Abstract
This chapter will examine some of the problems involved in giving information to patients. It will be shown that, in general, patients want information about their condition and their treatment but many feel that they are not told enough, many do not understand what they are told, and many do not remember what is said. If it is accepted that patients should be adequately informed, this is clearly a state of affairs which needs to be remedied. It is also likely that patients’ compliance with advice and the speed and ease of recovery from illness are adversely affected by lack of information.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, J. L., Dodman, S., Kopelman, M. and Fleming, A. (1979) Patient information recall in a rheumatology clinic. Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 18, 18–22.
Anderson, K. O. and Masur, F. (1983) Psychological preparation for invasive medical and dental procedures. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 6, 1–10.
Andrasik, F. and Murphy, W. D. (1977) Assessing the readability of thirty-nine behavior-modification training manuals. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 10, 341–4.
Ausburn, L. (1981) Patient compliance with medication regimes. In Advances in Behavioural Medicine, vol. 1 (ed. J. L. Sheppard), Cumberland College, Sydney, pp. 227–10.
Bain, D. J. G. (1977) Patient knowledge and the content of the consultation in general practice. Medical Education, 11, 347–50.
Bartlett, E. E., Grayson, M., Barker, R. et al. (1984) The effects of physician communications skills on patient satisfaction, recall, and adherence. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 37, 755–64.
Bendick, M. and Cantu, M. C. (1978) The literacy of welfare clients. Social Services Review, March, 56–68.
Bergler, J. H., Pennington, A. C, Metcalfe, M. and Freis, E. D. (1980) Informed consent: how much does the patient understand? Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 27, 435–40.
Bertakis, K. D. (1977) The communication of information from physician to patient: a method for increasing retention and satisfaction. Journal of Family Practice, 5, 217–22.
Boyle, C. M. (1970) Differences between patients’ and doctors’ interpretations of common medical terms. British Medical Journal, 2, 286–9.
Bradshaw, P. W., Ley, P., Kincey, J. A. and Bradshaw, J. (1975) Recall of medical advice: comprehensibility and specificity. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 55–62.
Caron, H. S. (1985) Compliance: the case for objective measurement. Journal of Hypertension, 3 (suppl. 1), 11–17.
Carstairs, V. (1970) Channels of Communication, Scottish Home and Health Department, Edinburgh.
Cartwright, A. (1964) Human Relations and Hospital Care, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Cartwright, A. (1967) Patients and Their Doctors, Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Cassileth, B. R., Zupkis, R. V., Sutton-Smith, K. and March, V. (1980) Informed consent — why are its goals improperly realised? New England Journal of Medicine, 302, 896–900.
Cheadle, A. J. and Morgan, R. (1975) The chronic patient’s comprehension and recollection of his own clinical review. British Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 258–62.
Cole, R. (1979) The understanding of medical terminology used in printed health education materials. Health Education Journal, 38, 111–21.
Crichton, E. F., Smith, D. L. and Demanuele, F. (1978) Patients’ recall of medication information. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy, 12, 591–9.
Dale, E. and Chall, J. S. (1948a) A formula for predicting readability. Educational Research Bulletin, 27, 11–20.
Dale, E. and Chall, J. S. (1948b) A formula for predicting readability: instructions. Educational Research Bulletin, 27, 27–54.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare (1979a) Prescription drug products: patient labelling requirements. Federal Register, 44, 40016–41.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare (1979b) Readability Testing in Cancer Communications, Washington, DC; DHEW (NIH 79–1689).
Department of Health and Human Services (1980) Prescription drug products: patient package insert requirements. Federal Register, 45, 60754–817.
Devine, E. C. and Cook, T. D. (1982) A meta-analysis of the effects of psycho-educational interventions on length of postsurgical hospital stay. Nursing Research, 32, 267–74.
Di Matteo, M. R. and DiNicola, D. D. (1982) Achieving Patient Compliance: The Psychology of the Medical Practitioner’s Role, Pergamon Press, New York.
DiMatteo, M. R., Prince, L. M. and Taranto, A. (1978) Patients’ perceptions of physician behaviour. Journal of Community Health, 4, 280–89.
Doak, L. G. and Doak, C. C. (1980) Patient comprehension profiles: recent findings and strategies. Patient Counselling and Health Education, 2, 101–6.
Doyle, B.J. and Ware, J. E. (1977) Physician conduct and other factors that affect consumer satisfaction with medical care. Journal of Medical Education, 52, 793–801.
Ellis, D. A., Hopkin, J. M., Leitch, A. G. and Crofton, J. (1979) ‘Doctors orders’: controlled trial of supplementary, written information for patients. British Medical Journal, 1, 456.
Epstein, L. H. and Cluss, P. A. (1982) A behavioral medicine perspective on adherence to long-term medical regimens. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 950–71.
Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L. and King, N. M. P. (1986) A History and Theory of Informed Consent, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Flesch, R. (1948). A new readability yardstick. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 221–33.
French, C, Mellor, M. and Parry, L. (1978) Patients’ views of the ophthalmic optician. Ophthalmic Optician, 28, 784–6.
Friman, P. C, Finney, J. W., Rapoff, M. A. and Christopherson, E. R. (1985) Improving pediatric appointment keeping with reminders and reduced response requirements. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18, 315–21.
Fry, E. B. (1968) A readability formula that saves time. Journal of Reading, 11, 513–16; 575–8.
Gates, S. J. and Colborn, D. K. (1976) Lowering appointment failures in a neighborhood health center. Medical Care, 14, 263–7.
Gordis, L. (1979) Conceptual and methodological problems in measuring compliance. In Compliance in Health Care (eds R. B. Haynes, D. W. Taylor and D. L. Sackett), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 23–45.
Grundner, T. M. (1980) On the readability of surgical consent forms. New England Journal of Medicine, 302, 900–2.
Haynes, R. B., Taylor, D. W. and Sackett, D. L. (eds) (1979) Compliance in Health Care, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Haynes, R. B., Taylor, D. W., Sackett, D. L. et al. (1980) Can simple clinical measurements direct non-compliance? Hypertension, 2, 757–64.
Hermann, F. (1973) The out-patient prescription label as a source of medication errors. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 30, 155–9.
Holcomb, C. A. (1983) The cloze procedure and readability of patient-oriented drug information. Journal of Drug Education, 13, 347–57.
Hulka, B. S. (1979) Patient-clinician interaction. In Compliance in Health Care (eds R. B. Haynes, D. W. Taylor and D. L. Sackett), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 63–77.
Hulka, B. S., Cassel, J. C., Kupper, L. L. and Burdette, J. A. (1976) Communication, compliance and concordance between physicians and patients with prescribed medications. American Journal of Public Health, 66, 847–53.
Hulka, B. S., Kupper, L. L., Cassel, J. C. and Rabineau, R. A. (1975) Practice characteristics and quality of primary medical care. Medical Care, 13, 808–20.
Hulka, B. S., Kupper, L. L., Daly, M. B. et al (1975) Correlates of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with medical care: a community perspective. Medical Care, 13, 648–58.
Jaffe, R. (1981) Informed consent about tardive dyskinesia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 22, 434–7.
Joyce, C. R. B., Caple, G., Mason, M. et al. (1969) Quantitative study of doctor patient communication. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 38, 183–94.
Kalish, R. and Reynolds, D. (1976) Death and Ethnicity: A Psycho-cultural Study, University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles.
Kanouse, D. E., Berry, S. H., Hayes-Roth, B. et al. (1981) Informing Patients about Drugs: Summary Report, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Ca.
Kennedy, B. J. and Lillehaugen, A. (1979) Patient recall of informed consent. Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 7, 173–8.
Kincey, J. A., Bradshaw, P. W. and Ley, P. (1975) Patients’ satisfaction and reported acceptance of advice in general practice. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 25, 558–66.
Klare, G. R. (1963) The Measurement of Readability. Iowa State University Press, Iowa.
Klare, G. R. (1974) Assessing readability. Reading Research Quarterly, 10, 62–102.
Klare, G. R. (1976) A second look at the validity of readability formulas. Journal of Reading Behavior, 8, 129–52.
Klein, R. (1979) Public opinion and the National Health Service. British Medical Journal, 1, 1296–7.
Korsch, B. M., Gozzi, E. K. and Francis, V. (1968) Gaps in doctor-patient communication. Pediatrics, 42, 855–71.
Kupst, M. J., Dresser, K., Schulman, J. L. and Paul, M. H. (1975) Evaluation of methods to improve communication in the physician-patient relationship. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 420–9.
Leeb, D., Bowers, D. G. and Lynch, J. B. (1976) Observations in the myth of informed consent. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 58, 280–2.
Leventhal, H., Meyer, D. and Nerenz, D. (1980) The common sense representation of illness danger. In Contributions to Medical Psychology2 (ed. S. Rachman), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 7–30.
Levy, R. and Claravarall, V. (1977) Differential effects of a phone reminder on appointment keeping for patients with long and short between visit intervals. Medical Care, 15, 435–8.
Levy, R. L. and Loftus, G. R. (1983) Compliance and memory. In Everyday Memory (ed. P. Morris), Academic Press, London.
Levy, S. M. (1983) The process of death and dying: behavioral and social factors. In Coping with Chronic Disease (eds T. G. Burish and L. A. Bradley), Academic Press, New York, pp. 425–45.
Ley, P. (1972a) Complaints by hospital staff and patients: a review of the literature. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 25, 115–20.
Ley, P. (1972b) Primacy, rated importance and the recall of medical information. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 13, 311–17.
Ley, P. (1973) Communication in the clinical setting. British Journal of Orthodontics, 1, 173–7.
Ley, P. (1976) Towards better doctor-patient communications: contributions from social and experiment psychology. In Communication between Doctors and Patients (ed. A. E. Bennett), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 77–98.
Ley, P. (1977) Psychological studies of doctor-patient communication. In Contributions to Medical Psychology1 (ed. S. Rachman), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 9–42.
Ley, P. (1978) Psychological and behavioural factors in weight loss. In Recent Advances in Obesity Research2 (ed. G. A. Bray), Newman Publishing, London, pp. 86–100.
Ley, P. (1979) Memory for medical information. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18, 245–56.
Ley, P. (1981) Professional non-compliance: a neglected problem. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20, 151–4.
Ley, P. (1982a) Giving information to patients. In Social Psychology and Behavioral Medicine (ed. J. R. Eiser), John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 339–73.
Ley, P. (1982b) Studies of recall in medical settings. Human Learning, 1, 223–33.
Ley, P. (1982c) Understanding, memory, satisfaction and compliance. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21, 241–54.
Ley, P. (1983) Patients understanding and recall in clinical communication failure. In Doctor-Patient Communication (eds D. Pendleton and J. Hasler), Academic Press, London, pp. 89–107.
Ley, P. (1986a) Cognitive variables and non-compliance. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 1, 171–88.
Ley, P. (1986b) Obesity. In Community Clinical Psychology, (ed. H. Koch), Croom Helm, London, pp. 265–315.
Ley, P. (1987) A possible method for interpreting the results of meta-analyses of the comparative effectiveness of different treatments. Behavior Research and Therapy, 25, 165–6.
Ley, P. (1988) Communicating with Patients, Croom Helm, London and New York.
Ley, P., Bradshaw, P. W., Eaves, D. and Walker, C. M. (1973) A method for increasing patients’ recall of information presented by doctors. Psychological Medicine, 3, 217–20.
Ley, P., Bradshaw, P. W., Kincey, J. A. and Atherton, S. T. (1976) Increasing patients’ satisfaction with communication. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15, 403–13.
Ley, P., Flaherty, B., Smith, F., Martin, J. and Renner, P. (1985) A Comparative Study of the Effects of Two Warning Messages about Volatile Substances, Drug and Alcohol Authority, Sydney, New South Wales.
Ley, P., Goldman, M., Bradshaw, P. W. et al. (1972) The comprehensibility of some X-ray leaflets. Journal of the Institute of Health Education, 10, 47–53.
Ley, P., Jain, V. K. and Skilbeck, C. E. (1975) A method for decreasing patients’ medication errors. Psychological Medicine, 6, 599–601.
Ley, P. and Morris, L. A. (1984) Psychological aspects of written information for patients. In Contributions to Medical Psychology3 (ed. S. Rachman), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 117–49.
Ley, P., Pike, L. A., Whitworth, M. A. and Woodward, R. (1979) Effects of source, context of communication, and difficulty level on the success of health education communications. Health Education Journal, 38, 47–52.
Ley, P., Skilbeck, C. E. and Tulips, J. C. (1975) Satisfaction, understanding and compliance in a general practice sample. Unpublished manuscript.
Ley, P. and Spelman, M. S. (1965) Communications in an out-patient setting. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4, 114–16.
Ley, P. and Spelman, M. S. (1967) Communicating with the Patient, Staples Press, London.
Ley, P., Whitworth, M. A., Skilbeck, C. E. et al. (1976) Improving doctor-patient communication in general practice. Journal of Royal College of General Practitioners, 26, 720–4.
Liguori, S. (1978) A quantitative assessment of the readability of P.P.I.s. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy, 12, 712–16.
McLaughlin, H. (1969) Smog grading: a new readability formula. Journal of Reading, 22, 639–46.
Mathews, A. and Ridgeway, V. (1984) Psychological preparation for surgery. In Health Care and Human Behaviour (eds A. Mathews and A. Steptoe), Academic Press, London.
Mayou, R., Williamson, B. and Foster, A. (1976) Attitudes and advice after myocardial infarction. British Medical Journal, 1, 1577–9.
Mazzuca, S. A. (1982) Does patient education in chronic disease have therapeutic value? Journal of Chronic Diseases, 35, 521–9.
Meichenbaum, D. and Turk, D. C. (1987) Facilitating Treatment Adherence: A Practitioner’s Guidebook. Plenum Press, New York.
Mellor, W. and Anderson, A. (1976) The effect of appointment reminders on keeping appointments in a core city pediatric outpatient department. Minnesota Medicine, 59, 625–7.
Morisky, D. E., Green, L. W. and Levine, D. M. (1986) Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Medical Care, 24, 67–74.
Morris, L. A. and Groft, S. (1982) Patient package inserts: a research perspective. In Drug Therapeutic Concepts for Clinicians (ed. K. Melmon), Elsevier, New York, pp. 47–52.
Morris, L. A. and Halperin, J. (1979) Effects of written drug information on patient knowledge and compliance: a literature review. American Journal of Public Health, 69, 47–52.
Morrow, G. (1980) How readable are surgical consent forms? Journal of the American Medical Association, 244, 56–8.
Morrow, G., Gootnick, J. and Schmale, A. (1978) A simple technique for increasing cancer patients’ knowledge of informed consent to treatment. Cancer, 42, 793–9.
Morse, D. L., Coulter, M. P., Nazarian, L. F. and Napodano, R. J. (1981) Waning effectiveness of mailed reminders on reducing broken appointments. Pediatrics, 68, 846–9.
Moulding, T. (1979) The unrealised potential of the medication monitor. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 25, 131–6.
Mullen, P. D., Green, L. W. and Persinger, G. S. (1985) Clinical trials of patient education for chronic conditions: a comparative meta-analysis of intervention types. Preventive Medicine, 14, 753–81.
Mumford, E., Schlesinger, H. J. and Glass, G. V. (1982) The effects of psychological intervention on recovery from surgery and heart attacks: an analysis of the literature. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 141–51.
Muss, H. B., White, D. R., Michelutte, R. et al. (1979) Written informed consent in patients with breast cancer. Cancer, 43, 1549–56.
Nazarian, L. F., Mechaber, R. N., Charmey, E. and Coulter, M. P. (1974) Effect of a mailed appointment reminder on appointment keeping. Pediatrics, 53, 349–52.
Norell, S. E. (1981) Accuracy of patient interviews and estimates by clinic staff in determining medication compliance. Social Science and Medicine, 15E, 57–61.
Norell, S. E., Alfredsson, L., Bergman, U. et al. (1984) Spacing of medications schedules t.i.d. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 41, 1183–5.
O’Farrell, T. J. and Keuthen, N. J. (1983) Readability of behaviour therapy self-help manuals. Behavior Therapy, 14, 449–54.
Parkin, D. M. (1976) Survey of the success of communications between hospital staff and patients. Public Health, London, 90, 203–9.
Parkin, D. M., Henney, C. R., Quirk, J. and Crooks, J. (1976) Deviations from prescribed treatment after discharge from hospital. British Medical Journal, 2, 686–8.
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1982) Making Health Care Decisions, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
Priluck, I. A., Robertson, D. M. and Buettner, H. (1979) What patients recall of the preoperative discussion after retinal detachment surgery. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 87, 620–23.
Pyrzcak, F. and Roth, D. H. (1976) Readability of directions on non-prescription drugs. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 16, 242–3.
Reading, A. E. (1981) Psychological preparation for surgery: patient recall of information. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, 57–62.
Reiss, M. L. and Bailey, J. S. (1982) Visiting the dentist: a behavioral community analysis of participation in a dental health screening and referral program. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 15, 353–62.
Reynolds, P. M., Sanson-Fisher, R. W., Poole, A. D. et al. (1981) Cancer and communication: information-giving in an oncology clinic. British Medical Journal, 282, 1449–51.
Robinson, G. and Merav, A. (1976) Informed consent: recall by patients tested post-operatively. Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 22, 209–12.
Rosenthal, R. and Rubin, D. B. (1982) A simple general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 166–9.
Roth, H. P. (1979) Problems in conducting a study of the effects on patient compliance of teaching the rationale for antacid therapy. In New Directions in Patient Compliance, (ed. S. J. Cohen), Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts, pp. 111–26.
Roth, H. P. (1987) Measurement of compliance. Patient Education and Counselling, 10, 107–16.
Roth, H. P., Caron, H. S., Ort, R. S. et al. (1962) Patients’ beliefs about peptic ulcer and its treatment. Annals of Internal Medicine, 56, 72–30.
Rudd, P. and Marshall, G. (1987) Resolving problems of measuring compliance with medication monitors. Journal of Compliance in Health Care, 2, 23–35.
Sackett, D. L. and Snow, J. C. (1979) Magnitude of compliance and noncompliance. In Compliance in Health Care (eds R. B. Haynes, D.W. Taylor and D. L. Sackett), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 11–22.
Sanazaro, P.J. (1985) A survey of patient satisfaction, knowledge and compliance. Western Journal of Medicine, 142, 703–5.
Shepard, D.S. and Moseley, T. A. E. (1976) Mailed versus telephoned appointment reminders to reduce broken appointments in a hospital out-patient department. Medical Care, 14, 268–73.
Taub, H.A. and Baker, M. T. (1983) The effect of repeated testing upon comprehension of informed consent materials by elderly volunteers. Experimental Aging Research, 9, 135–8.
Taylor, W. L. (1953) Cloze procedure: a new tool for measuring readability. Journalism Quarterly, 30, 415–33.
Thrush, R. S. and Lanese, R. R. (1962) The use of printed material in diabetes education. Diabetes, 11, 132–7.
Tring, F. C. and Hayes-Allen, M. C. (1973). Understanding and misunderstanding of some medical terms. British Journal of Medical Education, 7, 53–9.
Tuckett, D. A., Boulton, M. and Olson, C. (1985) A new approach to the measurement of patients’ understanding of what they are told in medical consultations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26, 27–38.
Wallace, L. M. (1986). Communication variables in the design of pre-surgical preparatory information. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 111–18.
Ware, J. W. and Snyder, M. K. (1975). Dimensions of patient attitudes regarding doctors and medical care services. Medical Care, 13, 669–82.
Watkins, J. D., Williams, T. F., Martin, D. A. et al. (1967) A study of diabetic patients at home. American Journal of Public Health, 57, 452–9.
Wolf, M. H., Putnam, S. M., James, S. A. and Stiles, W. B. (1978) The medical interview satisfaction scale: development of a scale to measure patient perceptions of physician behavior. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1, 391–401.
Young, L. and Humphrey, M. (1985) Cognitive methods of preparing women for hysterectomy: does a booklet help? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 303–4.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ley, P. (1989). Improving patients’ understanding, recall, satisfaction and compliance. In: Broome, A.K. (eds) Health Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3228-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3228-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-412-33200-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3228-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive