Skip to main content

What Do We Know and Where Shall We Go?

Conceptual and Research Directions for Social Referencing

  • Chapter
Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy

Abstract

Our method in this book has been to examine social referencing in infancy within the context of a diversified and multifaceted framework, in order to see what can be learned by looking at this phenomenon from different perspectives. At this point, it seems appropriate to ask what we have discovered about referencing through this approach, and what we can suggest as to future directions in research and conceptualization. What can we say that sheds new light upon this process in which the infant (the referer) used another person’s (the referee) interpretation of an event (the referent) to make sense of that event? This chapter aims to highlight, and present in an integrated manner, the major issues that have been raised and the suggestions for future research which have been made in the chapters of this volume.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Azuma, H. (1979). Culture-education interaction and the problem of a changing society. In S. Doxiadis (Ed.), The child in the world of tomorrow: A window into the future (pp. 251–254). New York: Pergamon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, K. C. (1985).Infants’ use of conflicting emotion signals. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Denver, 1984). Dissertation Abstracts International, 46, 321B–322B.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birch, L. L., & Deysher, M. (1986).Caloric compensation and sensory specific satiety: Evidence for self regulation of food intake by young children. Appetite, 323-331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boccia, M. L., & Campos, J. J. (1983, April). Maternal emotional signals and infants’ reactions to strangers. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Detroit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bower, T. G. R. (1989). The rational infant: Learning in infancy. New York: W. H. Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, D. L., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1986, April). Emotional expressions as determinants of infants’ immediate and delayed responses to prohibitions. Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Infant Studies, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I. (1984). Social referencing and the interfacing of minds: A commentary on the views of Feinman and Campos. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 30, 419–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (1986).Social psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, G., & Cochran, E. (1980). Towards a mechanism of joint visual attention in human infancy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 3, 253–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farran, D. C., & Margolis, L. H. (1987). The family economic environment as a context for children’s development. In J. H. Lewko (Ed.), How children and adolescents view the world of work (pp. 69–87). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1982). Social referencing in infancy. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 445–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1983). How does baby socially refer? Two views of social referencing: A reply to Campos. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 467–471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1985). Emotional expression, social referencing, and preparedness for learning in infancy—Mother knows best, but sometimes I know better. In G. Zivin (Ed.), The development of expressive behavior: Biology-environment interactions (pp. 291–318). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1986, July). Social referencing as social attention. In M. L. Boccia (Chair), Social attentional processes in human and nonhuman primates. Symposium conducted at the XIth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Gottingen, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S. (1991). Bringing babies back into the social world. In M. Lewis & S. Feinman (Eds.), Social influences and socialization in infancy (pp. 281–325). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1991). Influence lost, influence regained. In M. Lewis & S. Feinman (Eds.), Social influences and socialization in infancy (pp. 1–19). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S., Roberts, D., & Morissette, P. L. (1986, April). The effect of social referencing on 12-month-olds’ responses to a stranger’s attempts to “make friends.” Paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Infant Studies, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiring, C., Lewis, M., & Starr, M. D. (1984). Indirect effects and infants’ reaction to strangers. Developmental Psychology, 20, 485–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelis, J. (1989).The child: From anonymity to individuality. In P. Aries & G. Duby (Eds.), A history of private life. Vol. III. Passions of the renaissance (A. Goldhammer, Trans.) (pp. 309–325). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handley, H., & Samelson, A. (1988). Child. Wainscott, NY: Pushcart Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay, D. F., Nash, A., & Pedersen, J. (1981). Responses of six-month-olds to the distress of their peers. Child Development, 52, 1071–1075.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirshberg, L. M. (1988, April). Patterns of coping with conflict in infancy: 12 month olds’ response to conflicting parental emotional signals. Paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on Infant Studies, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirshberg, L. (1990). When infants look to their parents: II. Twelve-month-olds’ response to conflicting parental emotional signals. Child Development, 61, 1187–1191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hornik, R., & Gunnar, M. (1988). A descriptive analysis of infant social referencing. Child Development, 59, 626–634.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M. D., Campos, J. J., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., & Svejda, M. (1983).Emotions as behavior regulators: Social referencing in infancy. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), The emotions (Vol. 2, pp. 57–86). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M. D., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1986). Social referencing: The infant’s use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Developmental Psychology, 22, 427–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacan, J. (1977).Ecrits: A selection (A. Sheridan, Trans.). New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, R. M., & East, P. L. (1984). The role of temperament in stress, coping and socioemotional functioning in early development. Infant Mental Health Journal, 5, 148–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, M., and Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979).Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N. (1988).Imitation of televised models by infants. Child Development, 59,1221–1229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, C. M., & Messer, D. J. (1977). Mothers, infants and pointing: A study of a gesture. In H. R. Schaffer (Ed.), Studies in mother-infant interaction (pp. 325–354). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1969). The psychology of the child. New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1966)

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. (1979).Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau, J. J. (1911).Emile (B. Foxley, Trans.). London: Dent & Sons. (Original work published 1750)

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaife, M., & Bruner, J. S. (1975). The capacity for joint visual attention in the infant. Science, 253, 265–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Campos, J. J., & Klinnert, M. D. (1985).Maternal emotional signaling: Its effect on the visual cliff behavior of 1-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 21,195–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered. Child Development, 42, 1057–1069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, H. S. (1947). Conceptions of modern psychiatry. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valsiner, J. (1984). Two alternative epistemological frameworks in psychology: The typological and variational modes of thinking. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 5, 449–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waiden, T. A., & Ogan, T. A. (1988). The development of social referencing. Child Development, 59, 1230–1240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbatany, L., & Lamb, M. E. (1985). Social referencing as a function of information source: Mothers versus strangers. Infant Behavior and Development, 8, 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Feinman, S. (1992). What Do We Know and Where Shall We Go?. In: Feinman, S. (eds) Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2464-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2462-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics