Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of tuberculosis

  • Chapter
Tuberculosis

  • 216 Accesses

Abstract

At the beginning of this century, tuberculosis (TB) was the leading cause of death in the USA. The incidence of TB has declined steadily since the middle of the 19th century (Figure 3.1) owing to the isolation of patients in sanatoria, improved ventilation and nutrition. This decline led to predictions that TB would be eliminated in the USA. The first was by Wade Hampton Frost who believed that natural dynamics would eliminate transmission. In 1937, he said that ‘under present conditions of human resistance and environment the tubercle bacillus is losing ground and the eventual eradication of tuberculosis requires only that the present balance against it be maintained’ [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Frost, W.F. (1937) How much control of tuberculosis? Am J Public Health, 27, 759–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Communicable Disease Center (1961) The Arden House Conference on Tuberculosis. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service publication no. 784 (reprint). Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Centers for Disease Control (1989) A strategic plan for the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. MMWR, 38 (S-3), 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  4. U.S. Public Health Service (1951) Recommendations of the Committee on Tuberculosis Morbidity Reporting. Public Health Reports, 66, 1291–2.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Centers for Disease Control (1990) Case definitions for public health surveillance. MMWR, 39 (RR-13), 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gostin, L.O. (1993) Controlling the resurgent tuberculosis epidemic. A 50-state survey of TB statutes and proposals for reform. JAMA, 269, 255–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Annas, G.J. (1993) Control of tuberculosis — the law and the public’s health. N Engl J Med, 328, 585–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Marier, R. (1977) The reporting of communicable diseases. Am J Epidemiol, 105, 587–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Campos-Outcalt, D., England, R. and Porter, B. (1991) Reporting of communicable diseases by university physicians. Public Health Rep, 106, 579–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Glaser, D. and Hammarsten, J.E. (1978) Pharmacy notification for surveillance and drug utilization review in a metropolitan tuberculosis control program in a low-incidence country. Maryland Pharmacist, 10 July 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Centers for Disease Control (1953) Reported Tuberculosis Morbidity and Other Data: Calendar Year 1953. Public Health Service Publication (CDC) No. 442.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control (1986) Tuberculosis in the United States: 1985–1986. Health and Human Services Publication (CDC) No. 88–8322.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Centers for Disease Control (1993) Tuberculosis morbidity — United States, 1992. MMWR, 42, 696–7, 703–4.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bloch, A.B., Rieder, H.L., Kelly, G.D. et al. (1989) The epidemiology of tuberculosis. Semin Resp Infect, 4, 157–70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Powell, K.E. and Farer, L.S. (1980) The rising age of the tuberculosis patient: A sign of success and failure. J Infect Dis, 142, 946–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Styblo, K. (1976) Surveillance of tuberculosis. Int J Epidemiol, 5, 63–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bleiker, M.A. (1991) The annual tuberculosis infection rate, the tuberculin survey and the tuberculin test. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 66, 53–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Barnes, P.F., Bloch, A.B., Davidson, P.T. and Snider, D.E. (1991) Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med, 323, 1644–50.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Centers for Disease Control (1990) Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons entering the United States. MMWR, 39 (RR-18), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Tuberculosis among Asians/Pacific Islanders — United States, 1985. MMWR, 36, 331–4.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Tuberculosis in blacks — United States. MMWR, 36, 212–20.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Tuberculosis in minorities — United States. MMWR, 36, 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Tuberculosis among Hispanics — United States, 1985. MMWR, 36, 568–9.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Tuberculosis among American Indians and Alaskan Natives — United States, 1985. MMWR, 36, 493–5.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kaplan, G.J., Fraser, R.I. and Comstock, G.W. (1972) Tuberculosis in Alaska, 1970. The continued decline of the tuberculosis epidemic. Am Rev Respir Dis 105, 920–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Centers for Disease Control (1992) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Centers for Disease Control (1990) Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons entering the United States. MMWR, 39 (RR-18), 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Murray, J.F. (1991) Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection during the 1990’s. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 66, 21–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Selwyn, P.A., Hartel, D., Lewis, V.A. et al. (1989) A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with HIV infection. N Engl J Med, 320, 545–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Selwyn, P.A., Sckell, B.M., Alcabes, P. et al. (1992) High risk of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected drug users with cutaneous anergy. JAMA, 268, 504–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. DiPerri, G., Cruciani, M., Danzi, M.C. et al. (1989) Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet, 2, 1502–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Daley, C.L., Small, P.M., Schecter, G.F. et al. (1992) An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med, 326, 231–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Edlin, B.R., Tokars, J.I., Grieco, M.H. et al. (1992) An outbreak of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med, 326, 1514–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dooley, S.W., Villarino, M.E., Lawrence, M. et al. (1992) Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA, 267, 2632–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Centers for Disease Control (1993) HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA. pp. 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cantwell, M.F., Snider, D.E., Cauthen, G.M. and Onorato, I.M. (1994) Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985–1992. JAMA, 272, 535–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Burwan, D.R., Bloch, A.B., Griffin, L.D. et al. Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Centers for Disease Control (1990) National HIV Serosurveillance Summary. Vol 2. U.S. Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Onorato, I.M., McCray, E. and the Field Services Branch (1992) Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending tuberculosis clinics in the United States. J Infect Dis, 165, 87–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. American Thoracic Society (1994) Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149, 1359–74.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Boucot, K.R., Dillon, E.S., Cooper, D.A. et al. (1952) Tuberculosis among diabetics. Am Rev Respir Dis, 65, 1–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Snider, D.E. (1978) The relationship between tuberculosis and silicosis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 118, 455–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cowie, R.L., Langton, M.E. and Becklake, M.R. (1989) Pulmonary tuberculosis in South African gold miners. Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 1086–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Friedman, L.N., Sullivan, G.M., Bevilaqua, R.P. and Loscos, R. (1987) Tuberculosis screening in alcoholics and drug addicts. Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 1188–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Crack cocaine use among persons with tuberculosis — Contra Costa County, California, 1987–1990. MMWR, 40, 485–9.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Reichman, L.B., Felton, C.P. and Edsall, J.R. (1979) Drug dependence, a possible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease. Arch Intern Med, 139, 337–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Centers for Disease Control (1992) Prevention and control of tuberculosis in migrant farm workers. MMWR, 41 (RR-10), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Centers for Disease Control (1986) Tuberculosis among migrant farm workers Virginia. MMWR, 35, 467–9.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Hibbs, J., Yeager, S. and Cochran, J. (1989) Tuberculosis among migrant farm workers. JAMA, 262, 1775.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Jacobson, M.L., Mercer, M.A., Miller, L.K. and Simpson, T.W. (1987) Tuberculosis risk among migrant farm workers on the Delmarva peninsula. Am J Public Health, 77, 29–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ciesielski, S.D., Seed, J.R., Esposito, P.H. and Hunter, N. (1991) The epidemiology of TB among North Carolina migrant farm workers. JAMA, 265, 1715–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Centers for Disease Control (1992) Prevention and control of tuberculosis among homeless populations. MMWR, 41 (RR-5), 13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  53. McAdam, J.M., Brickner, P.W., Scharer, L.L. et al. (1990) The spectrum of tuberculosis in a New York men’s shelter clinic. Chest, 97, 798–805.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nolan, C.M., Elarth, A.M., Barr, H. et al. (1991) An outbreak of tuberculosis in a shelter for homeless men. Am Rev Respir Dis, 143, 257–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Tuberculosis among residents of shelters for the homeless — Ohio, 1990. MMWR, 40, 869–77.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Torres, R.A., Mani, S., Altholz, J. and Brickner, P.W. (1990) Human immunodeficiency virus infection among homeless men in a New York City shelter. Arch Intern Med, 150, 2030–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Schieffeibein, C.W. and Snider, D.E. (1988) Tuberculosis control among homeless populations. Arch Intern Med, 148, 1843–6.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Brudney, K. and Dobkin, J. (1991) Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City. Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 745–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hutton, M.D., Cauthen, G.M. and Bloch, A.B. (1993) Results of a 29-state survey of tuberculosis in nursing homes and correctional facilities. Public Health Rep, 108, 305–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Stead, W.W. (1981) Tuberculosis among elderly persons: an outbreak in a nursing home. Ann Intern Med, 94, 606–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Stead, W.W., Lofgren, J.P., Warren, E. and Thomas, C. (1985) Tuberculosis as an endemic and nosocomial infection among the elderly in nursing homes. TV Engl J Med, 312, 1483–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among HIV-infected persons — Florida and New York, 1988–91. MMWR, 40, 585–91.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Pearson, M.L., Jereb, J.A., Frieden, T.R. et al. (1992) Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a risk to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med, 117, 191–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Beck-Sague, C., Dooley, S.W., Hutton, M.D. et al (1992) Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. JAMA, 268, 1280–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Ehrenkranz, N.J. and Kicklighter, J.L. (1972) Tuberculosis outbreak in a general hospital: evidence for airborne spread of infection. Ann Intern Med, 11, 377–82.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Catanzaro, A. (1982) Nosocomial tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 125, 559–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Hutton, M.D., Stead, W.W., Cauthen, G.M. et al (1990) Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis associated with a draining abscess. J. Infect Dis, 161, 286–95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Riley, R. (1967) The hazard is relative. Am Rev Respir Dis, 96, 623–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Vogeler, D. and Burke, J. (1978) Tuberculosis screening for hospital employees: a five-year experience in a large community hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis, 187, 227–32.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Atuk, N. and Hunt, E. (1971) Serial tuberculin testing and isoniazid therapy in general hospital employees. JAMA, 208, 1795–8.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Aitken, M.L., Anderson, K.M. and Albert, R.K. (1987) Is the tuberculosis screening program of hospital employees still required? Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 805–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Malasky, C., Jordan, T., Potulski, F. and Reichman, L.B. (1990) Occupational tuberculous infections among pulmonary physicians in training. Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 505–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Snider, D.E. and Hutton, M.D. (1989) Tuberculosis in correctional institutions. JAMA, 261, 436–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. American College of Physicians, National Commission on Correctional Health Care, and American Correctional Health Services Association (1992) The crisis in correctional health care: the impact of the national drug control strategy on correctional health services. Ann Intern Med, 117, 71–7.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Braun, M.M., Truman, B.I., Maguire, B. et al. (1989) Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population: association with HIV infection. JAMA, 161, 393–7.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Gobies, M., Iseman, M.D. and Madsen, L.A. (1993) Treatment of 171 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. TV Engl J Med, 328, 527–32.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Mahmoudi, A. and Iseman, M.D. (1993) Pitfalls in the care of patients with tuberculosis. JAMA, 270, 65–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Centers for Disease Control (1992) Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among immunocompromised persons in a correctional system — New York, 1992. MMWR, 41, 507–9.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Alfalla, C., Hewlett, D., Horn, D. et al (1992) An outbreak of multidrug resistant tuberculosis among 28 patients at a New York City hospitalf. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Canetti, G. (1965) Present aspects of bacterial resistance in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 92, 687–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Iseman, M. and Madsen, L.A. (1989) Drug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Chest Med, 10, 341–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (1993) Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance: Recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR, 42 (RR-7), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Des Prez, R.M. and Heim, C.R. (1990) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (eds G.L. Mandel, R.G. Douglas and J.E. Bennett), Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 1877–906.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kent, P.T. and Kubica, G.P. (1985) Public Health Mycobacteriology: A Guide for the Level III Laboratory. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, p. 163.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Iseman, M.D. and Sbarbaro, J. A. (1992) The increasing prevalence of resistance to antituberculosis chemotherapeutic agents: implications for global tuberculosis control. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis, 12, 188–207.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Cohn, M.L. and David, C.L. (1970) Infectivity and pathogenicity of drug-resistant strains of tubercle bacilli studied by aerogenic infection of guinea pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis, 102, 97–104.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mitchison, D.A. (1954) Tubercle bacilli resistant to isoniazid. Brit Med J, 1, 128–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Snider, D.E., Kelly, G.D., Cauthen, G.M. et al (1985) Infection and disease among contacts of tuberculosis cases with drug-resistant and drug-susceptible bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis, 132, 125–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Bloch, A.B., Cauthen, G.M., Onorato, I.M. et al (1994) Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. JAMA, 271, 665–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Frieden, T.R., Sterling, T., Pablo-Mendez, A. et al (1993) The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. N Engl J Med, 328, 521–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Barnes, P.F. (1987) The influence of epidemiologic factors on drug resistance rates in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 325–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Riley, L.W., Arathoon, E. and Loverde, V.D. (1989) The epidemiologic patterns of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 1282–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Ben-Dov, I. and Mason, G.R. (1987) Drug-resistant tuberculosis in a Southern California hospital: trends from 1969 to 1984. Am Rev Respir Dis, 135, 1307–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Pablos-Mendez, A., Raviglione, M.C., Battan, R. et al (1990) Drug resistant tuberculosis among the homeless in New York City. New York State J Med, 90, 351–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Addington, W.D. (1979) Patient compliance: the most serious remaining problem in the control of tuberculosis in the United States. Chest, 76, 741–3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Byrd, R.B., Horn, B. and Solomon, D.A. (1977) Treatment of tuberculosis by the nonpulmonary physician. Ann Intern Med, 86, 799–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. American Thoracic Society (1992) Control of tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 1623–33.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Berning, S.E., Huitt, G.A. and Iseman, M.D. (1992) Malabsorption of antituberculosis medications by a patient with AIDS. N Engl J Med, 327, 1817–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Kleeberg, H.H. and Olivier, M.S. (1984) A World Atlas of Initial Drug Resistance. Tuberculosis Research Institute of the South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Centers for Disease Control (1981) Drug resistance among Indochinese refugees with tuberculosis. MMWR, 30, 273–5.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Nolan, C.M. and Elarth, A.M. (1988) Tuberculosis in a cohort of Southeast Asian refugees. Am Rev Respir Dis, 137, 805–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Pitchenik, A.E., Russell, B.W., Cleary, T. et al (1982) The prevalence of tuberculosis and drug resistance among Haitians. N Engl J Med, 307, 162–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Scalcini, M., Carre, G. and Jean-Baptiste, M. (1990) Antituberculous drug resistance in central Haiti. Am Rev Respir Dis, 142, 508–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Howard, W.L., Maresh, F., Mueller, E.E. et al. (1949) The role of pulmonary cavitation in the development of bacterial resistance of streptomycin. Am Rev Tuberc, 59, 391–401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Reichman, L.B. (1986) Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. JAMA, 256, 3093.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hopewell, C.P. (1992) Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis, 15, 540–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Depalo, V.A., Salomon, N., Kolokathis, A. et al. (1991) A rise in drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection, substance abuse, and homelessness. Eighth International Conference on AIDS, Florence, Italy, World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Centers for Disease Control (1985) Drug-resistant tuberculosis among the homeless — Boston. MMWR, 34, 429–31.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Reichman, L.B. (1991) The U-shaped curve of concern. Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 741–2.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Centers for Disease Control (1983) Primary resistance to antituberculosis drugs — United States. MMWR, 32, 521–2.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Centers for Disease Control (1980) Primary resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs — United States. MMWR, 29, 345–6.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Rudnick, J., Kroc, K., Managan, L. et al (1992) How prepared are U.S. hospitals to control nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis? World Congress of Tuberculosis, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Doster, B., Caras, G.J. and Snider, D.E. (1976) A continuing survey of primary drug resistance in tuberculosis, 1961 to 1968. Am Rev Respir Dis, 113, 419–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Schiffman, P.L., Ashkar, B., Bishop, M. et al (1977) Drug-resistant tuberculosis in a large southern California hospital. Am Rev Respir Dis, 116, 821–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Snider, D.E., Cauthen, G.M., Farer, L.S. et al (1991) Drug resistant tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 732.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Steiner, M., Steiner, P. and Schmidt, H. (1970) Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: a continuing study of the incidence of disease caused by primarily drug-resistant organisms in children observed between the years 1965 and 1968 at the Kings County Medical Center of Brooklyn. Am Rev Respir Dis, 102, 75–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Steiner, P., Rao, M., Victoria, M.S. et al (1983) A continuing study of primary drug-resistant tuberculosis among children observed at the Kings County Hospital Medical Center between the years 1961 and 1980. Am Rev Respir Dis, 128, 425–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Steiner, P., Rao, M., Mitchell, M. et al (1986) Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis in children: emergence of primary drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis to rifampin. Am Rev Respir Dis, 134, 446–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Stottmeier, K.D. (1976) Emergence of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Massachusetts. J Infect Dis, 133, 88–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Chaves, A.D., Dangler, F., Abeles, H. et al. (1961) Prevalence of drug resistance among strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from ambulatory patients in New York City. Am Rev Respir Dis, 84, 744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Chawla, P.K., Klapper, P.J., Kamholz, S.L. et al (1992) Drug-resistant tuberculosis in an urban population including patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis, 146, 280–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Centers for Disease Control (1987) Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis — North Carolina. MMWR, 35, 785–7.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Centers for Disease Control (1990) Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis — Texas, California, and Pennsylvania. MMWR, 39, 369–72.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Steiner, M., Chaves, A.D., Lyons, J.A. et al (1970) Primary drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of an outbreak. N Engl. J Med, 283, 1353–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Rêves, R., Durward, B., Snider, D.E. et al (1981) Transmission of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of a school and community outbreak. Am J Epidemiol, 113, 423–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Kent, J.H., Valway, S.E. and Onorato, I.M. (1992) Epidemiologically linked outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, New York State, 1990–1992. World Congress on Tuberculosis, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Valway, S. (1992) Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a New York State Prison, 1991. World Congress on Tuberculosis, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Centers for Disease Control (1991) Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from an HIV-positive client in a residential substance abuse treatment facility — Michigan. MMWR, 40, 129–31.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Ussery, X.T., Bierman, J. A., Valway, S.E. et al (1992) Transmission of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons exposed at a medical examiner’s office. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, CA, American Society for Microbiology.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Tenover, F.C., Crawford, J.T., Huebner, R.E. et al (1993) The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J Clin Microbiol, 31, 767–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Valway, S., Pearson, M., Ikeda, R. and Edlin, B. (1993) HIV infected health care workers with multidrug resistant tuberculosis, 1990–1992. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Stead, W.W. (1978) Undetected tuberculosis in prison: source of infection for community at large. JAMA, 240, 2544–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Centers for Disease Control (1992) Transmission of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis among immunocompromised persons in a correctional system. MMWR, 41, 507–9.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Centers for Disease Control (1989) Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional institutions: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR, 38, 313–25.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Sudre, P., ten Dam, G. and Kochi, A. (1992) Tuberculosis: a global overview of the situation today. Bull WHO, 70, 149–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Murray, C.J.L., Styblo, K. and Rouillon, A. (1990) Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention, and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 65, 6–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Centers for Disease Control (1993) Tuberculosis — Western Europe. MMWR, 42, 628–31.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Styblo, K. (1991) The impact of HIV infection on the global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 66, 27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Narain, J.P., Raviglione, M.C. and Kochi, A. (1992) HIV-Associated Tuberculosis in Developing Countries: Epidemiology and Strategies for Prevention. WHO document, WHO/TB/92.166.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Kochi, A. (1991) The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization. Tubercle, 72, 1–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Styblo, K. (1991) Transmission of tubercle bacilli. Select Pap Roy Neth Tuberc Assoc, 1A, 40–54.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Styblo, K. (1985) The relationship between the risk of tuberculous infection and the risk of developing infectious tuberculosis. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 60, 117–19.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Rouillon, A. (1991) The Mutual Assistance Programme of the IUATLD. Development, contribution, and significance. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 66, 159–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1993) Estimates of future global tuberculosis morbidity and mortality. MMWR, 42, 961–4.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Enarson, D.A. (1991) Principles of IUATLD collaborative tuberculosis programmes. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis, 66, 195–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Ida M. Onorato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joseph H. Kent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kenneth G. Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Larry I. Lutwick

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Onorato, I.M., Kent, J.H., Castro, K.G. (1995). Epidemiology of tuberculosis. In: Lutwick, L.I. (eds) Tuberculosis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2869-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2869-6_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-60740-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2869-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation