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Cellular Growth and Differentiation during Embryogenesis and Fetal Development

The Role of Vitamin D

  • Chapter
Nutrient Regulation during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infant Growth

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 352))

Abstract

Vitamin D2 and D3, the biologically significant forms of the vitamin, are produced in plants (D2 and D3) and skin (D3) from ultraviolet irradiation of ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol respectively (DeLuca, 1980; Horst, 1985; Reichel et al., 1989; DeLuca et al., 1990). Once taken up from the skin (D3) or absorbed from the diet (D2 and D3), vitamin D is carried in the circulation bound to the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin (Haddad, 1979), and rapidly converted in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) (Ponchon and DeLuca, 1969), the primary circulating form of the vitamin, through mitochondrial and microsomal cytochrome P-450 reactions that are weakly regulated by calcium and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) (Djorkhem et al., 1980; Baran and Milne, 1983; Hayashi et al., 1986). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D acts as substrate for synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D, the most biologically active hormonal form of the vitamin (Reichel et al., 1989). Although 1,25(OH)2D synthesis has been demonstrated in bone cells, keratinocytes, placenta, embryonic intestine, aortic endothelial cells, activated macrophages and various abnormal cells (Dusso et al., 1990) the primary if not sole source of circulating 1,25(OH)2D in the nonpregnant animal is the kidney (Gray et al., 1971). During pregnancy placental and/or fetal production of 1,25(OH)2D can contribute to the maternal serum pool (Gray et al., 1971).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, USA

    Bernard P. Halloran

  2. Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, Callifornia, 94121, USA

    Bernard P. Halloran

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  1. Bernard P. Halloran
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  1. University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA

    Lindsay Allen  & Bo Lönnerdal  & 

  2. University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    Janet King

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Halloran, B.P. (1994). Cellular Growth and Differentiation during Embryogenesis and Fetal Development. In: Allen, L., King, J., Lönnerdal, B. (eds) Nutrient Regulation during Pregnancy, Lactation, and Infant Growth. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 352. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2575-6_20

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2575-6_20

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