Abstract
Over the past decade, the techniques used for the isolation of flavonoids from plant material have not changed drastically Review articles on this general topic by Seshadri (1962) and Seikel (1962) emphasized the importance of solvent extraction, crystalliz ation, and column and paper chromatography, and these techniques are still very much in use today. Thin-layer chromatography, sephadex gel chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography are perhaps the three major innovations since that time. The increasing use of these essentially small scale methods (together with paper chromatography) has been brought about largely by two factors: (1) the need to isolate only small amounts of material for structure analysis and (1i) the availability of only limited quantities of plant materials for phyto chemical surveys.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdel-Baset, Z. M. E. H. (1973), Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, U.S.A.
Achrem, A. A. and Kuznetsova, A. I. (1963), Russ. Chem. Rev. 32, 366.
Al-Shakir, S. H. (1968), Diss. Abstr. B28, 2892.
Andersen, R. A. and Sowers, J. A. (1968), Phyto chemistry 7, 293.
Andersen R. A. and Vaughn, T. H. (1970), J. Chromat. 52, 385.
Asen, S. (1965), J. Chromat. 18, 602.
Asen, S. and Plimmer, J. R. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 2601.
Asen, S., Stewart, R. N., Norris, K. H. and Massie, D. R. (1970), Phyto chemistry 9, 619.
Bandyukova, V. A. and Shinkarenko, A. L. (1966), Zh. Analit. Khim. 21, 232.
Barton, G. M. (1965), J. Chromat. 20, 189.
Barton, G. M. (1968), J. Chromat. 34, 562.
Bayer, E., Egeter, H., Nether, A. F. K. and Wegmann, K. (1966), Angew. Chem. (1nternatl. Ed.) 5, 791.
Beck, A. B. (1964), Aust. J. Agric. Res. 15, 223.
Beck, A. B. and Knox, J. R. (1971), Aust. J. Chem. 24, 1509.
Bhandari, P. R. (1964), J. Chromat. 16, 130.
Bhutani, S. P., Chibber, S. S. and Seshadri, T. R. (1969a), Indian J. Chem. 7, 210.
Bhutani, S. P., Chibber, S. S. and Seshadri, T. R. (1969b), Phytochemistry 8, 299.
Bird, A. E. and Marshall, A. C. (1969), J. chem. Soc. (C) 2418.
Birkofer, L., Kaiser, C., Meyer-Stoll, H. A. and Suppan, F. (1962), Z. Naturf. 17b, 352.
Bodalski, T. and Cisowski, W. (1967), Dissnes. Pharm. Warsz. 19, 99.
Bottomley, W., Smith, H. and Galston, A. W. (1966), Phytochemistry 5, 117.
Brockman, H. and Schodder, H. (1941), Chem. Ber. 74B, 73.
Cambie, R. C. and James, M. A. (1961), New Zeal J. Sci. 10, 918.
Campbell, R. V., Harper, S. H. and Kemp, A. D. (1969), J. chem. Soc. (C) 1787.
Cassidy, H. G. (1957). In Techniques of Organic Chemistry (ed. A. Weissberger), Vol. X, pp. 107–209, 285–317. Interscience Publisher Inc., New York.
Charalambous, G., Bruckner, K. J., Hardwick, W. A. and Linnebach, A. (1973), Master Brewers Association of America, Technical Quarterly 10 (2), 74.
Chexal, K. K., Handa, B. K. and Rahman, W. (1970), J. Chromat. 48, 484.
Chopin, J. (1971). In Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (eds. H. Wagner and L. Hörhammer), p. 111. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Clark-Lewis, J. W. and Dainis, I. (1967), Aust. J. Chem. 20, 2191.
Clark-Lewis, J. W. and Dainis, L. (1968), Aust. J. Chem. 21, 425.
Clark-Lewis, J. W. and Porter, L. J. (1912), Aust. J. Chem. 25, 1943.
Collier, P. D. and Mallows, R. (1971), J. Chromat. 57, 19, 29.
Conradie, J. D. and Neethling, L. P. (1968), J. Chromat. 34, 419.
Cooper, D. R. and Roux, D. G. (1965), J. Chromat. 17, 396.
Coulson, C. B. and Evans, W. C. (1958), J. Chromat. 1, 374.
Coxon, D. T., Holmes, A., Ollis, W. D. and Vora, V. C. (1972), Tetrahedron 28, 2819.
Dass, H. C. and Weaver, G. M. (1972), J. Chromat. 67, 105.
Davidek, J. (1960), Nahrung. 4, 661.
Deibner, L. (1968), J. Chromat. 34, 425.
Dhar, D. N. (1972), J. Indian chem. Soc. 49, 309.
Done, J. N., Kennedy, G. J. and Knox, J. H. (1972), Nature 237, 77.
Drewes, S. E. and Ilsley, A. H. (1969), Phytochemistry 8, 1039.
Drewes, S. E. and Roux, D. G. (1964), Biochem. J. 92 555.
Drewes, S. E. and Roux, D. G. (1966), Bio chem. J. 98, 493.
Drewes, S. E., Roux, D. G., Eggers, S. H. and Feeney, J. (1967a), J. chem. Soc. (C) 1217.
Drewes, S. E., Roux, D. G., Saayman, H. M., Eggers, S. H. and Feeney, J. (1967b), J. chem. Soc. (C) 1302.
Dreyer, D. L. and Bertelli, D. J. (1967), Tetrahedron 23, 4607.
Egger, K. (1961a), J. Chromat. 5, 74.
Egger, K. (1961b), Z. analyt. Chem. 182, 161.
Egger, K. (1964), Planta med. 12, 265.
Egger, K. (1969). In Thin-Layer Chromatography — A Laboratory Handbook (ed. E. Stahl), p. 687. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Endres, H. (1969). In Thin-Layer Chromatography (ed. E. Stahl), p. 41. George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London; Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Endres, H. and Hormann, H. (1963), Angew. Chem. (1nternatl. Ed.) 2, 254.
Farkas, L., Nogradi, M. I., Sudarsanam, V. and Herz, W. (1966), J. org. Chem. 31, 3228.
Fischer, L. (1969). In Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (eds. T. S. Work and E. Work), Vol. 1, p. 157. North-Holland Publ. Co.
Fischer, R. (1937), Arch. Pharm. 275, 516.
Forrest, G. I. and Bendall, D. S. (1969a), Biochem. J. 113, 741.
Forrest, G. I. and Bendall, D. S. (1969b), Biochem. J. 113, 757.
Furuya, T.(1965), J. Chromat. 19, 607.
Gage, T. B., Morris, Q. L., Detty, W. E. and Wender, S. H. (1951) Science 113, 522.
Gelotte, B.(1960), J. Chromat. 3, 330.
Gentili, B. and Horowitz, R. M. (1964). Symposium on ‘Recent Advances in Plant Polyphenolics’, Delhi, India.
Govindachari, T. R., Pai, B. R., Srinivasan, M. and Kalyanaraman, P. S. (1969), Indian J. Chem. 7, 306.
Govindachari, T. R., Parthasarathy, P. C., Pai, B. R. and Subramaniam, P. S. (1965), Tetrahedron 21, 3237.
Guggolz, J., Livingston, A. L. and Bickoff, E. M. (1961), J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 9, 330.
Gupta, S. B. (1968a), J. Chromat. 36, 115.
Gupta, S. B. (1968b), J. Chromat. 36, 258.
Hansel, R., Langhammer, L., Frenzel, J. and Ranft, G. (1963), J. Chromat. 11, 369.
Harborne, J. B. (1958), Biochem J. 70, 22.
Harborne, J. B. (1959a), Chromat Rev. 1, 209.
Harborne, J. B. (1959b), J. Chromat. 2, 581.
Harborne, J. B. (1966), Phytochemistry 5, 111.
Harborne, J. B. (1967a), In Chromatography (ed. E. Heftmann), pp. 677–699. Reinhold Publ. Co., New York.
Harborne, J. B. (1967b), Comparative Biochemistry of the Flavonoids, Academic Press, London.
Harborne, J. B., Gottlieb, O. R. and Magalhães, M. T. (1963), J. org. Chem. 28, 881.
Harborne, J. B. and Williams, C. A. (1971), Phytochemistry 10, 367.
Harper, D. B. and Smith, H. (1969), J. Chromat. 41, 138.
Hashimoto, Y., Mori, I. and Kimura, M. (1952), Nature 170, 975.
Hemingway, R. W. and Hillis, W. E. (1969), J. Chromat. 43, 250.
Henrick, C. A. and Jefferies, P. R. (1964), Aust. J. Chem. 17, 934.
Herz, W., Gibaja, S., Bhat, S. V. and Srinivisan, A. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 2859.
Hillis, W. E. and Isoi, K. (1965), Phytochemistry 4, 541.
Hörhammer, L. (1964). In Methods of Polyphenol Chemistry (ed. J. B. Pridham), p. 89. Pergamon Press, London.
Hörhammer, L., Stich, L. and Wagner, H. (1961), Arch. Pharm. 294, 685.
Hörhammer, L. and Wagner, H. (1962), Dt. Apoth. Ztg. 102, 759.
Hörhammer, L., Wagner, h. and Beyersdorff, P. (1962), Naturwissenschaften 49, 392.
Hörhammer, L., Wagner, H. and Dhingra, H. S. (1959), Arch. Pharm. 292, 84.
Hörhammer, L., Wagner, H. and Hein, K. (1964), J. Chromat. 13, 235.
Hori, M. (1969), Bull, chem. Soc. Japan. 42, 2333.
Hrazdina, G. (1970), J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 18, 243.
Huke, M., Gorlitzer, K. and Schenck, G. (1969), Arch. Pharm. 302, 401.
Ice, C. H. and Wender, H. (1952), Analyt. Chem. 24, 1616.
Jackson, B., Locksley, H. D. and Scheinmann, F. (1967), Tetrahedron Letters 787.
Jangaard, N. O. (1970). J. Chromat. 50, 148.
Jiracek, V. and Prochazka, Z. (1963). In Paper Chromatography (eds. I. M. Hais and K. Macek), pp. 254–271. Academic Press, New York.
Johnston, K. M., Stern, D. J. and Waiss, A. C. (1968). J. Chromat. 33, 539.
Kawano, N., Miura, H. and Kikuchi, H. (1964). Yakugaku Zasshi 84, 469.
Keith, E. S. and Powers, J. J. (1966), J. Fd. Sci. 31, 971.
King, H. G. C. and Prüden, G. (1970), J. Chromat. 52, 285.
Kirchner, J. G. (1967), In Thin-Layer Chromatography, Vol. XII of Techniques of Organic Chemistry (eds. E. S. Perry and A. Weissberger), pp. 556–568. Interscience Publishers, New York.
Kupchan, S. M., Siegel, C. W., Hemingway, R. J., Knox, J. R. and Udayamurthy, M. S. (1969), Tetrahedron 25, 1603.
Lebreton, P., Markham, K. R., Swift, W. T., Oung-Boran and Mabry, T. J. (1967), Phytochemistry 6, 1675.
Loev B. and Goodman, M. M. (1967). Chem. Ind. 2026.
Loev, B. and Goodman, M. M. (1970). In Progress in Purification and Separation (eds. E. S. Perry and C. J. Van Osd), Vol. 3, p. 73. Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Loev, B. and Snader, K. M. (1965), Chem. Ind. 15.
Logie, D. (1957).Analyst. 82, 563.
Mabry, T. J., Markham, K. R. and Thomas, M. B. (1970), The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Markakis, P. (1960), Nature 187, 1092.
Markham, K. R. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 2047.
Markham, K. R., Hirshman, J. L., Kupfermann, H. and Ma, T. S. (1970), Microchimica Acta 590.
Markham, K. R. and Mabry, T. J. (1968a), Phytochemistry 7, 791.
Markham, K. R. and Mabry, T. J. (1968b), Phytochemistry 7, 1197.
Markham, K. R., Mabry, T. J. and Averett, J. E. (1912), Phytochemistry 11, 2875.
Markham, K. R., Mabry, T. J. and Swift, T. W. (1968a), Phytochemistry 7, 803.
Markham, K. R. and Porter, L. J. (1969), Phytochemistry 8, 1777.
Markham, K. R., Porter, L. J. and Brehm, B. G. (1969), Phytochemistry 8, 2193.
Markham, K. R., Swift, W. T. and Mabry, T. J. (1968b), J. org. Chem. 33, 462.
McFarlane, W. D. and Vader, M. J. (1962), J. Inst. Brew. 68, 254.
Meier, W. and Fuerst, A. (1962), Helv. chim. Acta 45, 232.
Mizelle, J. W., Dunlap, W. J., Hagan, R. E., Wender, S. H., Lime, B. J., Albach, R. F. and Griffiths, F. P. (1965), Analyt. Biochem. 12, 316.
Morgan, J. W. W. and Orsler, R. J. (1967), Chem. Ind. 1173.
Morris, Q. L., Gage, T. B. and Wender, S. H. (1951), J. Am. chem. Soc. 73, 3340.
Morton, A. D. (1967), J. Chromat. 28, 480.
Mukerjee, S. K., Sarkar, S. C. and Seshadri, T. R. (1969), Tetrahedron 25, 1063.
Narasimhichari, N. and Von Rudloff, E. (1962), Canad. J. Chem. 40, 1123.
Neu, R. (1957), microchim. Acta 196.
Neu, R. (1959), Arch. Pharm. 293, 169.
Nilsson, A. (1962), Acta chem. scand. 16, 31.
Nordstrom, C. G. (1967), Acta chem. scand. 21, 2885.
Nordstrom, C. G. and Kroneid, T. (1972), Acta chem. scand. 26, 2237.
Nybom, N. (1964), Physiol. Plantarum 17, 157.
Ohta, N. and Yagishita, K. (1910), Agric. biol. Chem. 34, 900.
Okigawa, M., Hatanaka, H., Kawano, N., Matsunaga, I. and Tamura, Z. (1971a), Chem pharm. Bull. 19, 148
Okigawa, M., Wu Hwa, C., Kawano, N. and Rahman, W. (1971b), Phyto- chemistry 10, 3286.
Olechnowicz-Stepien, W. (1967), Dissnes. Pharm. Warsz. 19, 91.
Paris, R. (1961), Pharm. Acta Helv. 36, 176.
Paris, R. and Paris, M. (1963), Bull. Soc. chim. France 1597.
Pastuska, G. (1961), Z. analyt. Chem. 179, 355.
Pellizzari, E. D., Chuang, C-M., Kuc, J. and Williams, E. B. (1969), J. Chromat. 40, 285.
Pelter, A., Amenechi, P. I. and Warren, R. (1969), J. chem. Soc. (C) 2572.
Pelter, A. and Stainton, P. (1966), J. chem. Soc. (C) 701.
Pereyra de Santiago, O. J. and Juliani, H. R. (1972), Experientia 28, 380.
Perry, S. G. (1971), Chem. Britain 7 (9), 366.
Pierce, A. E. (1968). In Silylation of Organic Compounds, pp. 154–159. Pierce Chemical Co., Illinois.
Pierce, A. R., Graham, H. N., Glassner, S., Madlin, H. and Gonzalez, J. G. (1969), Analyt. Chem. 41, 298.
Porter, L. J. (1973), Personal Communication.
Porter, L. J. and Markham, K. R. (1970a), J. chem. Soc. (C) 344.
Porter, L. J. and Markham, K. R. (1970b), J. chem. Soc. (C) 1309.
Porter, L. J. and Markham, K. R. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 1477.
Porter, L. J. and Wilson, R. D. (1972), J. Chromat. 71, 570.
Quarmby, C. (1968), J. Chromat. 34, 52.
Radhakrishnan, P. V., Rao, A. V. R. and Venkataraman, K. (1965), Tetrahedron Letters 663.
Randerath, K. (1963), Thin-Layer Chromatography, pp. 180–182. Academic Press, London and New York.
Repas, A., Nikolin, B. and Dursun, K. (1969), J. Chromat. 44, 184.
Rösler, H. (1960), Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Munich.
Roux, D. G., Maihs, E. A. and Paulus, E. (1961), J. Chromat, 5, 9.
Roux, D. G. and Paulus, E. (1962), Biochem, J. 82, 320, 324.
Sachs, D. H. and Painter, E. (1972), Science 175, 781.
Saleh, N. A. M., Bohm, B. A. and Ornduff, R. (1971), Phyto chemistry 10, 611.
Schwarz, J. S. P., Cohen, A. I., Ollis, W. D., Kaczka, E. A. and Jackman, L. M. (1964), Tetrahedron 20, 1317.
Seikel, M. K. (1962). In The Chemistry of Flavonoid Compounds (ed. T. A. Geissman), p. 34. Pergamon Press, New York.
Seikel, M. K. (1964). In Biochemistry of Phenolic Compounds (ed. J. B. Harborne), p. 37. Academic Press, London and New York.
Seikel, M. K. and Bushnell, A. J. (1959), J. org. Chem. 24, 1995.
Seikel, M. K., Bushneil, A. J. and Birzgalis, R. (1962), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 99, 451.
Seikel, M. K., Chow, J. H. S. and Feldman, L. (1966), Phytochemistry 5, 439.
Seshadri, T. R. (1962). In The Chemistry of Flavonoid Compounds (ed. T. A. Geissman), p. 6. Pergamon Press, New York.
Shamma, M. and Stiver, L. D. (1969), Tetrahedron 25, 3887.
Silvestri, S. (1970), Pharm. Acta. Helv. 45, 390.
Sim, K. Y. (1967), J. chem. Soc. (C) 976.
Skelly, N. E. (1961), Analyt. Chem. 33, 271.
Smith, I. (ed.) (1960), Chromatographic and Electrophoretic Techniques, Vol. 1, p. 71. W. Heinemann Medical Books Ltd., London, and Interscience Publ., New York.
Somers, T. C. (1966a), J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 17, 215.
Somers, T. C. (1966b), Nature 209, 368.
Somers, T. C. (1967), J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 18, 193.
Spada, A. and Cameroni, R. (1958), Gazz. Chim. ital. 88, 204.
Spiegl, P.(1969), J. Chromat. 39, 93.
Stahl, E. (1969), Thin-Layer Chromatography — A Laboratory Handbook, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Stahl, E. and Mangold, H. K. (1967). In Chromatography (ed. E. Heftmann), p. 165. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York.
Stahl, E. and Schorn, P. J. (1961), Z. physiol. Chem. 325, 263.
Star, A. E. and Mabry, T. J. (1971), Phytochemistry 10, 2817.
Takeda, K., Mitsui, S. and Hayashi, K. (1966), Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 79, 578.
Tanner, H., Rentschier, H. and Senn, G. (1963), Chem. Abstr. 59, 13094.
Tatum, J. H. and Berry, R. E. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 2283.
Thomas, D. E. and Thomas, J. D. R. (1969), Analyst. 94, 1099.
Thomas, M. B. and Mabry, T. J. (1968), Tetrahedron 24, 3675.
Thompson, R. S., Jacques, D., Haslam, D. J. E. and Tanner, R. J. N. (1972), J. chem. Soc. (C) 1387.
Trim, A. R. (1955). In Modern Methods of Plant Analysis (eds. K. Paech and M. V. Tracey), Vol. 2, p. 295. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Truter, E. V. (1963), Thin-Film Chromatography, Cleaver-Hume Press Ltd., London.
Valesi, A. G., Rodriguez, E., Vander Velde, G. and Mabry, T. J. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 2821.
Vancraenenbroeck, R., Rogirst, A., Lemaitre, H. and Lontie, R. (1963), Bull. Soc. chim.Belg. 72, 619.
Van Sumere, C. F., Wolf, G., Teuchy, H. and Kint, J. (1965), J. Chromat. 20, 48.
Van Teeling, C. G., Cansfield, P. E. and Gallop, R. A. (1971), J. chromat Sci. 505.
Voirin, B. (1912), Phytochemistry 11, 257.
Walker, J. R. L. and Thompson, J. E. (1969), Laborat. Practice, 18, 629.
Wallace, J. W., Mabry, T. J. and Alston, R. E. (1969), Phytochemistry 8, 93.
Watkin, J. E. (1960), Chem. Ind. 378.
Webster, P. V., Wilson, J. N. and Franks, M. C. (1961), Analyt. chim. Acta 38, 193.
Wender, S. H. (1954), U.S. Patent No. 2, 681, 907.
Williams, B. L. and Wender, S. H. (1952), J. Am. chem. Soc. 74, 4372.
Williams, B. L. and Wender, S. H. (1953), J. Am. chem. Soc. 75, 4363.
Woelm, M. (Publisher). In Adsorbents Woelm, Adsorbents Woelm for Column and Thin-Layer Chromatography, M. Woelm, West Germany.
Wollenweber, E. (1972), Phytochemistry 11, 425.
Wollenweber, E. and Egger, K. (1971), Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 65, 427.
Wong, E. and Francis, C. M. (1968), Phytochemistry 7, 2131.
Wong, E. and Taylor, A. O. (1962), J. Chromat. 9, 449.
Woof, J. B. and Pierce, J. S. (1967), J. Chromat. 28, 94.
Wrolstad, R. E. (1968), J. Chromat. 37, 542.
Wyler, H., Rösler, H., Mercier, M. and Dreiding, A. S. (1967), Helv. chim. Acta 50, 545.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1975 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Markham, K.R. (1975). Isolation Techniques for Flavonoids. In: Harborne, J.B., Mabry, T.J., Mabry, H. (eds) The Flavonoids. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2909-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2909-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-12-324602-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2909-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive