippi, F. et al. (1985) Twenty-four hour radioactive iodine uptake in 35 patients with amiodarone associated thyrotoxicosis. J. Nucl. Med., 26, 1402–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Becks, G.P. and Burrow, G.N. (1991) Thyroid disease and pregnancy. (Review). Med. Clin. North Amer., 75, 121–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lazarus, J.H. and Othman, S. (1991) Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy. (Review). Clin. Endocrinol, 34, 91–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Turner, J., Sadler, W., Brownlie, B. and Rogers, T. (1985) Radioiodine therapy for Graves’ disease: mutli-variate analysis of pre-treatment parameters and early outcome. Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 11, 191–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Rojeski, M.T. and Gharib, H. (1985) Nodular thyroid disease evaluation and management. N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 428–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Horlocker, T.T., Hay, I.D., James, E.M. et al. (1986) in Frontiers in Thyroidology, Vol. 1 (eds G. Neto and E. Gaitan), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1309–12.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Schneider, A.B., Recant, W., Pinsky, S.M. et al. (1986) Radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma: clinical course and results of therapy in 296 patients. Ann. Intern. Med., 105, 405–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gharib, H. (1994) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: advantages, limitations, and effect. (Review). Mayo Clin. Proc., 69, 44–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Woeber, K.A. (1995) Cost-effective evaluation of the patient with a thyroid nodule. (Review). Surg. Clin. North Am., 75, 357–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Al Sayer, H.M., Krukowski, Z.H., Williams, V.M.M. et al. (1985) Fine needle aspiration cytology in isolated thyroid swellings: a prospective two year evaluation. Br. Med. J., 290, 1490–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Reeve, T.S., Delbridge, L., Sloan, D. and Crummer, P. (1986) The impact of fine needle aspiration biopsy on surgery for single thyroid nodules. Med. J. Aust., 145, 308–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Christensen, S.B., Bondesson, L., Ericsson, U.B. and Lindholm, K. (1984) Prediction of malignancy in the solitary thyroid nodule by physical examination, thyroid scan, fine needle biopsy and serum thyroglobulin: a prospective study of 100 surgically treated patients. Acta Chir. Scand., 150, 433–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gharib, J., Goellner, J.R., Zunsmeister, A.R. et al. (1984) Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid: the problem of suspicious cytological finding. Ann. Intern. Med., 10, 25–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Patton, J.A., Sandler, M.P. and Partain, G.L. (1985) Prediction of benignancy of the solitary ‘cold’ thyroid nodule by fluorescent scanning. J. Nucl. Med., 26, 461–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Ashcroft, M.W. and Van Herle, A.J. (1981) Management of thyroid nodules II: scanning techniques, 64 thyroid suppressive therapy and fine needle aspiration. Head Neck Surg., 3, 297–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagai, G.R., Pitts, W.G., Basso, L. et al. (1987) Scintigraphic hot nodules and thyroid carcinoma. Clin. Nucl. Med., 12, 123–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Evans, D.M. (1978) Diagnostic discriminants of thyroid cancer. Am. Surg., 153, 569–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Walfish, P.G., Strawbridge, J.T. and Rosen, I.B. (1985) Management implications from routine needle biopsy of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules. Surgery, 98, 1179–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Maisey, M.N., Moses, D.C., Hurley, P.J. and Wagner, N.H., Jr (1973) Improved methods for thyroid scanning. JAMA, 223, 761–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Huysmans, D.A., Hermus, A.R., Corstens, F.H., Barentsz, J.O. and Kloppenborg, P.W. (1994) Large, compressive goiters treated with radioiodine. Ann. Intern. Med., 121, 757–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Clarke, S.E.M., Lazarus, C.R., Wraight, P. et al. (1988) Pentavalent (99mTc)DMSA, (131I)MIBG, and (99mTc)MDP: an evaluation of three imaging techniques in patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. J. Nucl. Med., 29, 33–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ramtoola, S. and Maisey, M.N. (1988) Subacute (De Quervain’s) thyroiditis. Br. J. Radiol., 61, 515–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ramtoola, S., Maisey, M.N., Clarke, S.E.M. and Fogelman, I. (1988) The thyroid scan in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: the great mimic. Nucl. Med. Commun., 9, 639–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Brooks, P.T., Archard, N.D. and Carty, H.M.L. (1988) Thyroid screening in congenital hypothyroidism: a review of 41 cases. Nucl. Med. Commun., 9, 613–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Leger, F.A., Doumith, R., Courpotin, C. et al. (1987) Complete iodine trapping defect in two cases with congenital hypothyroidism: adaptation of thyroid to huge iodine supplementation. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 17, 249–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • De Groot, L.J. (1993) Effects of irradiation on the thyroid gland. (Review). Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 22(3), 607–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, H.J., Meier, D.A. and Kaplan, M. (1995) Advances in the management of patients with thyroid disease. (Review). Semin. Nucl. Med., 25(3), 205–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, D.A. (1996) Physiological variations in thyroid hormones: physiological and pathophysiological considerations. (Review). Clin. Chem., 42(1), 135–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas, J.E. and Freitas, A.E. (1994) Thyroid and parathyroid imaging. (Review). Semin. Nucl. Med., 24(3), 234–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gharib, H. (1994) Fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules: advantages, limitations, and effect. (Review). Mayo Clin. Proc, 69(1), 44–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, C.R. and Reading, C.C. (1994) Thyroid and parathyroid imaging. (Review). Ultrasound, CT and MRI, 16(4), 279–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiners, C. (1992) Imaging methods for medullary thyroid cancer. (Review). Rec. Results Cancer Res., 125, 125–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhart, M.J. and Moser, E. (1996) An update on diagnostic methods in the investigation of diseases of the thyroid. (Review). Eur. J. Nucl. Med., 23(5), 587–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. N. Maisey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Radiological Sciences, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK

    M. N. Maisey BSc MD FRCR FRCP

  2. Department of Nuclear Medicine, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, UK

    K. E. Britton MD MSc FRCR FRCP

  3. Nuclear Medicine Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    B. D. Collier BA MA MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maisey, M.N. (1998). Thyroid. In: Maisey, M.N., Britton, K.E., Collier, B.D. (eds) Clinical Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3356-0_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3356-0_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-75180-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3356-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation