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Gonadal Hormones and Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Behaviors

  • Chapter
Sexual Differentiation

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Behavioral Neurobiology ((HBNE,volume 11))

Abstract

Experimental investigations of the influence of gonadal hormones on sex differences in nonreproductive behaviors have been guided by concepts and methods applied to the study of sexual behavior. In 1959, Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young reported that administration of testosterone propionate to pregnant guinea pigs caused the female offspring to display high levels of male mounting behavior but very low levels of female receptive behavior when tested as adults. This original observation has been confirmed and extended in literally hundreds of published reports. In general the findings indicated that mammals are biased to develop feminine patterns of reproductive function and will only display male-like characteristics if exposed to testicular hormones early in life. The important concept that emerged from this work is that gonadal hormones exert two distinct actions, which are termed organizational and activational effects.

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  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73190, USA

    William W. Beatty

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  1. Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Arnold A. Gerall

  2. The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Howard Moltz

  3. Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA

    Ingeborg L. Ward

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Beatty, W.W. (1992). Gonadal Hormones and Sex Differences in Nonreproductive Behaviors. In: Gerall, A.A., Moltz, H., Ward, I.L. (eds) Sexual Differentiation. Handbooks of Behavioral Neurobiology, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2453-7_3

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