Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Theoretical and practical aspects of glutaraldehyde fixation

  • Chapter
Fixation in Histochemistry

Synopsis

This review first considers the many structures put forward for glutaraldehyde, and the purification of the commercial material for chemical, histological and histochemical studies. Some practical and theoretical problems of tissue fixation with glutaraldehyde, including artefacts, are then discussed. The chemical reactions with amino acids and proteins are considered next together with the physical changes in the proteins during the reactions. The known reactions of glutaraldehyde with nucleic acids, lipids and mucosubstances are explored briefly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • ALEXA, G., CHISALITA, D. & CHIRITA, G. (1971). Reaction of dialdehyde with functional groups in collagen. Rev. Tech. Ind. Cuir. 63, 5–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AMSTERDAM, A. & SCHRAMM, M. (1966). Rapid release of zymogen granule protein by osmium tetroxide and its retention by glutaraldehyde. J. Cell Biol. 29, 199–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ANDERSON, P. J. (1967). Purification and quantitation of glutaraldehyde and its effects on several enzyme activities in skeletal muscle. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 15, 652–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ARBORGH, B., ERICSSON, J. L. E. & HELMINEN, H. (1971). Inhibition of renal acid phosphatase and arylsulphatase activity by glutaraldehyde fixation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19, 449–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ASO, C. & AITO, Y. (1962). Studies on the polymerization of bifunctional monomers. II polymerization of glutaraldehyde. Makromol. Chem. 58, 195–203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AXén, R., MYRIN, P. A. & JANSSON, J. C. (1970). Chemical fixation of chymotrypsin to water insolubilized cross linked Dextran (Sephadex) and solubilization of the enzyme derivatives by means of a dextranase, Biopolymers 9, 401–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • BAHR, G., F. (1954). Osmium tetroxide and ruthenium tetroxide and their reactions with bio logically important substances. Exp. Cell Res. 7, 457–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BAKER, J. R. (1960). Principles of Biological Microtechnique. London: Methuen.

    Google Scholar 

  • BEAUVILLAIN, J. C. (1970). Influence de divers fixateurs sur la structure fine de L’eminence mediane de Souris. C. R. Soc. Biol. 164, 1032–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BERNS, K. I. & THOMAS, C. A. (1961). A study of single polynucleotide chains derived from T2 and T4 bacteriophage. J. Mol. Biol. 3, 289–300.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BISHOP, W. H. & RICHARD, F. M. (1968). Isoelectric point of a protein in the cross linked state: -lactoglobulin. J. Mol. Biol. 33, 415–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BLOEM, E. (1968). Thin layer chromatography of aldehydes in leather. J. Soc. leath. Trades Chem. 52, 204–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BLUMENFELD, O. O., PAZ, M. A., GALLOP, P. M. & SEIFTER, S. (1963). The nature, quantity and mode of attachment of hexoses in ichthyocol. J. Biol. Chem. 238, 3835–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BODIAN, D. (1970). An electron microscopic characterization of synaptic vesicles by means of controlled aldehyde fixation. J. Cell Biol. 44, 115–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOHMAN, S.O. & MAUNSBACH, A. B. (1970). Effects on tissue fine structure of variations in colloid osmotic pressure of glutaraldehyde fixatives. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 30, 195–208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BONE, Q. ,& DENTON, E. J. (1971). The osmotic effects of electron microscope fixatives. J. Cell Biol. 49, 571–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BONE, Q., & RYAN, K.P. (1972). Osmolarity of osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde fixatives. Histochem. J. 4, 331–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOWES, J. A. & CATER, C. W. (1965). Cross linking of collagen. J. Appl. Chem. (London) 15, 296–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BOWES, J. A. & CATER, C. W. (1968). The interaction of aldehydes with collagen. Biochem biophys. Acta. 168, 341–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BROOKS, B. R. & KLAMERTH, O. L. (1968). Interaction of DNA with bifunctional aldehydes. Europ. J. Biochem. 5, 178–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CARSTENSEN, E. L., ALDRIDGE, W. G., CHILD, S. Z., SULLIVAN, P. & BROWN, H. H. (1971). Stability of cells fixed with glutaraldehyde and acrolein. J. Cell Biol. 50, 529–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CASEY, E. J. (1962). Biophysics: Concepts and Mechanisms. New York: Reingold.

    Google Scholar 

  • CEJKOVA, J. & BRETTSCHNEIDER, I. (1970). Glutaraldehyde fixation of corneal acid mucopolysaccharides. Ophthalmic Res. 1, 149–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHAMBERS, R. W., BOWLING, M. C. & GRIMLEY, P. M. (1968). Glutaraldehyde fixation in routine histopathology. Archs. Path. 85, 18–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHIANG, J., KOWADA, M., AMES, A., WRIGHT, R. L., & MAJNO, G. (1968). Cerebral ischaemia III vascular changes. Am. J. Path. 52, 455–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CHISALITA, D., CHIRITA, G. & ALEXA, G. (1971). Kinetics of dialdehyde combination with the reactive groups of collagen. Ind. Usoar a 18, 269–81 (Roum).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CLARK, M. A. & ACKERMAN, G. A. (1971). Alteration of nuclear and nucleolar pyroantimonate-osmium reactivity by glutaraldehyde fixation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19, 388–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CLELAND, W. W. (1967). In: Biological Chemistry (eds. H. R. Mahler & E. H. Cordes), P. 224. London: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • CLIFT, F. P. & COOK, R. P. (1932). A method of determination of some biologically important aldehydes and ketones with special reference to pyruvic acid and methyl glyoxal. Biochem. J. 26, 1788–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • COUPLAND, R. E. & HOPWOOD, D. (1966). The mechanism of the differential staining reaction for adrenaline and noradrenaline storing granules in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde. J. Anat. 100, 227–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CURGY, J. J. (1968). Influence du mode de fixation sur la possibility d’observer des structures myeliniques dans les hepatocytes d’embryons de poulet. J. Microscopie 7, 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • DANEEL, S. & WEISSENFELS, N. (1965). Besseres Fixierungsverfahren zur Darstellung des Grundplasmas von Protozoen und Vertebraten Zeilen. Mikroskopie 20, 162–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • DEAMER, D. W. & CROFTS, A. (1967). Action of Triton X-ioo on chloroplast membranes. J. Cell Biol. 33, 395–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DE JONG, D. W., OLSON, A. C. & JANSEN, E. F. (1967). Glutaraldehyde activation of nuclear acid phosphatase in cultured plant cells. Science 155, 1672–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DESCARRIES, L. & DROZ, B. (1970). Intraneural distribution of exogenous norepinephine in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Cell Biol. 44, 385–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DI MODICA, G. & MARZONA, M. (1971). Cross linking of wool keratin by bifunctional aldehydes, Textile Res. J. 41, 701–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • DONNELLY, E. H. & GOLDSTEIN, I. J. (1970). Glutaraldehyde insolubilized Concanavalin A: an adsorbent for the specific isolation of polysaccharides and glycoproteins. Biochem. J. 118, 679–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ELLAR, D. J., MUNOZ, E. & SALTON, M. R. (1971). The effect of low concentrations of glutaraldehyde on Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes: changes in the release of membrane associated enzymes and membrane structure. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 225, 140–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ERICSSON, J. L . E. & BIBERFELD, P. (1967). Studies on aldehyde fixation. Fixation rates and thei relation to fine structure and some histochemical reactions in liver. Lab. Invest. 17, 281–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ERNST, S. A. & PHILPOTT, C. W. (1970). Preservation of Na-K-activated and Mg-activated ATPase activities of avian salt gland and teleost gill with formaldehyde as fixative. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18, 251–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EVANS, A. P. (1969). Reactions of glutaraldehyde and succinaldehyde with compounds containing replaceable hydrogen atoms. Univ. Microfilms Inc. Ann Arbor Michigan 70–11, 634.

    Google Scholar 

  • FAHIMI, H. D. & DROCHMANS (1965a). Essais de standardization de la fixation au glutaraldehyde I. Purification et determination de la concentration du glutaraldehyde. J. Microscopie 4, 725–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAHIMI & DROCHMANS, P. (1965b). Essais de standardization de la fixation au glutaraldehyde II. Influence des concentrations en aldéhyde et de l’osmolalité, J. Microscopie 4, 737–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FEIN, M. L. & HARRIS, E. H. (1962). Quantitative analytical procedure for determining glutaraldehyde and chrome in tanning solutions. U. S. Dept. Agriculture Publication ARS-73–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • FILACHIONE, E. M., KORN, A. H. & ARD, j. S. (1967). The ultraviolet absorption of protein bound glutaraldehyde. J. Am. Leather Chemists Assoc. 67, 450–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • FLITNEY, E. W. (1966). The time course of fixation of albumin by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, acrolein and other higher aldehydes. J. R. microsc. Soc. 85, 353–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FORSSMANN, W. G., SIEGRIST, G., ORCI, L., GIRARDIER, L., PICTET, R., ROUILLER, C., BAUMANN, M. & MORITZ, A. (1967). Fixation par perfusion pour la microscopie electronique: essai de generalisation.. Microscopie 6, 279–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • FORTES, P. A. (1971). Glutaraldehyde as a probe of metabolism induced changes in mitochondrialproteins. Proc. Colloq. Johnson Res. Found.

    Google Scholar 

  • FRANKE, W. W., KREIN, S. & BROWN, R. M. (1969). Simultaneous glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation with post osmication. Histochemie 19, 162–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FRENCH, D. & EDSALL, J. T. (1945). The reaction of formaldehyde with amino acids and proteins. Adv. prot. Chem. 2, 277–335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FRIGERIO, N. A. & SHAW, M. J. (1969). A simple method for determination of glutaraldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17, 176–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GARRETT, J. R., DAVIES, K. J. & PARSONS, P. A. (1972). Consumers’ guide to glutaraldehyde. Proc. R. microsc. Soc. 7, 116–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • GIL, J. & WEIBEL, E. R. (1971). An improved apparatus for perfusion. J. Microsc. 94, 241–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GRANTHAM, J., CUPPAGE, F. E. & FANESTIL (1971). Direct observation of toad bladder response to vasopressin. J. Cell Biol. 48, 695–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GRILLO, T. A. L., OGUNNAIRE, P. O. & FAOYE, S. (1971). Effects of histological and electron microscopical fixatives on the insulin content of rat pancreas. J. Endocr. 51, 645–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAAS, D. J. (1968). Preliminary studies on the denaturation of crosslinked lysozyme crystals. Biophysical J. 8, 549–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HABEEB, A. F. S. A. & Hiramoto, R. (1968). Reaction of proteins with glutaraldehyde. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 126, 16–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HANKER, J. S., KASLER, F., BLOOM, M. G., COPELAND, J. S. & SELIGMAN, A. M. (1967). Coordination of polymers of osmium: the nature of osmium black. Science 156, 1737–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HARDIN, J. H. & SPICER, S. S. (1970). Ultrastructure of neuronal nucleoli of rat trigeminal ganglia. Comparison of routine with pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide fixation. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 31, 16–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HARDY, P. M., NICHOLLS, A. C. & RYDON, H. N. (1969). Nature of glutaraldehyde in aqueous solution. Chem. Commun. 565–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • HARRIES, C. & TANK, L. (1908). Ueber die Aufspaltung der Cyclopentens zum Halbaldehyd der Glutarsaüre bezw. zum Glutardialdehyd. Berlin Ber D. Chem. Ges. 41, 1701–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HAYAT, M. A. (1970). Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy. Biological applications. London; Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • HECKER, H. (1970). Ultrastruktur der Symbioten in Ovozyten von Ornithodorus moubata, Murray (Ixodoidea: Argasidae) nach simultaner Glutaraldehyd-Osmiumfixierung und Nach be-handlung mit Uranylacetat (Triple Fixation). Experimentia 26, 874–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HELLER, J., OSTWALD, T. J. & BOK, D. (1971). The osmotic behaviour of rod photoreceptor outer segment discs. J. Cell Biol. 48, 633–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HIRSCH, J. G. & FEDORKO, M. E. (1968). Ultrastructure of human leukocytes after simultaneous fixation with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide and ‘post fixation’ in uranyl acetate. J. Cell Biol. 38, 615–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HODSON, S. & MARSHALL, J. (1967). Tyrosine incorporation into the rabbit retina. J. Cell Biol. 35, 722–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1967a). Some aspects of fixation with glutaraldehyde. A biochemical and histo-chemical comparison of the effects of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde fixation on various enzymes and glycogen with a note on penetration of glutaraldehyde into liver. J. Anat. 101, 83–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1967b). The behaviour of various glutaraldehydes on Sephadex G-10 and some implications for fixation. Histochemie 11, 289–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1967c). The effect of formaldehyde fixation and dehydration on ox adrenal medulla with respect to the chromaffin reaction and post-chroming. Histochemie 10, 98–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1968). The effect of pH and various fixatives on isolated ox chromaffin granules with respect to the chromaffin reaction. J. Anat. (Lond. ) 102, 415–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1969a). Fixatives and fixation: a review. Histochem. J. 1, 323–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1969b). A comparison of the crosslinking abilities of glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and α-hydroxydipaldehyde with bovine serum albumin and casein. Histochemie 17, 151–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1969c). Fixation of proteins by osmium tetroxide, potassium dichromate and potassium permanganate. Histochemie 18, 250–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1970). The reactions between formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and osmium tetrox ide and their fixation effects on bovineserum albumin and on tissue blocks. Histochemie 24, 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1971a). The histochemistry and electron histochemistry of chromaffin tissue. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 3, 1–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1971b). Use of isoelectric focusing to determine the isoelectric point of bovine serum albumin after treatment with various common fixatives. Histochem. J. 3, 201–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. (1972a). Fixation with mercury compounds. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 4, 193–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • HOPWOOD, D. ALLEN, C. R. & McCABE, M. (1970). The reactions between glutaraldehyde and various proteins. An investigation of their kinetics. Histochem. J. 2, 137–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HORTON, A. A. & PACKER, L. (1969). Mitochondrial metabolism of aldehydes. Biochem. J. 116, 19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • HORTON, A. A. & PACKER, L. (1969a). Mitochondrial metabolism of aldehydes. Biochem. J. 116, 19P–20P.

    Google Scholar 

  • HORTON, A. A. & PACKER, L. (1970). Interactions between malondialdehyde and rat liver mito chondria. J. Gerentol 25, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • HUGHES, R. C. & THURMAN, P. F. (1970). Crosslinking of bacterial cell walls with glutaraldehyde. Biochem. J. 119, 925–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JAHN, K. (1971). Ãœber histochemische Aldehydreaktionen nach Fixation mit Glutaraldehyd. Acta Histochem. 39, 298–301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JANIGAN, D. T. (1964). Tissue enzyme fixation studies. Lab. Invest. 13, 1038–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JANIGAN, D. T. (1965). The effect of aldehyde fixation on acid phosphatase activity in tissue blocks. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 13, 473–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JANSEN, E. F. & OLSON, A. C. (1969). Properties and enzymatic activities of papain insolubilized with glutaraldehyde. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 129, 221–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JANSEN, E. F., TOMIMATSU, Y. & OLSEN, A. C. (1971). Cross linking of α-chymotrypsin and other proteins by reaction with glutaraldehyde. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 144, 394–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JANSEN, E.G., CURL, A. L. & BALLS, A. K. (1951). A crystalline, active oxidation product of α-chymotrypsin. J. Biol. Chem. 189, 671–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JARD, S., BOURGET, J., CARASSO, N. & FAVARD, P. (1966). Action des fixatives sen la permé- abilité et Pultrastructure de la véssie de grenouille. J. Microscopie 5, 31–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JONSSON, G. (1971). Quantitation of fluorescence of biogenic amines. Progr. Histochem. Cytochem. 2, 299–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • KALDOR, G. & WEINBACH, S. (1965). Use of toluidine diisocyanide and glutaric dialdehyde in the conjugation of heavy meromyosin with light meromyosin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 112, 448–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KANAMURA, S. (1970). Difference in resistance to glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde fixation between mouse and rat hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase. Acta Histochem. Cytochem. 3, 160–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KANAMURA, S, (1971). Demonstration of glucose 6-phosphatase activity in hepatocytes following transparenchymal perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 19, 386–7, 520–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • KARNOWSKY, M. J. (1967). The ultrastructural basis of capillary permeability. Studies with peroxidase as a trace. J. Cell Biol. 36, 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LANDON, D. N. (1970). The influence of fixation upon the fine structure of the Z-disc of the rat striated muscle. J. Cell Sci. 6, 257–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LANDON, D. N. (1970). The influence of fixation upon the fine structure of the Z-disc of the rat striated muscle. J. Cell Sci. 6, 257–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LENARD, J. & SINGER, S. J. (1968). Alterations of the conformation of proteins in red blood cell membranes and in solution by fixatives used in electron microscopy. J. Cell Biol. 37, 117–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LEVY, W. A., HERZOG, I., SUZUKI, K., KATZMAN, R. & SCHEINBERG, L. (1965). Method for combined ultrastructural and biochemical analysis of normal tissue. J. Cell Biol. 27, 119–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L’HERMITE, P. & ISRAEL, M. (1969). Action du glutaraldehyde sur les lipide et les protéines myéliniques. Ann. Histochim. 14, 1–11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LILLIE, R. D. (1967). Hot chromation oxyphilia. Histochemie 11, 332–49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LJUBEÅ¡Ić, N. (1970). Osmiophile Substanz in Blattzellen der Brombeere (Rubusfructicosus L. S. L. ). Protoplasma 69, 49–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MANTAI, K. E. (1970). Some effects of hydrolytic enzymes on coupled and uncoupled electron flow in chloroplasts. Plant Physiol. 45, 563–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MARZONA, M. & MODICA, G. (1969). Stabilization of wool by difunctional aldehydes. Ann. Chim. (Rome) 59, 956–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MAUNSBACH, A. B. (1966). The influence of different fixatives and fixation methods on the ultra-structure of rat kidney proximal tubule cells. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 15, 283–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MILCH, R. A. (1963). Studies on collagen tissue aging: interaction of certain intermediary metabolites with collagen. Gerontologia 7, 129–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MOLLENHAUER, H. H. & TOTTEN, C. (1971). Studies on seeds i. Fixation of seeds. J. Cell Biol. 48, 387–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MOREL, F. M. M., BAKER, R. F. & WAYLAND, H. (1971). Quantitation of human red blood cell fixation by glutaraldehyde. J. Cell Biol. 48, 91–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MUNTON, T. J. & RUSSELL, A. D. (1970). Aspects of the action of glutaraldehyde on Escherichia coli. J. appl. Bad. 33, 410–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OGATA, K., OTTESEN, M. & SVENDSEN, I. (1968). Preparation of water-insoluble, enzymically active derivatives of subtilisin type Novo by cross linking with glutaraldehyde. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 159, 403–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OSTROWSKI, K., KOMENDER, J, & KWARECKI, K. (1961). Quantitative investigations of the solubility of proteins extracted from tissues fixed by different chemical and physical methods. Ann. Histochem. 6, 501–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OTTESEN, M. & SVENSSEN, B. (1971). Modification of papian by treatment with glutaraldehyde under reducing and non-reducing conditions. C.R. Lab. Carlsberg 38, 171–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PACKER, L., ALLEN, J. M. & STARKS, M. (1968a). Light induced transport in glutaraldehyde fixed chloroplasts: studies with nigercin. Arch. Biochem. 128, 142–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PACKER, L. & GREVILLE, G. D. (1969). Energy linked oxidation of glutaraldehyde by rat liver mitochondria. FEBS Lett 3, 112–14.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PACKER, L., WRIGGLESWORTH, J. M., FORTES, P. A. G. & PRESSMAN, B. C. (1968). Expansion of the inner membrane compartment and its relation to mitochondrial volume-ion transport. J. Cell Biol. 39, 382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PAPADIMITRIOU, J. M. & VAN DUIJN, P. (1970). Effects of fixation and substrate protection on the isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase studied in a quantitative cytochemical model system. J. Cell Biol. 47, 71–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PARK, R. B., KELLY, J., DRURY, S. & SAUER, K. (1966). The Hill reaction of chloroplasts isolated from glutaraldehyde-fixed spinach leaves. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 55, 1056–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PEARSE, A. G. E. (1968). Histochemistry: Theoretical and Applied, 3rd edn., vol. I. London: Churchill.

    Google Scholar 

  • PETERS, T. & ASHLEY, C. A. (1967). An artefact in autoradiography due to binding of free amino acids to tissues by fixatives. J. Cell Biol. 33, 53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • QUIOCHO, F. A. & RICHARDS, F. M. (1964). Intermolecular crosslinking of a protein in the crystalline state: carboxypeptidase-A. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 52, 833–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • QUIOCHO, F. A. & RICHARDS, F. M. (1966). The enzymic behaviour of carboxypeptidase-A in the solid state. Biochem. 5, 4062–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RABINOVITCH, M. & GARY, P. P. (1968). Effect of the uptake of staphylococci on the ingestion of glutaraldehyde treated red cells attached to macrophages. Expt. Cell Res. 52, 363–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • REALE, E. & LUCIANO, L. (1970). Fixierung mit Aldehyden. Ihre Eignung für histologische und histochemische Untersuchungen in der Licht- und Elecktronen-mikroskopie. Histochemie 23, 144–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RICHARDS, F. M. & KNOWLES, J. R. (1968). Glutaraldehyde as a protein cross linking agent. J. Mol. Biol. 37, 231–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ROBERTSON, E. A. & SCHULTZ, R. L. (1970). The impurities in glutaraldehyde and their effect on the fixation of the brain. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 30, 275–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ROOZEMOND, R. C. (1969). The effect of fixation with formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde on the composition of phospholipids extractable from rat hypthalamus. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17, 482–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ROST, F. W. D. & EWEN, S. W. B. (1971). New methods for the histochemical demonstration of catechol amines, tryptamines, histamine and other arylethylamines by acid- and aldehyde-induced fluorescence. Histochem. J. 3, 207–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ROUX, S. J. & HILLMAN, W. S. (1969). The effect of glutaraldehyde and two monoaldehydes on phytochrome. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 131, 423–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RUBBO, S. D., GARDNER, J. F. & WEBB, R. L. (1967). Biocidal activities of glutaraldehyde and related compounds. J. appl. Bad. 30, 78–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SABATINI, D. D., BENSCH, K. & BARNNETT, R. J. (1963). Cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The preservation of cellular ultrastructure and enzymatic activity by aldehyde fixation. J. Cell Biol. 17, 19–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SACHS, D. H. & WINN, H. J. (1970). The use of glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent for ribonuclease and bovine serum albumin. Immunochem. 7, 581–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCHECHTER, I. (1971). Prolonged survival of glutaraldehyde treated skin homografts. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 68, 1590–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCHEJTER, A. & BARELI, A. (1970). Preparation and properties of cross linked water-insoluble catalase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 136, 325–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCHULTZ, R. L. & KARLSSON, U. (1965). Fixation of the central nervous system by aldehyde perfusion II. Effect of osmolarity pH of perfusata and fixative concentration. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 12, 187–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SCHWAB, D. W., JANNEY, A. H., SCALA, J. & LEWIN, L. M. (1970). Preservation of fine structures in yeast by fixation in a dimethyl sulfoxide-acrolein-glutaraldehyde solution. Stain Technol. 45, 143–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SEKI, M. (1936). Zur physikalischen Chemie der Histologischen Färbung IX. Ãœber den Einfluss der Fixierung auf die Färbarkheit der histologische Element. Z. Zellforsch 18, 21–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SHEA, S. M. (1971). Lanthanum staining of the surface coat of cells. J. Cell Biol. 51, 611–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SHNITKA, T. K. & SELIGMAN, A. M. (1971). Ultrastructural localization of enzymes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 40, 375–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SIPES, J. (1970). El uso del glutaraldehido en escala industrial. Rev. Assoc. Argent. Quim. Tech. Indust. Cuer. 11, 148–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SJösTRAND, F. S. & BARAJAS, L. (1968). Effect of modifications in conformation of protein molecules on structure of mitochondrial membranes. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 25, 121–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • THIESSEN, G., THIESSEN, H., DOWIDAT, H. J., LUCIANO, L. & REALE, E. (1970). Die Diffusion der 99Fe-markierten Hämoglobins, ein Artefakt der Glutaraldehyde-Fixierung. Histochemie 23, 171–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TOMIMATSU, Y., JANSEN, E. F., GAFFIELD, W. & OLSEN, A. C. (1971). Physical chemical observations on the α-chymotripsin-glutaraldehyde system during formation of an insoluble derivation. J. Colloid Interface Science 36, 51–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TOOZE, J. (1964). Measurements of some cellular changes during the fixation of amphibian erythrocytes with osmium tetroxide solutions. J. Cell Biol. 22, 551–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TRELSTAD, R. L. (1969). Effect of pH on the stability of purified glutaraldehyde. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17, 756–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TRUMP, B. F. & BULGER, R. E. (1966). New ultrastructural characteristics of cells fixed in a glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide mixture. Lab. Invest. 15, 368–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • TRUMP, B. F.& ERICSSON, J. L. E. (1965). The effect of the fixative solution on the ultrastructure of cells and tissues. A comparative analysis with particular attention to the proximal convoluted tubule of the rat kidney. Lab. Invest. 14, 1245–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VANHA-PERTTULA, T. & GrIMLEY, P. M. (1970). Loss of proteins and other macromolecules during preparation of cell cultures for high resolution autoradiography. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18, 565–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VANHARREVELD, A. & STEINER, J. (1970). Extracellular space in frozen and ethanol substituted central nervous system. Anat. Rec. 166, 117–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VAN HARREVELD, A. & KHATTAB, F. I. (1968). Perfusion fixation with glutaraldehyde and post fixation with osmium tetroxide for electron microscopy. J. Cell Sci. 3, 579–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WALSH, K. A., HOUSTON, L. L. & KENNER, R. A. (1970). Chemical Modification of Bovine Trypsinogen and Trypsin in Structure Function Relationships of Proteolytic Enzymes (eds. P. Desnuelle, H. Neurath & M. Ottesen). Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

    Google Scholar 

  • WANG, J. H. C. & TU, J. I. (1969). Modification of glycogen Phosphorylase by glutaraldehyde. Biochem. 8, 4403–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WEBSTER, H. De F. & AMES, A. (1969). Glutaraldehyde fixation of central nervous tissue: an electron microscopic evaluation in the isolated rabbit retina. Tissue Cell 1, 53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WEBSTER, H. De F. & AMES, A. & NESBETT, F. B. (1969). A quantitative morphological study of osmotically induced swelling and shrinkage in nervous tissue. Tissue Cell 1, 201–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WEST, J. & MANGAN, J. L. (1970). Effects of glutaraldehyde on the protein loss and photochemical properties of kale chloroplasts: preliminary studies on food conversion. Nature (Lond. ) 228, 466–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WRIGGLESWORTH, J. M., PACKER, L. & BRANTON, D. (1970). Organization of mitochondrial structure as revealed by freeze etching. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 205, 125–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • YOKOTA, K., SUZUKI, Y. & ISHII, Y. (1965). Temperature dependence of the polymerization modes of glutaraldehyde. In: Chem. Abstr. 65, 13835.

    Google Scholar 

  • YOUNGJE, G. (1963). Comprehensive Biochemistry. Vol. 7, P. 25. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham, UK

    David Hopwood

Authors
  1. David Hopwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Dundee, UK

    P. J. Stoward (Senior Lecturer in Anatomy and Editor of The Histochemical Journal) (Senior Lecturer in Anatomy and Editor of The Histochemical Journal)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1973 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hopwood, D. (1973). Theoretical and practical aspects of glutaraldehyde fixation. In: Stoward, P.J. (eds) Fixation in Histochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3260-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3260-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-12050-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3260-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation