Skip to main content

A Consideration of Social Referencing in the Context of Attachment Theory and Research

  • Chapter
Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy

Abstract

As demonstrated by the chapters in this volume, the concept of social referencing refers to a diversity of phenomena observed by scholars from a variety of disciplines and divergent theoretical positions. Since attachment theory has eclectic underpinnings and is an open-ended theory, it is subject to revision, refinement, and extension in the light of further research. As what is meant by social referencing is better agreed upon, and as research into both it and attachment proceeds, it seems likely that its overlap with attachment will become clearer. Nevertheless, it is evident that there are even now important overlaps and areas of congruence. It is my hope that my comments here may help to clarify the degree of congruence that is already appreciable; there may well be more overlap between social referencing phenomena and attachment phenomena than I have included in this chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1977). Infant development and mother-infant interaction among Ganda and American families. In P. H. Leiderman, S. R. Tulkin, & A. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Culture and infancy: Variations in the human experience (pp. 119–149). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979).Attachment as related to mother-infant interaction. In J. S. Rosenblatt, R. A. Hinde, C. Beer, & M. Busnel (Eds.), Advances in the study of behavior (Vol. 9, pp. 1–51). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1983). Patterns of infant-mother attachment as related to maternal care: Their early history and their contribution to continuity. In D. Magnusson & V. L. Allen (Eds.), Human development: An interactional perspective (pp. 35–55). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1985). Attachments across the life span. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 61, 792–812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46, 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1972). Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 43, 1171–1190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation: Anger and anxiety. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3: Loss: Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I. (1985).Attachment theory: Retrospect and prospect. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, Serial No. 209, pp. 3-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bretherton, I., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1974). Responses of one-year-olds to a stranger in a strange situation. In M. Lewis & L. A. Rosenblum (Eds.), The origin of fear (pp. 131–164). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, P., Sander, L. W., Stechler, G., & Julia, H. (1972). Distress in feeding: Short-term effects of caretaker environments in the first 10 days. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 11, 427–439.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J. (1983). The importance of affective communication in social referencing: A commentary on Feinman. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 29, 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy, J. (1985).The self as related to attachment in the sixth year. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Virginia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clyman, R. B., Emde, R. N., Kempe, J. E., & Harmon, R. J. (1986). Social referencing and social looking among twelve-month-old infants. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 75–94). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickstein, S., Thompson, R. A., Estes, D., Malkin, C., & Lamb, M. E. (1984). Social referencing and the security of attachment. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 507–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easterbrooks, M. A. (1989). Quality of attachment to mother and to father: Effects of perinatal risk status. Child Development, 60, 825–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeland, B., & Farber, E. A. (1984). Infant-mother attachment: Factors related to its development and changes over time. Child Development, 55, 753–771.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983). Social referencing at ten months: A second-order effect on infants’ responses to strangers. Child Development, 54, 878–887.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goossens, F. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1990). Quality of infants’ attachments to professional caregivers: Relation to infant-parent attachment and day-care characteristics. Child Development, 61, 832–837.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, K. E., Grossmann, K., Huber, F., & Wartner, U. (1981). German children’s behavior towards their mothers at 12 months and their fathers at 18 months in Ainsworth’s strange situation. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 4, 157–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, H. F. (1961).The development of affectional patterns in infant monkeys. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behaviour (Vol. 1, pp. 75–88). New York Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A. (1976). On describing relationships. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 1–19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M. D., Campos, J. J., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., & Svejda, M. (1983).Emotions as behavior regulators: Social referencing in infancy. In R. Plutchick & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotions in early development. Vol. 2: The emotions (pp. 57–86). New York Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klinnert, M., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1986). Social referencing: The infant’s use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Developmental Psychology, 22, 427–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, M. E. (1978). Qualitative aspects of mother-and father-infant attachments. Infant Behavior and Development, 1, 265–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985).Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, Serial No. 209, pp. 66-104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Main, M., & Weston, D. R. (1981). The quality of the toddler’s relationship to mother and to father: Related to conflict behavior and the readiness to establish new relationships. Child Development, 52, 932–940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marvin, R. S. (1977).An ethological-cognitive model for the attenuation of mother-child attachment behavior. In T. Alloway, P. Pliner, & L. Krames (Eds.), Advances in the study of communication and affect (Vol. 3, pp. 25–60). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marvin, R. S., & Greenberg, M. T. (1982). Preschoolers’ changing conceptions of their mothers: A social-cognitive study of mother-child attachment. In D. Forbes & M. T. Greenberg (Eds.), New directions in child development. Vol. 14: Development plans for behavior (pp. 47–60). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pederson, D. R., Moran, G., Sitko, C., Campbell, K., Ghesquire, K., & Action, H. (1990). Maternal sensitivity and the security of infant-mother attachment: A Q-Sort study. Child Development, 61, 1974–1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, L. W. (1969). Regulation and organization in the early infant-caretaker system. In R. Robinson (Ed.), Brain and early behavior (pp. 427–439). London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P. B., & Pederson, D. R. (1988). Maternal sensitivity and patterns of infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 59, 1097–1101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Ainsworth, M. D. S., & Main, M. (1973). The development of separation behavior in the first year of life: Protest, following, and greeting. Development Psychology, 9, 213–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered. Child Development, 43, 1057–1069.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbatany, L., & Lamb, M. E. (1985). Social referencing as a function of information source: Mothers versus strangers. Infant behavior and Development, 8, 25–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1992). A Consideration of Social Referencing in the Context of Attachment Theory and Research. In: Feinman, S. (eds) Social Referencing and the Social Construction of Reality in Infancy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2462-9_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2464-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2462-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics