Skip to main content

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

  • Chapter
  • 145 Accesses

Abstract

The last decade has witnessed an increased awareness of the reproductive hazards associated with exposure to chemicals commonly found in the environment. In the past, concern for the harmful reproductive effects of toxic exposure focused mainly on the pregnant woman and her fetus. A number of recent events have drawn attention to the adverse effects of occupational and environmental exposures on the male reproductive system. In 1976 an explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy released a cloud of dioxin, a known reproductive toxin in test animals. This industrial accident aroused concern for the reproductive health of the exposed workers and the general population (14). In 1977 Whorton et al. reported that occupational exposure to dibromochloropropane (DBCP) was linked to profound testicular toxicity without evidence of other adverse effects (147).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Amador A, Bartke A: Teaching of andrology in medical schools of the USA and Canada. J Androl 3: 42, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Amir D, Volcani R: The effects of dietary ethylene dibromide on bull semen. Nature 206: 99, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ash P: The influence of radiation infertility in man. Br J Radiol 53: 271, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Barlow SM, Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, Orlando, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Berlin M, Insu PL, Russell LD: Effects of metals on male reproduction. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 41, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Biava CG, Smuckler EA, Whorton D: The testicular morphology of individuals exposed to dibromo-chloropropane. Exp Mol Pathol 29: 448, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bloom AD (ed.): Guidelines for Studies of Human Populations Exposed to Mutagenic and Reproductive Hazards, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brown NA: Are offspring at risk from their father’s exposure to toxins? Nature 316: 110, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bulger WH, Kupfer D: Estrogenic activity of pesticides and other xenobiotics on the uterus and male reproductive tract. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 1, Thomas JA, Korach KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Burger EJ Jr, Tardiff RG, Scialli AR, et al: Sperm Measures and Reproductive Success, Alan R Liss, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Cohn WJ, Boylan JJ, Blanke RV, et al: Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine: Results of a controlled clinical trial. N Engl J Med 298: 243, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Research Council: Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BIER V, National Academy Press, Washington, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Cook RR, Bodner KM, Kolesar R, et al: A cross-sectional study of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether process employees. Arch Environ Health 37: 346, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Coulston F, Pocchiari F (eds.): Accidental Exposure to Dioxins, Academic Press, Orlando, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Council on Scientific Affairs: The Health Effects of “Agent Orange” and Polychlorinated Dioxin Contaminants. Technical Report, American Medical Association, Chicago, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Council on Scientific Affairs: The Health Effects of “Agent Orange” and Polychlorinated Dioxin Contaminants: An Update, 1984. Technical Report, American Medical Association, Chicago, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Danielsson BRG, Dencker A, Lindgren J, et al: Accumulation of toxic metals in male reproductive organs. Arch Toxicol Suppl 7: 177, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. David G, Jouannet P, Martin-Boyce A, et al: Sperm counts in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 31: 453, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. DeKnudt G, Leonard A, Ivanov B: Chromosome aberrations observed in male workers occupationally exposed to lead. Environ Physiol Biochem 3: 132, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  20. de Rooij DG, Kramer M: The effects of three alkylating agents on the seminiferous epithelium of rodents. 1. Depletory effect. Virchows Arch B 4: 267, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dixon RL: Pharmacological principles of reproductive toxicity. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 287, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dixon RL: Aspects of male reproductive toxicology. In: Occupational Hazards and Reproduction, p 57, Hemminki K, Sorse M, Vainio H (eds.), Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dixon RL: Toxic response of the reproductive system. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed., p 432, Klaassen CE, Amdur MO, Doull J (eds.), Macmillan, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dixon RL, Hall JL: Reproductive toxicology. In: Principles and Methods of Toxicology, p 107, Hayes AW (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dixon RL, Lee IP: Pharmacokinetic and adaptation factors involved in testicular toxicity. Fed Proc 39: 66, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Dixon RL, Lee IP: Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by isolated perfused testis and testicular homogenate. Life Sci 27: 2439, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dixon RL, Sherins, RJ, Lee IP: Assessment of environmental factors affecting male fertility. Environ Health Perspect 30: 53, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Donovan JW: Case-control study of congenital anomalies and Vietnam service, Commonwealth Institute of Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Egnatz DG, Ott MG, Townsend RD, et al: DBCP and testicular function in chemical workers: An epidemiological survey in Midland, Michigan. J Occup Med 22: 727, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Eliasson R: Clinical effects of chemicals on male reproduction. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 161, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council: Urban Pest Management, National Academy Press, Washington, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, et al: Vietnam veteran’s risk for fathering babies with birth defects. JAMA 252: 903, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fabia J, Thuy TD: Occupation of father at time of birth of children dying of malignant diseases. Br J Prev Soc Med 28: 98, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Freund M: Effect of frequency of emission on semen output and an estimate of daily sperm production in man. J Reprod Fertil 6: 269, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Friedman JM: Does Agent Orange cause birth defects? Teratology 29: 193, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gardner MJ, Snee MP, Hall AJ, et al: Results of case-control study of leukaemia and lymphoma among young people near Sella field nuclear plant in West Cumbria. Br Med J 300: 423, 1990.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Giavini R, Prati M, Vismara C: Rabbit teratology with 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Environ Res 27: 74, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Goldsmith JR, Fotashnik G, Israeli R: Reproductive outcomes in families of DBCP-exposed men. Arch Environ Health 39: 85, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Goodman DR, James RC, Harbison RD: Assessment of mutagenicity using germ cells and the application of test results. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 267, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Haas JF, Schottenfeld D: Risks to the offspring from parental occupational exposures. J Occup Med 21: 607, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hakulinen T, Salonen T, Teppo L: Cancer in the offspring of fathers in hydro-carbon-related occupations. Br J Prev Soc Med 30: 138, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Hall RW, Gomes WR: Testosterone levels in the serum and testes of growing rats following prenatal exposure to busulfan. J Reprod Fertil 35: 131, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hanawalt PC, Cooper PK, Ganesan AK, et al: Repair responses to DNA damage: Enzymatic pathways in E. coli and human cells. In: Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis, p. 275, Harris CC, Cerutti PA (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hardin BD: Reproductive toxicity of the glycol ethers. Toxicology 27: 91, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hemminki K, Sorsa M, Vainio H: Genetic risks caused by occupational chemicals. Scand J Work Environ Health 5: 307, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hemminki K, Saloniemi I, Luoma K, et al: Transplacental carcinogens and mutagens: Childhood cancer, malformations and abortions as risk indicators. J Toxicol Environ Health 6: 1115, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Hemminki K, Saloniemi I, Salonen T, et al: Childhood cancer and parental occupation in Finland. J Epidemiol Commun Health 35: 11, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Hemminki K, Kyyronen V, Nieme ML, et al: Spontaneous abortions in an industrialized community in Finland. Am J Public Health 73: 32, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Henderson J, Baker HWG, Hanna PJ: Occupation-related male infertility: A review. Clin Reprod Fertil 4: 87, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Heywood R, James RW: Current laboratory approaches for assessing male reproductive toxicity: Testicular toxicity in laboratory animals. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 147, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hudec T, Thean J, Kuehl G, et al: Tris(dichloropro-pyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: Frequent occurrence in human seminal plasma. Science 211: 951, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Jackson H, Schnieden H: Aspects of male reproductive pharmacology and toxicology. Rev Pure Appl Pharmacol Sci 3: 1, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Johnson SG: Testicular biopsy score count or method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: Normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Hormone 1: 2, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kantor AF, McCrea-Curnen MG, Meigs JW: Occupations of fathers of patients with Wilms’s tumour. J Epidemiol Commun Health 33: 253, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Kharrazi M, Potashnik G, Goldsmith JR: Reproductive effects of dibromochloropropane. Israel J Med Sci 10: 403, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kirk KM, Lyon MF: Induction of congenital malformation in the offspring of male mice treated with X-rays at pre-meiotic and post-meiotic stages. Mutat Res 125: 74, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Krasovskil GN, Varshavskaya SP, Borisov AI: Toxic and gonadotropic effects of cadmium and boron relative to standards for these substances in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 13: 69, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  58. LaDou J (ed.): The microelectronic industry. Occup Med 1: 1, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, Gavanescu O, et al: Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health 30: 396, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lathrop GD, Wolfe WH, Albanese MD, et al: Project Ranch Hand II. An Epidemiologic Investigation of Health Effects in Air Force Personnel Following Exposure to Herbicides: Baseline Morbidity Study Results, US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lee IP: Adaptive biochemical repair response toward germ cell DNA damage. Am J Ind Med 4: 135, 1983.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Lee IP, Dixon RL: Factors influencing reproductive and genetic toxic effects on male gonads. Environ Health Perspect 24: 117, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lee IP, Suzuki K: Differential DNA repair in presper-miogenic cells of various mouse strains. Mutat Res 80: 201, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leonard A, Gerber GB, Jacquet P: Effects of lead on reproductive capacity and development of mammals. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 357, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Levine RJ, Symons MJ, Balogh SA, et al: A method for monitoring the fertility of workers 2. Validation of the method among workers exposed to dibromochloropropane. J Occup Med 23: 183, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Levine RJ, Blunden PB, Calcorso RD, et al: Superiority of reproductive history to sperm counts in detecting infertility in a dibromochloropropane manufacturing plant. J Occup Med 25: 591, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Lipshultz LI, Ross CE, Whorton D, et al: Dibromochloropropane and its effect on testicular function in man. J Urol 124: 464, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Lloyd JA, Steinberger E: Survey and analysis of education efforts in reproductive biology and human sexuality in American medical schools. J Reprod Med 24: 17, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Lushbaugh CC, Casarett GW: The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: A review. Cancer 37: 111, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Macleod J: Effect of chickenpox and pneumonia on semen quality. Fertili Steril 2: 523, 1951.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Macleod J: A testicular response during and following a severe allergic reaction. Fertil Steril 2: 531, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Mann T, Lutwak-Mann C: Passage of chemicals into human and animal semen: Mechanism and significance. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 11: 1, 1982.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Mattson DR: Effects of biologically foreign compounds on reproduction. In: Drugs During Pregnancy, p 101, Abdul-Karim RW (ed.), G. F. Stickley Co., Philadelphia, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Mattson DR (ed.): Reproductive Toxicology, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  75. McConnell EE, Moore JA, Jaseman J, et al: The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 44: 335, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Millar JD: Glycol ethers 2-methoxyethanol and 2-eth-oxyethanol, NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 39, US Dept Health and Human Services, Pub No. 83–112, DHHS, Washington, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Morgan RW, Kheifets MA, Obrinsky DL, et al: Fetal loss and work in a waste water treatment plant. Am J Public Health 74: 499, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Mukhtar H, Lee IP, Foureman GL, et al: Epoxide metabolizing enzyme activities in rat testis: Postnatal development and relative activity in interstitial and spermatogenic cell compartments. Chem Biol Interact 22: 153, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. National Center for Health Statistics: Fertility Tables for Birth Cohorts of Color: United States, 1917–1973, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Nelson WO, Steinberger E, Boccabella A: Effects of nitrofurans on reproduction. In: Proceedings XIX International Physiological Congress, p 105, Acta, Montreal, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Nisbet ICT, Karch NJ: Chemical Hazards to Human Reproduction, Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Nomura T: Paternal exposure to x-rays and chemicals induces heritable tumours and anomalies in mice. Nature 296: 575, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Nordberg GF, Goyer RA, Clarkson TW: Impact of effects of acid precipitation on toxicity of metals. Environ Health Perspect 63: 169, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Nordenson I, Beckman G, Beckman L, et al: Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden II. Chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. Hereditas 88: 47, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Okumura K, Lee IP, Dixon RL: Permeability of selected drugs and chemicals across the blood-testis barrier of the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 89, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Oliver T: Lead poisoning and the race. Br Med J 1: 1096, 1911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Overstreet JW, Blazak WF: The biology of human male reproduction: An overview. Am J Ind Med 4: 5, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Parizek J: Sterilization of the male by cadmium salts. J Reprod Fertil 1: 294, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Parizek J, Zahor Z: Effect of cadmium salts on testicular tissue. Nature 177: 1036, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Peters JM, Preston-Martin S, Yu MC: Brain tumors in children and occupational exposure of parents. Science 213: 235, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Piscator M: Dietary exposure to cadmium and health effects: Impact of environmental changes. Environ Health Perspect 63: 127, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Potashnik G, Yanai-Inbar I, Sacks MI, et al: Effect of dibromochloropropane on human testicular function. Israel J Med Sci 15: 438, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rodriguez-Rigau IJ, Smith KD, Steinberger E: Possible relation between elevated FSH levels and Leydig cell dysfunction in azoospermic and Oligospermic men. J Androl 1: 127, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Rosenberg MJ, Feldblum PJ, Marshall EG: Occupational influences on reproduction: A review of recent literature. J Occup Med 29: 584, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rosenman KD, Anderson HA, Selikoff IJ, et al: Spermatogenesis in men exposed to polybrominated bi-phenyl. Fertil Steril 32: 209, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rowley MJ, Leach DR, Warner GA, et al: Effects of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testes. Radiat Res 59: 665, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Sandifer SH, Wilkins RI, Loadholt CB, et al: Spermatogenesis in agricultural workers exposed to dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23: 703, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Savitz DA, Chen J: Parental occupation and childhood cancer: Review of epidemiological studies. Environ Health Perspect 88: 325, 1990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Occupational exposure associated with male reproductive dysfunction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 25: 567, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Reproductive effects of chemical agents. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 301, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Sega GA: DNA repair in spermatocytes and spermatids of the mouse. In: Indicators of Genotoxic Exposure, Banbury Report 13, p 503, Bridges BA, Butterworth BE, Weinstein IB (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Selby PB, Selby PR: Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. I. Plan, summary of results and discussion. Mutat Res 43(3): 357, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Selby PB, Selby PR: Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. II. Description of proved mutations. Mutat Res 51(2): 199, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Setchell BP, Voglmayr JK, Waites GMH: A blood-testis barrier restricting passage from blood lymph into the rete testis fluid but not into the lymph. J Physiol (Lond) 200: 73, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Sever LE, Hessol NA: Toxic effects of occupational and environmental chemicals on the testes. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 211, Thomas JA, Korach, KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Sherins RJ, Brightwell D, Sternthal P: Longitudinal analysis of semen of fertile and infertile men. In: The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men, p 473, Troen P, Nankin HR (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Short RD, Winston JM, Wong CB, et al: Effects of ethylene dibromide on reproduction in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 49: 97, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Smith JP, Smith JC, McCall AJ: Chronic poisoning from cadmium fumes. J Pathol Bacteriol 80: 287, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: Laboratory evaluation of testicular function. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1539, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al. (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Smith KD, Steinberger E: What is oligospermia? In: The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men, p 489, Troen P, Nankin HR (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Steinberger E: Relation between indices of semen analysis and preg nancy rate in infertile couples. Fertil Steril 28: 1314, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Spitz MR, Johnson CC: Neuroblastoma and paternal occupation: A case-control analysis. Am J Epidemiol 121: 924, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Steinberger E: A quantitative study of the effect of an alkylating agent (triethylenemelamine) on the seminiferous epithelium of rats. J Reprod Fertil 3: 250, 1962.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Steinberger E: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1535, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al. (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Steinberger E: Male Infertility. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1567, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Steinberger E: Management of male reproductive dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 22: 187, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Steinberger E: Current status of studies concerned with evaluation of toxic effects of chemicals on the testes. Environ Health Perspect 38: 29, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Steinberger E, Lloyd JA: Chemicals affecting the development of reproductive capacity. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 1, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Steinberger E, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: The infertile couple. J Androl 4: 111, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Steinberger E, Tjioe DY: A method for quantitative analysis of human seminiferous epithelium. Fertil Steril 19: 960, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Steinberger E, Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: Suppression and recovery of sperm production in men treated with testosterone enanthate for one year. A study of a possible reversible male contraceptive. Int J Androl 2 (Suppl): 748, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Steinberger E, Steinberger A, Sanborn BM: Molecular mechanisms concerned with hormonal control of the seminiferous epithelium. In: Recent Progress in Andrology, p 143, Fabrini A, Steinberger E (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Steinberger E, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD: The infertile couple: A quantitative approach to the evaluation of each partner. In: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, p 179, Insler V, Bettendorf C (eds.), Elsevier-North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Strobino BR, Kline J, Stein Z: Chemical and physical exposures of parents: Effects on human reproduction and offspring. Early Hum Dev 1: 371, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurodevelop-mental Toxicology, National Research Council: Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology, National Academy Press, Washington, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Suskind RR, Hertzberg VS: Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants. JAMA 251: 2372, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tarasenko NY, Kasparov AA, Strongina OM: The effect of boric acid on the generative function in males. Gig Tr Prof Sabol 16: 13, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Tcholakian RK, Chowdhury M, Steinberger E: Time of action of oestradiol-17 on luteinizing hormone and testosterone. J Endocrinol 63: 122, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Thomas JA, Brogan WC III: Some actions of lead on the sperm and on the male reproductive system. Am J Ind Med 4: 127, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Thomas JA, Northus SJ: Toxicity and metabolism of monoethylhexyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phtha-late: A survey of the recent literature. J Toxicol Environ Health 9: 141, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. lice RR: An overview of occupational studies directed at assessing genetic damage. In: Reproduction: The New Frontier in Occupational and Environmental Health Research, p 429, Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Keye WR (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Tjoa WS, Smolensky MH, Hsi BP, et al: Circannual rhythm in human sperm count revealed by serially independent sampling. Fertil Steril 38: 454, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Torkelson TR, Sadek SE, Rowe VK, et al: Toxicologic investigations of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 3: 545, 1961.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Townsend JC, Bodner KM, Van Peene PFD, et al: Survey of reproductive events in wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins. Am J Epidemiol 115: 695, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Trasler JM, Hales BF, Robaire B: Paternal cyclophosphamide treatment of rats causes fetal loss and malformation without affecting male fertility. Nature 316: 144, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace, OTA-BA-266, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  137. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Technologies for Detecting Heritable Mutations in Human Beings, NTIS #Pb 87–140158/AS, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  138. US Environmental Protection Agency: Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides, 3rd ed., USEPA, Washington, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  139. US Government Printing Office: Review of Literature on Herbicides Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins, Vols 4 and 6 (stock nos. 051–000-00165–6, 051–000-00174–5), USGPO, Washington, 1984 and 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Uzych L: Teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with exposure of human males to lead: A review. Yale J Biol Med 58: 9, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Verjans HJ, Eik-Nes KB, Aafjes JH, et al: Effect of oestradiol benzoate on pituitary and testis function in the normal adult male rat. Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 77: 636, 1974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Waller DP, Killinger JM, Zaneveld LJD: Physiology and toxicology of the male reproductive tract. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 269, Thomas JA, Korach KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Wassom JS, Huff JE, Loprieno N: A review of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Mutat Res 47: 141, 1977/78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Weir RJ, Fisher RS: Toxicologic studies on borax and boric acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 23: 351, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Weiler CV: The blastophthoric effect of chronic lead poisoning. J Med Res 33: 271, 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Whorton MD, Foliart DE: Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive effects of dibromochloropro-pane (DBCP). Mutat Res 123: 13, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Whorton MD, Krauss RM, Marshall R, et al: Infertility in male pesticide workers. Lancet 2: 1259, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Whorton MD, Milby TH, Krauss RM, et al: Testicular function in DBCP-exposed pesticide workers. J Oc-cup Med 21: 161, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Wildt K, Eliasson R, Berlin M: Effects of occupational exposure to lead on sperm and semen. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 279, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Wilkins JR III, Koutras RA: Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: A mortality-based case control study. Am J Ind Med 14: 299, 1988.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Wong O, Utidjian HMD, Karten VS: Retrospective evaluation of reproductive performance of workers exposed to ethylene dibromide (EDB). J Occup Med 21: 98, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Wong O, Morgan RW, Whorton MD: An epidemiologic surveillance program for evaluating occupational reproductive hazards. Am J Ind Med 7: 295, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Working PK, Butterworth BE: An assay to detect chemically induced DNA repair in rat spermatocytes. Environ Mutagen 6: 273, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Wyrobek AJ, Gordon LA, Burkhart JG, et al: An evaluation of the mouse sperm morphology and other sperm tests in nonhuman mammals. A report of the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res 115: 1, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Wyrobek AJ, Watchmaker G, Gordon L: Evaluation of sperm tests as indicators of germ-cell damage in men exposed to chemical or physical agents. In: Reproduction: The New Frontier in Occupational and Environmental Health Research, p 385, Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Keye WR (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Wyrobek AJ, Currie M, Stilwell JL, et al: Detecting specific locus mutations in human sperm. In: Biology of Mammalian Germ Cell Mutagenesis, Banbury Report 34, p 93, Allen JW, Bridges BA, Lyon MF, et al (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Young AI, Calcagani JA, Thalken CE, et al: The Toxicology, Environmental Fate and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin. US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory (OEHL) Technical Report TR-78–92, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks, TX, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Zack M, Cannon S, Lloyd D, et al: Cancer in children of parents exposed to hydrocarbons-related industries and occupations. Am J Epidemiol 111: 329, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Zenick H, Cleeg ED: Assessment of male reproductive toxicity: A risk assessment approach. In: Principles and Methods in Toxicology, 2nd ed., p 275, Hayes AW (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Zuckerman Z, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Weiss DB, et al: Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium in human testicular biopsies and the relation of spermatogenesis to sperm density. Fertil Steril 30: 448, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

Recommended Readings

  • Barlow SM, Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, Orlando, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb JC IV, Foster PMD (eds.): Physiology and Toxicology of Male Reproduction, Academic Press, Orlando, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbet ICT, Karch NJ: Chemical hazards to human reproduction, Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Occupational exposure associated with male reproductive dysfunction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 25: 567, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Toxicology, National Research Council: Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology, National Academy Press, Washington, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Steinberger, E. (1992). Disorders of the Male Reproductive System. In: Tarcher, A.B. (eds) Principles and Practice of Environmental Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2449-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2447-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics