Abstract
We are currently passing through a phase of rapid growth in the science and technology of medicine generally, and rheumatology in particular. The ‘established’ facts of yesterday’s practice have today become critically challenged and tomorrow will perhaps be replaced. One purpose of this chapter is to outline a few prominent areas of development in the treatment and management of rheumatic diseases and, where this is possible, to look into the future. Many of the topics discussed had barely reached medical attention when this book was started 3 years ago, some have arisen since, and doubtless more will be reported during the process of publication. Finally, an overall summary will be given.
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References and Further Reading
Communication
Balint, E. and Norell, J.S. (eds) (1973) Six Minutes for the Patient: Interactions in General Practice Consultation, Tavistock, London.
Harlem, O.K. (1977) Communication in Medicine. A Challenge to the Profession, Karger, Basle.
McLachlan, G. (ed.) (1979) Mixed Communications, Published for the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust by the Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Moll, J.M.H. (1981) Studies of Visual Perception in Medical Communication, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.
Tanner, B. (ed.) (1976) Language and Communication in General Practice, H odder and Stoughton, London.
Drugs New ways of administering established drugs Megadose corticosteroid therapy
Amos, R.S. (1982) Personal communication.
Bolton, W.K. and Conser, W.G. (1979) Intravenous pulse methylprednisolone therapy of acute rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am. J. Med., 66, 495.
Fessel, W.J. (1977) Reversal of azotaemia in lupus nephritis by megadose corticosteroid therapy. Arthr. Rheum. (Letter), 20, 1564.
Fessel, W.J. (1980) Megadose corticosteroid therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol, 7, 486.
Liebling, M.R., Lieb, E. McLaughlin et al. (1981) Pulse methylprednisolone in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Int. Med., 94, 21.
Mussché, M.M., Ringoir, S.M.G. and Lameire, N.N. (1976) High intravenous doses of methylprednisolone for acute cadaveric renal allograft rejection. Nephron, 16, 287.
Drugs Low-dose cyclophosphamide
Cooperating Clinics Committee of the American Rheumatism Association (1970) A controlled trial of cyclophosphamide in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl. J. Med, 283, 883.
Cooperating Clinics Committee of the American Rheumatism Association (1972) A controlled trial of high and low doses of cyclophosphamide in 82 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 15, 434.
Smyth, C.J., Bartholomew, B.A., Mills, D.M. et al. (1975) Cyclophosphamide therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Arch. Int. Med., 135, 789.
Williams, H.J., Reading, J.C., Ward, J.R. and O’Brien, W.M. (1980) Comparison of high and low dose cyclophosphamide therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 23, 521.
Drugs New disease applications of established drugs Colchicine
Allison, A.C. (1977) Effects of agents interacting with microtubules on collagen synthesis and breakdown. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 36 (Suppl.), 65.
Harris, E.D. and Krane, S.M. (1971) Effects of colchicine on collagenase in cultures of rheumatoid synovium. Arthr. Rheum., 14, 669.
Harris, E.D., Werb, Z., Cartwright, E. and Reynolds, J.J. (1975) Stimulation of collagenase release from synovial fibroblasts in monolayer culture by colchicine and related compounds. Scand. J. Rheumatol, 4 (Suppl. 8), 15.
Hirsimaki, Y., Arstilla, A. and Trump, B.F. (1975) Auto-phagocytosis: in vitro induction by microtubule poisons. Exp. Cell Res., 92, 11.
Rojkind, M., Uribe, M. and Kershenobich, D. (1973) Colchicine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. Lancet, i, 38.
Schaerft, J.P. and Heersche, J.N.M. (1975) Accumulation of collagen-containing vacuoles in osteoblasts after administration of colchicine. Cell. Tiss. Res., 157, 353.
Drugs Penicillamine
Bora, F.W., Lane, J.M. and Prockop, D.J. (1972) Inhibitors of collagen biosynthesis as a means of controlling scar formation in tendon injury. J. Bone Joint Surg., 54A, 1501.
Keiser, H.R. and Sjoerdsma, A. (1967) Studies on beta-amino proprionitrile in patients with scleroderma. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 8, 593.
Herbert, CM., Lindberg, K.A., Jayson, M.I.V. and Bailey, A.J. (1974) Biosynthesis and maturation of the skin collagen in scleroderma, and effect of D-penicillamine. Lancet, i, 187.
Peacock, E.E. and Madden, J.W. (1969) Some studies on the effects of 1-amino proprionitrile in patients with injured flexor tendons. Surgery, 66, 215.
Drugs Gold
Dorwart, B., Gall, E.P., Schumacher, H.R. and Krauser, R.E. (1978) Chrysotherapy in psoriatic arthropathy. Arthr. Rheum., 21, 513.
Editorial (1978) Treatment of arthritis associated with psoriasis. Br. Med. J., i, 262.
Richter, M.B., Kinsella, P. and Corbett, M. (1980) Gold in psoriatic arthropathy. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 39, 279.
Drugs Dapsone
McConkey, B., Davis, P., Crockson, R.A. et al. (1976) Dapsone in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 15, 230.
McConkey, B., Davis, P., Crockson, R.A. et al. (1979) Effects of gold, dapsone and prednisolone on serum C-reactive protein and haptoglobin and the ESR in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 38, 141.
Swinson, D.R., Zlosnick, J. and Jackson, L. (1981) Double-blind trial of dapsone against placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 40, 235.
Drugs Sulphasalazine
McConkey, B., Amos, R.S., Butler, E.P. et al. (1978) Salazo-pyrin in rheumatoid arthritis. Agents and Actions, 8, 438.
McConkey, B., Amos, R.S., Durham, S. et al. (1980) Sulphasalazine in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. Med. J., i, 442.
Drugs Calcitonin
Bjelle, A.O. and Nilsson, B.E. (1971) The relationship between radiologic changes and osteoporosis of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 14, 646.
Kennedy, A.C., Smith, D.A. Buchanan, W.W. et al. (1974) Osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rev. Rheumatol, 4, 25.
Lindsay, R. and Kennedy, A.C. (1976) in Bone Disease and Calcitonin, Symposium Proceedings (ed. J.A. Kanis), Armour, Eastbourne, p. 171.
Mueller, M.N. and Jurist, J.M. (1973) Skeletal status in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 16, 66.
Drugs Aspirin
Bentley, G., Leslie, I.J. and Fischer, D. (1981) Effect of aspirin treatment on chondromalacia patellae. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 40, 37.
Chrisman, O.D. and Snook, G.A. (1968) Studies on protective effect of aspirin against degeneration of human articular cartilage. Clin. Orthop., 56, 77.
Chrisman, O.D., Snook, G.A. and Wilson, T.C. (1972) The protective effect of aspirin against degeneration of human articular cartilage. Clin. Orthop., 84, 193.
Simmons, D.R. and Chrisman, O.D. (1965) Salicylate inhibition of cartilage degeneration. Arthr. Rheum., 8, 960.
New and experimental drugs Tiaprofenic acid
Camp, V. (1981) Tiaprofenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 20, 181.
Wojtulewski, J., Walter, J. and Thornton, E.J. (1981) Tiaprofenic acid (Surgam) in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 20, 177.
Proquazones
Huskisson, E.C., Bryans, R. and Scott, J. (1981) Fluproquazone for osteoarthritis. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 20, 122.
Ruotsi, A. and Skifvard, B. (1981) Long-term double-blind comparative study on proquazone (Biarison) and ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol, 21 (Suppl), 28.
Isoxepac
Gerlis, L.S. and Gumpel, J.M. (1981) Isoxepac in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind comparison with aspirin. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 20, 50.
Orgotein
*Ahlengard, S., Tufvesson, G., Petterson, H. and Andersson, T. (1978) Treatment of traumatic arthritis in the horse with intra-articular orgotein (Palosein). Br. Equine Vet. J., 10, 122.
Barra, D., Martini, F., Bossa, F. et al (1978) Primary structure of human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. Cysteine and tryptophan-containing peptides. Biophys. Res. Commun., 81, 1195.
Bors, W., Saran, M., Lengfelder, E. et al (1974) The relevance of the superoxide anion radical in biological systems. Curr. Top. Rad. Res. Q., 9, 247.
*Breshears, D.E., Brown, CD., Riffel, D.M. et al. (1974) Evaluation of orgotein in treatment of locomotor dysfunction in dogs. Mod. Vet. Pract., 55, 85.
Carson, J., Vogin, E.E., Huber, W. and Schulte, T.L. (1973) Safety tests of orgotein, an anti-inflammatory protein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 26, 184.
*Coffman, J.R., Johnson, J.H., Tritschler, L.G. et al. (1978) Orgotein in equine navicular disease: a double-blind study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 174, 261.
Cushing, L.S., Decker, W.E., Santos, F.K. et al. (1973) Orgotein therapy for inflammation in horses. Mod. Vet. Pract., 54, 17.
*Decker, W.E., Edmondson, A.H., Hill, H.E. et al. (1974) Local administration of orgotein in horses. Mod. Vet. Pract., 55, 773.
Fee, J. A. and Valentine, J.S. (1977) in Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases (eds A.M. Michelson, J.M. McCord and I. Fridovich), Academic Press, London, pp. 19–60.
Fridovich, I. (1974) Superoxide dismutase. Adv. Enzymol, 41, 35.
Fridovich, I. (1976) in Free Radicals in Biology (ed. W.A. Pryor), Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, pp. 239–77.
Geran, R.I. and Duros, J.D. (1975) Screening of orgotein for anti-tumour and chemotherapy-enhancing activity. Natl. Cancer Inst. Rep. N01-CM-33727.
Huber, W. (1980) in Future Trends in Inflammation IV (eds D.A. Willoughby and J.P. Lancaster Giroud), MTP Press, Lancaster.
Huber, W. and Menander-Huber, K.B. (1980) in Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases: Anti-Rheumatic Drugs II (ed. E.C. Huskisson), Vol. 6, No. 3, Saunders, London, p. 465.
Huber, W. and Saifer, M.G.P. (1977) in Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases (eds A.M. Michelson, J. McCord and I. Fridovich), Academic Press, London, pp. 517–36.
Huber, W., Menander-Huber, K.B., Saifer, M.G.P. and Dang, P.H.-C. (1977) in Perspectives in Inflammation: Future Trend, and Developments (eds D.A. Willoughby, J.P. Giroud and G.P. Velo), MTP Press, Lancaster, pp. 527–40.
Huber, W., Saifer, M.G.P. and Williams, L.D. (1980) in The Significance of Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutase. Vol. II — Biological and Clinical Aspects (eds W.H. Bannister and J.V. Bannister), Elsevier, New York.
Huber, W., Schulte, T.L., Carson, S. et al. (1968) Some chemical and pharmacological properties of a novel antiinflammatory protein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 12, 303.
Ishioka, T. and Nishiie, K. (1979) Bioavailability of orgotein at various doses in twelve healthy Japanese males. Kiso To Riush, 13, 223.
*Lund-Olesen, K. and Menander-Huber, K.B. (1974) Orgotein a new anti-inflammatory metalloprotein drug: preliminary evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety in degenerative joint disease. Curr. Ther. Res., 16, 706.
*Lund-Olesen, K. and Menander-Huber, K.B. (1977) Intraarticular orgotein therapy in osteoarthritis: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. XIV International Congress of Rheumatology, San Francisco, June 26-July 1, 1977, Abstract 892.
*Marberger, H., Menander-Huber, K.B., Huber, W. and Barsch, G. (1979) in Proceedings of Symposium. Active Oxygen and Medicine, Honolulu, January 30-February 2, 1979 (ed. A.P. Autor), Raven Press, New York.
McGinness, J.E., Proctor, P.H., Demopoulos, H.B. et al. (1978) Amelioration of cis-platinum nephrotoxicity by orgotein (superoxide dismutase) Physiol. Chem. Phys., 10, 267.
*Schmidt, J.D. (1977) The evaluation of safety and efficacy of orgotein in urological disorders. Annual Meeting Western Section of the American Urological Association, San Francisco, Paper No. 25.
Short, C.R. and Beadle, R.E. (1978) Superoxide dismutase — orgotein. Vet. Clin. N. Am., 8, 415.
Williams, L.D., Saifer, M.G.P., Dang, P.C.-H. and Huber, W. (1980) in Future Trends in Inflammation IV (eds D.A. Willoughby and J.P. Giroud), MTP Press, Lancaster.
Willson, R.L. (1979) in Oxygen Free Radicals and Tissue Damage. Ciba Foundation Symposium 65, New Series, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 19–42.
Levamisole
Adams, J.G. (1978) Pharmacokinetics of levamisole, J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 137.
*Alcalay, M., Alcalay, D., Reboux, J.F. et al. (1977) Traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde par le lévamisole. Résultats cliniques et immunologiques. Etude préliminaire, Nouv. Presse Méd., 6, 1959. Annotation (1975) Levamisole, Lancet, i, 151.
*Basch, C.M., Spitler, L.E. and Engleman, E.P. (1977) A double-blind cross-over trial of levamisole versus placebo in the therapy of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at the XlVth International Congress of Rheumatology, San Francisco, June26-July 1.
*Boissy, M., Delcambre, B., Wattre, P. et al. (1978) Le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde par le levamisole (à propos de 13 cas personnels). Lille Méd., 23, 359.
*Catalan Pellet, A., Galvez, CA., Zelaya, R. and de Fonesca, M.L. (1977) Levamisol en artritis reumatoidea fundamento y fines de estudia. Rev. Med.-Quirurgica Asoc. Med. Hosp. Rivadavia, 20, 24.
*D’Anglejan, G., Guedj, D., Debeyre, N. et al. (1977) Traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde par le lévamisole chez 26 patients. Rev. Rhum., 44, 633.
*Danieli, G., Corvetta, A. and Persico, M. (1978) Levamisole nella malattia reumatoide. Presented at the IV Congresso delia Societa Italiana di Immunologia ed Immunopathologia, Bari, April21–23.
*Davatchi, F., Chafizadeh, A., Massoud, A. and Jalili, M. (1977) Levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at the International Seminar on Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases, Petah-Tiqva, Israel, November27-December 3.
*Delbarre, F. (1977) On the possible anti-rheumatic effects (immuno-effector?) of imidazole derivatives (levamisole, clotrimazole, niridazole). Biomedicine, 27, 97.
*Dinai, Y. and Pras, M. (1975) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, ii, 556
*Di Perri, T., Auteri, A., Laghi Pasini, F. and Mattioli, F. (1978) A weekly oral dose of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis associated with E-rosette lymphocyte reduction. Eur. J. Rheumatol. Inflam., 1, 155.
*El-Ghobarey, A.F., Mavrikakis, M.E., Macleod, M. et al. (1978) Clinical and laboratory studies of levamisole in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Q. J. Med. New Ser., 47, 385.
Empire Rheumatism Council (1960) Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 19, 95.
Empire Rheumatism Council (1961) Relation of toxic reactions in gold therapy to improvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 20, 335.
*Gallice, R. (1977) Emploi du levamisole dans les rhumatismes inflammatoires, Thesis, Marseille.
Goldstein, G. (1978) Mode of action of levamisole. J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 143.
Grahame, R., Billings, R., Laurence, M. et al. (1974) Tissue gold levels after chrysotherapy. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 33, 536.
*Guaydier, G., Loyau, J.-F. G., Dumas, M. et al. (1977) Traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoide par le levamisole. Premiers resultats. Nouv. Presse Méd., 6, 3332.
*Huskisson, E.C. (1978) The place of levamisole in the armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 149.
*Huskisson, E.C., Dieppe, P.A., Scott, J. et al. (1976) Immuno-stimulant therapy with levamisole for rheumatoid arthritis, Lancet, i, 393.
Janssen, P.A.J. (1976) The levamisole story. Progr. Res., 20, 347.
*Kalfa, G. (1978) Traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoide par le lévamisole à propos de observationsn, Thesis, Montpellier.
*Leca, A.P., Crouzet, J., Prier, A. and Camus, J.-P. (1976) Vingt cas de polyarthrite rheumatoide traités par le lévamisole, Nouv. Presse Méd., 5, 89.
Lequesne, M. and Floquet, J. (1976) Les effets secondaires au cours des traitements prolonges par le levamisole notamment dans les polyarthrites. Nouv. Presse Méd., 5, 358.
*Levy, J. (1978) Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis — clinical and laboratory correlates. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 63.
*Lewi, P.J. and Symoens, J. (1978) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis — a multivariate analysis of a multicentre study. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 17.
Lorber, A., Atkins, C.J., Chang, C.C. et al. (1973) Monitoring serum gold levels to improve chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 32, 133.
*Meyers, A.R. and Schimmer, B.M. (1977) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Presented at the International Seminar on Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases, Petah-Tiqva, Israel, November27-December 3.
*Michel, A.P.M. (1978) Essai thérapeutique par le lévamisole dans la polyarthrite rheumatoide. Thesis, Strasbourg.
Mielants, H. and Veys, E.M. (1978) A study of the hematological side-effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis, with recommendations. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 77.
*Miller, B., Srinivasan, R., Fan, P. et al. (1977) Clinical and immunological effects of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study. Presented at the XIVth International Congress of Rheumatology, San Francisco, June26-July 1.
Mowat, A.G. (1978) Levamisole and cellular immunity in rheumatoid arthritis — a review. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 55.
*Multicentre Study Group (1978a) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind study comparing two dosage regimens of levamisole with placebo. Lancet, ii, 1007.
*Multicentre Study Group (1978b) A multicentre randomized double-blind study comparing two dosages of levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 5.
Multicentre Study Group (1982) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Final report on a randomized double-blind study comparing a single weekly dose of levamisole with placebo. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 41, 159.
Pinals, R.S. (1978) The non-hematological side-effects of levamisole in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis — a review. J. Rheumatol., 5 (Suppl. 4), 71.
Renoux, G. and Renoux, M. (1977) Mécanismes d’action du levamisole, stimulant des responses d’immunité cellulaire. Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur), 128C, 275.
*Roig Escofet, D., Valverde Garcia, J., Arnal Guimera, C. et al. (1977) El levamisole en el tratamiento de la arthritis re-umatoidea. Rev. Esp. Reum., 4, 23.
Rosenthal, M. (1978) A critical review of the effect of levamisole in rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 97.
Rosenthal, M., Trabert, U. and Müller, W. (1976) Immunotherapy with levamisole in rheumatic diseases. Scand. J. Rheumatol, 5, 216.
*Runge, L.A., Pinnais, R.S., Lourie, S.H. and Tomar, R.H. (1977) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole: a controlled trial. Arthr. Rheum., 20, 1445.
Sagawa, K., Nakazawa, T., Ishiguro, Y. et al. (1977) Immu-nomodulating drugs (levamisole and D-penicillamine) and cellular immunity. Presented at the XlVth International Congress of Rheumatology, San Francisco, June26-July 1.
Sany, J. (1978) A review of the effects of levamisole on erythrocyte sedimentation rate, acute phase proteins, and anaemia. J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 43.
Schuermans, Y. (1975) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, i, 111.
*Scott, J., Dieppe, P.A. and Huskisson, E.C. (1978) Continuous and intermittent levamisole. A controlled trial. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 259.
Silverg, D.A., Kidd, E.G., Shnitka, T.K. and Ulan, R.A. (1970) Gold nephropathy. Arthr. Rheum., 13, 812.
Symoens, J. and Lewi, P.J. (1978) Degree of responsiveness to levamisole and factors influencing responsiveness and adverse reactions. J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 26.
Symoens, J. and Rosenthal, M. (1977) Levamisole in the modulation of the immune response: the current experimental and clinical state. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc., 21, 175.
Symoens, J. and Schuermans, Y. (1979) in Clinics in the Rheumatic Diseases. Anti-Rheumatic Drugs, (ed. E.C. Huskisson), Vol. 5, No. 2, Saunders, London, p. 603.
Symoens, J., de Cree, J., Van Bever, W. and Janssen, P.A.J. (1979) in Pharmacological and Biochemical Properties of Drug Substances (ed. M.E. Goldberg), Vol. 2, American Pharmaceutical Association, p. 407.
Symoens, J., Veys, E., Mielants, H. and Pinals, R. (1979b) Adverse reactions to levamisole. Cancer Treat. Rep., 62, 1721.
Veys, E.M., Mielants, H., De Bussere, A. et al (1976) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, i, 808.
Willoughby, D.A. and Wood, C. (eds) (1977) in Forum on Immunotherapy, Royal Society of Medicine, London, p. 3.
Wilton, J.M.A. (1978) Levamisole in chronic inflammatory diseases. J. Rheumatol, 5 (Suppl. 4), 101.
Yaron, M., Yaron, L. and Herzberg, M. (1976) Levamisole in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, i, 369.
Zinc
Job, C., Menkes, C.J. and Delbarre, F. (1980) Zinc sulphate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Arthr. Rheum., 23, 1409.
Menkes, C.J., Job, C. and Delbarre, F. (1978) Traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde par le sulfate de zinc per os, Nouv. Presse Méd., 7, 760.
Sunkin, P.A. (1976) Oral zinc sulphate in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, ii, 539.
Oral Gold
*Berglöf, F.-E., Berglöf, K. and Walz, D.T. (1978) Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 5, 68.
*Champion, G.D. (1979) Auranofin, an oral gold compound for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Austr. N. Z. J. Med., 3, 348.
*Di Martino, M.J. and Walz, D.T. (1977) Inhibition of lysomal enzyme release from rat leukocytes by auranofin: a new chrysotherapeutic agent. Inflammation, 2, 131.
Finkelstein, A.E., Roisman, F.R., Batista, V. et al (1980) Oral chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis: minimum effective dose. J. Rheumatol, 7, 160.
*Finkelstein, A.E., Walz, D.T., Batista, V. et al (1976) Auranofin. New oral gold compound for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 35, 251.
*Gottlieb, N.L. (1979a) Gold excretion and retention during auranofin treatment: a preliminary report. J. Rheumatol, 6 (Suppl. 5), 61.
*Gottlieb, N.L. (1979b) Gold excretion and retention during oral gold (auranofin) therapy. Arthr. Rheum., 22, 615.
*Gottlieb, N.L., Riskin, W., Maken, C. et al. (1980) Extended experience with auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 23, 684.
*Hill, D.T. and Sutton, B.M. (1980) Oral gold: auranofin, a novel antiarthritic agent, its Mossbauer spectrum and X-ray crystal structure determination. Abstract from 179th ACS National Meeting, Texas, March 23–28, Medicine and Chemistry Section, Abstract 16.
*Meyers, O.L. (1979) Experience with an oral gold formulation for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. IX European Congress of Rheumatology, Wiesbaden, September 2–8, p. 161, Abstract 723.
*Payne, B.J. and Arena, E. (1978a) The subacute and chronic toxicity of SK & F 36914 and SK & F D-39162 in dogs. Vet. Pathol, 15 (Suppl. 5), 9.
*Payne, B.J. and Arena, E. (1978b) The subacute and chronic toxicity of SK & F 36914, SK & F D-39162 and gold sodium thiomalate in rats. Vet. Pathol., 15 (Suppl. 5), 13.
*Roth, S. (1980) Preliminary long-term multidosage evaluation of auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis. Abstract from 4th Congress of Southeast Asia and Pacific Area League against Rheumatism, Manila, January, p. 34, Abstract 97.
*Sutton, B.M., McGuity, E., Walz, D.T. and Di Martino, M.J. (1972) Oral gold: anti-arthritic properties of alkyl phosphine gold-ordination complexes. J. Med. Chem., 15, 1095.
*Walz, D.T. and Griswold, D.E. (1978) Immunopharmacology of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin (SK & F D-39162): effects on cell-mediated immunity. Inflammation, 3, 117.
*Weisman, M.H. and Hannifin, D.M. (1979) Management of rheumatoid arthritis with oral gold. Arthr. Rheum., 22, 922.
Potential for new drugs Drugs for treating osteoarthrosis
Byers, P.D. (1974) The effect of high femoral osteotomy on osteoarthritis of the hip. J. Bone Joint Surg., 56B, 279.
Campbell, C.J. (1969) The healing of cartilage defects. Clin. Orthop., 64, 45.
Chrisman, O.D., Snook, G.A. and Wilson, T.C. (1972) The protective effect of aspirin against degeneration of human articular cartilage. Clin. Orthop., 84, 193.
Dingle, J.T. (1979) Herberden Oration, 1978. Recent studies on the control of joint damage: the contribution of the Strangeways Research Laboratory. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 38, 201.
Dingle, J.T., Gordon, J.L., Hazleman, B.L. et al (1978) Joint inflammation: a novel treatment. Nature, 271, 372.
Meachim, G. and Roy, S. (1969) Surface ultrastructure of mature adult human articular cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg., 51B, 529.
Perry, G.H., Smith, M.J.G. and Whiteside, C.G. (1972) Spontaneous recovery of the joint space in degenerative hip disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 31, 440.
Riddle, W.E. (1970) Healing of articular cartilage in the horse. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 157, 1471.
Sokoloff, L. (1979) in The Aetiopathogenesis of Osteoarthrosis (ed. G. Naki), Pitman, Tunbridge Wells, p. 1.
Drugs for treating ankylosing spondylitis
Flora, L. (1979) Comparative anti-inflammatory and bone protective effects of two diphosphonates in adjuvant arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 22, 340.
Francis, M.D., Flora, L. and King, W.R. (1972) The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate on adjuvant arthritis in rats. Cal Tiss. Res., 9, 109.
Russell, R.G.G. and Fleisch, H. (1976) in The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone (ed. G. Bourne), Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York.
Russell, R.G.G. (1980) in Ankylosing Spondylitis (ed. J.M.H. Moll), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p. 285.
Plasma exchange, leucopheresis, and thoracic duct drainage
Lockwood, C.M., Pearson, T.A., Rees, A.J. et al. (1976) Immunosuppression and plasma-exchange in the treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome. Lancet, i, 711.
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Parry, H.F., Moran, C.J., Snaith, M.L. et al. (1981) Plasma exchange in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 40, 224.
Pearson, C.M., Paulus, H.E. and Machleder, H.I. (1975) The role of the lymphocyte and its products in the propagation of joint disease. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 256, 150.
Pinching, A.J., Peters, D.K. and Newsom Davis, J. (1976) Remission of myasthenia gravis following plasma-exchange. Lancet, ii, 1373.
Rothwell, R.S., Davis, P., Gordon, P.A. et al (1980) A controlled study of plasma exchange in the treatment of severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 23, 785.
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Wallace, D.J., Goldfinger, D., Gatti, R. et al. (1979) Plasmapheresis and lymphoplasmapheresis in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr. Rheum., 22, 703.
Intra-articular injection agents Osmic acid
Anttinen, J. and Oka, A. (1975) Intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide and osmic acid in persistent synovitis of the knee. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 4, 125.
Berglof, F.E. (1959) Osmic acid in arthritis therapy. Acta Rheumatol. Scand., 5, 70.
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Sheppeard, H. and Ward, D.J. (1980) Intra-articular osmic acid in rheumatoid arthritis: five years’ experience. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 19, 25.
Von Reis, G. and Swensson, A. (1951) Intra-articular injections of osmic acid in painful joint affections. Acta Med. Scand, 259 (Suppl. 140), 27.
Methotrexate
Hall, G.H. and Head, A.C. (1975) Intra-articular methotrexate. Lancet, ii, 409.
Hall, G.H., Jones, B.J.M., Head, A.C. and Jones, V.E. (1978) Intra-articular methotrexate. Clinical and laboratory study in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 37, 351.
Marks, J.S., Stewart, I.M. and Hunter, J.A.A. (1976) Intraarticular methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet, ii, 857.
Effect of increasing volume of intra-articular hydrocortisone
Corbett, M., Seifert, M.H., Hacking, B. and Webb, S. (1970) Comparison between local injections of silicone and hydrocortisone acetate in chronic arthritis. Br. Med. J., i, 24.
Sheldon, P. and Beer, T.C. (1973) Synovitis of the knee treated by intra-articular hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone acetate plus saline or saline alone. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 12, 37.
Chemonucleolysis
Graham, C.E. (1976) Chemonucleolysis: a double blind study comparing chemonucleolysis with intra-discal hydrocortisone in the treatment of backache and sciatica. Clin. Orthop., 117, 184.
Graham, C.E. (1980) in Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases (ed. R. Grahame), Vol. 6, No. 1. Saunders, London, p. 179.
Macnab, I., McCulloch, J.A., Weiner, D.S. et al. (1971) Chemonucleolysis. Can. J. Surg., 14, 280.
Smith, L. and Brown, J.E. (1967) Treatment of lumbar intervertebral disc lesions by direct injection of chymopapain. J. Bone Joint Surg., 49B, 502.
Surgery
Evarts, C.M. (1980) in Topical Reviews in Rheumatic Disorders (ed. A.G.S. Hill), Vol. 1, Wright, Bristol, p. 375.
Hill, A.G.S. (1980) in Topical Reviews in Rheumatic Disorders (ed. A.G.S. Hill), Vol. 1, Wright, Bristol, p. 62.
Laurence, M. (1975) Growth areas in the surgical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 14, 203.
Morris, J.R.W. (1978) in Surgical Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases (ed. A.G. Mowat), Vol. 4, Saunders, London, p. 469.
Wright, V. and Seedhom, B.B. (1980) in Topical Reviews in Rheumatic Diseases, (ed. A.G.S. Hill), Vol. 1, Wright, Bristol, p. 64.
Rehabilitation
Chamberlain, M.A., Thornley, G., Stowe, J. and Wright, V. (1981) Evaluation of aids and equipment for the bath: II. A possible solution to the problem. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 20, 38.
Cochrane, G. and Glanville, H. (1977) in Rehabilitation Today (ed. S. Mattingley), Update, London, p. 59.
Ekblom, B., Lovgren, O., Alderin, M. et al. (1975) Effect of short-term physical training on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 4, 80.
Dixon, A. St. J. (1973) Progress and problems in back pain research. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 12, 165.
Garrett, T.K. (1976) BXL Plastazote: a useful aid in both treatment and rehabilitation. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 15, 283.
Glover, J.R. (1971) Occupational health research and the problem of back pain. Trans. Soc. Occupatl. Med., 21, 2.
Gumpel, J.M. and Cannon, S. (1981) A cross-over comparison of ready-made fabric wrist-splints in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol. Rehabil., 20, 113.
Machover, S. and Sapecky, A.J. (1966) Effect of isometric exercise on the quadriceps muscle in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil, 47, 737.
Mathews, J.A. and Hickling, J. (1975) Lumbar traction: a double-blind controlled study for sciatica. Rheumatol. Rehabil, 14, 222.
Pearce, J. and Moll, J.M.H. (1967) Conservative treatment and natural history of acute lumbar disc lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr., 30, 13.
Robinson, H.S., Haldeman, J., Imrie, J. and Neubauer, P. (1980) Evaluation of a province-wide physiotherapy monitoring service in an arthritis control programme. J. Rheumatol, 7, 387.
Vignos, P.J. (1980) Editorial: physiotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol, 7, 269.
Heterodox procedures
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Gibson, R.G., Gibson, S.L.M., Conway, V. and Chappell, D. (1980) Perna canaliculus in the treatment of arthritis. Practitioner, 224, 955.
Huskisson, E.C., Scott, J. and Bryans, R. (1981) Seatone is ineffective in rheumatoid arthritis. Br. Med. J., 283, 1358.
Miller, T.E. and Ormrod, D. (1980) The anti-inflammatory activity of Perna canaliculus (NZ green-lipped mussel). N. Z. Med. J., 92, 187.
Experimental models
Blackham, A. and Radziwonik, H. (1977) The effect of drugs in established rabbit monoarticular arthritis. Agents and Actions, 7, 473.
Floman, Y., Okon, E. and Zor, U. (1977) Role of prostaglandins on experimental arthritis in rat. Clin. Orthop., 125, 214.
Gerber, N.L., Powell, D. and Steinberg, A.D. (1977) Therapeutic studies in NZB/NZWF, mice. V. Comparison of cyclophosphamide and chlorambucil. Arthr. Rheum., 20, 1263.
Hannan, P.C.T. (1977) Sodium aurothiomalate, gold kera-tinate, and various tetracyclines in mycoplasma-induced arthritis of rodents. J. Med. Microbiol., 10, 87.
MacKenzie, A.R., Pick, C.B., Sibley, P.R. and White, B.P. (1978) Suppression of rat adjuvant disease by cyclophosphamide pretreatment: evidence for an antibody mediated component in the pathogenesis of the disease. Clin. Exp. Immunol, 32, 86.
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Moll, J.M.H. (1983). General summary and conclusions, including new developments and future prospects. In: Management of Rheumatic Disorders. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3140-5_12
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