Abstract
The last decade has witnessed an increased awareness of the reproductive hazards associated with exposure to chemicals commonly found in the environment. In the past, concern for the harmful reproductive effects of toxic exposure focused mainly on the pregnant woman and her fetus. A number of recent events have drawn attention to the adverse effects of occupational and environmental exposures on the male reproductive system. In 1976 an explosion at a chemical plant in Seveso, Italy released a cloud of dioxin, a known reproductive toxin in test animals. This industrial accident aroused concern for the reproductive health of the exposed workers and the general population (14). In 1977 Whorton et al. reported that occupational exposure to dibromochloropropane (DBCP) was linked to profound testicular toxicity without evidence of other adverse effects (147).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Amador A, Bartke A: Teaching of andrology in medical schools of the USA and Canada. J Androl 3: 42, 1982.
Amir D, Volcani R: The effects of dietary ethylene dibromide on bull semen. Nature 206: 99, 1965.
Ash P: The influence of radiation infertility in man. Br J Radiol 53: 271, 1980.
Barlow SM, Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, Orlando, 1982.
Berlin M, Insu PL, Russell LD: Effects of metals on male reproduction. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 41, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
Biava CG, Smuckler EA, Whorton D: The testicular morphology of individuals exposed to dibromo-chloropropane. Exp Mol Pathol 29: 448, 1978.
Bloom AD (ed.): Guidelines for Studies of Human Populations Exposed to Mutagenic and Reproductive Hazards, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, New York, 1981.
Brown NA: Are offspring at risk from their father’s exposure to toxins? Nature 316: 110, 1985.
Bulger WH, Kupfer D: Estrogenic activity of pesticides and other xenobiotics on the uterus and male reproductive tract. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 1, Thomas JA, Korach KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Burger EJ Jr, Tardiff RG, Scialli AR, et al: Sperm Measures and Reproductive Success, Alan R Liss, New York, 1989.
Cohn WJ, Boylan JJ, Blanke RV, et al: Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine: Results of a controlled clinical trial. N Engl J Med 298: 243, 1978.
Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, National Research Council: Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, BIER V, National Academy Press, Washington, 1990.
Cook RR, Bodner KM, Kolesar R, et al: A cross-sectional study of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether process employees. Arch Environ Health 37: 346, 1982.
Coulston F, Pocchiari F (eds.): Accidental Exposure to Dioxins, Academic Press, Orlando, 1983.
Council on Scientific Affairs: The Health Effects of “Agent Orange” and Polychlorinated Dioxin Contaminants. Technical Report, American Medical Association, Chicago, 1981.
Council on Scientific Affairs: The Health Effects of “Agent Orange” and Polychlorinated Dioxin Contaminants: An Update, 1984. Technical Report, American Medical Association, Chicago, 1984.
Danielsson BRG, Dencker A, Lindgren J, et al: Accumulation of toxic metals in male reproductive organs. Arch Toxicol Suppl 7: 177, 1984.
David G, Jouannet P, Martin-Boyce A, et al: Sperm counts in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril 31: 453, 1979.
DeKnudt G, Leonard A, Ivanov B: Chromosome aberrations observed in male workers occupationally exposed to lead. Environ Physiol Biochem 3: 132, 1973.
de Rooij DG, Kramer M: The effects of three alkylating agents on the seminiferous epithelium of rodents. 1. Depletory effect. Virchows Arch B 4: 267, 1970.
Dixon RL: Pharmacological principles of reproductive toxicity. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 287, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Dixon RL: Aspects of male reproductive toxicology. In: Occupational Hazards and Reproduction, p 57, Hemminki K, Sorse M, Vainio H (eds.), Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, 1985.
Dixon RL: Toxic response of the reproductive system. In: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed., p 432, Klaassen CE, Amdur MO, Doull J (eds.), Macmillan, New York, 1986.
Dixon RL, Hall JL: Reproductive toxicology. In: Principles and Methods of Toxicology, p 107, Hayes AW (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1982.
Dixon RL, Lee IP: Pharmacokinetic and adaptation factors involved in testicular toxicity. Fed Proc 39: 66, 1980.
Dixon RL, Lee IP: Metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by isolated perfused testis and testicular homogenate. Life Sci 27: 2439, 1980.
Dixon RL, Sherins, RJ, Lee IP: Assessment of environmental factors affecting male fertility. Environ Health Perspect 30: 53, 1979.
Donovan JW: Case-control study of congenital anomalies and Vietnam service, Commonwealth Institute of Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1983.
Egnatz DG, Ott MG, Townsend RD, et al: DBCP and testicular function in chemical workers: An epidemiological survey in Midland, Michigan. J Occup Med 22: 727, 1980.
Eliasson R: Clinical effects of chemicals on male reproduction. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 161, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council: Urban Pest Management, National Academy Press, Washington, 1980.
Erickson JD, Mulinare J, McClain PW, et al: Vietnam veteran’s risk for fathering babies with birth defects. JAMA 252: 903, 1984.
Fabia J, Thuy TD: Occupation of father at time of birth of children dying of malignant diseases. Br J Prev Soc Med 28: 98, 1974.
Freund M: Effect of frequency of emission on semen output and an estimate of daily sperm production in man. J Reprod Fertil 6: 269, 1963.
Friedman JM: Does Agent Orange cause birth defects? Teratology 29: 193, 1984.
Gardner MJ, Snee MP, Hall AJ, et al: Results of case-control study of leukaemia and lymphoma among young people near Sella field nuclear plant in West Cumbria. Br Med J 300: 423, 1990.
Giavini R, Prati M, Vismara C: Rabbit teratology with 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Environ Res 27: 74, 1982.
Goldsmith JR, Fotashnik G, Israeli R: Reproductive outcomes in families of DBCP-exposed men. Arch Environ Health 39: 85, 1984.
Goodman DR, James RC, Harbison RD: Assessment of mutagenicity using germ cells and the application of test results. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 267, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Haas JF, Schottenfeld D: Risks to the offspring from parental occupational exposures. J Occup Med 21: 607, 1979.
Hakulinen T, Salonen T, Teppo L: Cancer in the offspring of fathers in hydro-carbon-related occupations. Br J Prev Soc Med 30: 138, 1976.
Hall RW, Gomes WR: Testosterone levels in the serum and testes of growing rats following prenatal exposure to busulfan. J Reprod Fertil 35: 131, 1973.
Hanawalt PC, Cooper PK, Ganesan AK, et al: Repair responses to DNA damage: Enzymatic pathways in E. coli and human cells. In: Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis, p. 275, Harris CC, Cerutti PA (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1982.
Hardin BD: Reproductive toxicity of the glycol ethers. Toxicology 27: 91, 1983.
Hemminki K, Sorsa M, Vainio H: Genetic risks caused by occupational chemicals. Scand J Work Environ Health 5: 307, 1979.
Hemminki K, Saloniemi I, Luoma K, et al: Transplacental carcinogens and mutagens: Childhood cancer, malformations and abortions as risk indicators. J Toxicol Environ Health 6: 1115, 1980.
Hemminki K, Saloniemi I, Salonen T, et al: Childhood cancer and parental occupation in Finland. J Epidemiol Commun Health 35: 11, 1981.
Hemminki K, Kyyronen V, Nieme ML, et al: Spontaneous abortions in an industrialized community in Finland. Am J Public Health 73: 32, 1983.
Henderson J, Baker HWG, Hanna PJ: Occupation-related male infertility: A review. Clin Reprod Fertil 4: 87, 1986.
Heywood R, James RW: Current laboratory approaches for assessing male reproductive toxicity: Testicular toxicity in laboratory animals. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 147, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Hudec T, Thean J, Kuehl G, et al: Tris(dichloropro-pyl)phosphate, a mutagenic flame retardant: Frequent occurrence in human seminal plasma. Science 211: 951, 1981.
Jackson H, Schnieden H: Aspects of male reproductive pharmacology and toxicology. Rev Pure Appl Pharmacol Sci 3: 1, 1982.
Johnson SG: Testicular biopsy score count or method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: Normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Hormone 1: 2, 1970.
Kantor AF, McCrea-Curnen MG, Meigs JW: Occupations of fathers of patients with Wilms’s tumour. J Epidemiol Commun Health 33: 253, 1979.
Kharrazi M, Potashnik G, Goldsmith JR: Reproductive effects of dibromochloropropane. Israel J Med Sci 10: 403, 1980.
Kirk KM, Lyon MF: Induction of congenital malformation in the offspring of male mice treated with X-rays at pre-meiotic and post-meiotic stages. Mutat Res 125: 74, 1984.
Krasovskil GN, Varshavskaya SP, Borisov AI: Toxic and gonadotropic effects of cadmium and boron relative to standards for these substances in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 13: 69, 1976.
LaDou J (ed.): The microelectronic industry. Occup Med 1: 1, 1986.
Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, Gavanescu O, et al: Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health 30: 396, 1975.
Lathrop GD, Wolfe WH, Albanese MD, et al: Project Ranch Hand II. An Epidemiologic Investigation of Health Effects in Air Force Personnel Following Exposure to Herbicides: Baseline Morbidity Study Results, US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 1984.
Lee IP: Adaptive biochemical repair response toward germ cell DNA damage. Am J Ind Med 4: 135, 1983.
Lee IP, Dixon RL: Factors influencing reproductive and genetic toxic effects on male gonads. Environ Health Perspect 24: 117, 1978.
Lee IP, Suzuki K: Differential DNA repair in presper-miogenic cells of various mouse strains. Mutat Res 80: 201, 1981.
Leonard A, Gerber GB, Jacquet P: Effects of lead on reproductive capacity and development of mammals. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 357, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
Levine RJ, Symons MJ, Balogh SA, et al: A method for monitoring the fertility of workers 2. Validation of the method among workers exposed to dibromochloropropane. J Occup Med 23: 183, 1981.
Levine RJ, Blunden PB, Calcorso RD, et al: Superiority of reproductive history to sperm counts in detecting infertility in a dibromochloropropane manufacturing plant. J Occup Med 25: 591, 1983.
Lipshultz LI, Ross CE, Whorton D, et al: Dibromochloropropane and its effect on testicular function in man. J Urol 124: 464, 1980.
Lloyd JA, Steinberger E: Survey and analysis of education efforts in reproductive biology and human sexuality in American medical schools. J Reprod Med 24: 17, 1980.
Lushbaugh CC, Casarett GW: The effects of gonadal irradiation in clinical radiation therapy: A review. Cancer 37: 111, 1976.
Macleod J: Effect of chickenpox and pneumonia on semen quality. Fertili Steril 2: 523, 1951.
Macleod J: A testicular response during and following a severe allergic reaction. Fertil Steril 2: 531, 1962.
Mann T, Lutwak-Mann C: Passage of chemicals into human and animal semen: Mechanism and significance. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 11: 1, 1982.
Mattson DR: Effects of biologically foreign compounds on reproduction. In: Drugs During Pregnancy, p 101, Abdul-Karim RW (ed.), G. F. Stickley Co., Philadelphia, 1981.
Mattson DR (ed.): Reproductive Toxicology, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1983.
McConnell EE, Moore JA, Jaseman J, et al: The comparative toxicity of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in mice and guinea pigs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 44: 335, 1978.
Millar JD: Glycol ethers 2-methoxyethanol and 2-eth-oxyethanol, NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletin 39, US Dept Health and Human Services, Pub No. 83–112, DHHS, Washington, 1983.
Morgan RW, Kheifets MA, Obrinsky DL, et al: Fetal loss and work in a waste water treatment plant. Am J Public Health 74: 499, 1984.
Mukhtar H, Lee IP, Foureman GL, et al: Epoxide metabolizing enzyme activities in rat testis: Postnatal development and relative activity in interstitial and spermatogenic cell compartments. Chem Biol Interact 22: 153, 1978.
National Center for Health Statistics: Fertility Tables for Birth Cohorts of Color: United States, 1917–1973, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1976.
Nelson WO, Steinberger E, Boccabella A: Effects of nitrofurans on reproduction. In: Proceedings XIX International Physiological Congress, p 105, Acta, Montreal, 1953.
Nisbet ICT, Karch NJ: Chemical Hazards to Human Reproduction, Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1983.
Nomura T: Paternal exposure to x-rays and chemicals induces heritable tumours and anomalies in mice. Nature 296: 575, 1982.
Nordberg GF, Goyer RA, Clarkson TW: Impact of effects of acid precipitation on toxicity of metals. Environ Health Perspect 63: 169, 1985.
Nordenson I, Beckman G, Beckman L, et al: Occupational and environmental risks in and around a smelter in northern Sweden II. Chromosomal aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. Hereditas 88: 47, 1978.
Okumura K, Lee IP, Dixon RL: Permeability of selected drugs and chemicals across the blood-testis barrier of the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 194: 89, 1975.
Oliver T: Lead poisoning and the race. Br Med J 1: 1096, 1911.
Overstreet JW, Blazak WF: The biology of human male reproduction: An overview. Am J Ind Med 4: 5, 1983.
Parizek J: Sterilization of the male by cadmium salts. J Reprod Fertil 1: 294, 1960.
Parizek J, Zahor Z: Effect of cadmium salts on testicular tissue. Nature 177: 1036, 1956.
Peters JM, Preston-Martin S, Yu MC: Brain tumors in children and occupational exposure of parents. Science 213: 235, 1981.
Piscator M: Dietary exposure to cadmium and health effects: Impact of environmental changes. Environ Health Perspect 63: 127, 1985.
Potashnik G, Yanai-Inbar I, Sacks MI, et al: Effect of dibromochloropropane on human testicular function. Israel J Med Sci 15: 438, 1979.
Rodriguez-Rigau IJ, Smith KD, Steinberger E: Possible relation between elevated FSH levels and Leydig cell dysfunction in azoospermic and Oligospermic men. J Androl 1: 127, 1980.
Rosenberg MJ, Feldblum PJ, Marshall EG: Occupational influences on reproduction: A review of recent literature. J Occup Med 29: 584, 1987.
Rosenman KD, Anderson HA, Selikoff IJ, et al: Spermatogenesis in men exposed to polybrominated bi-phenyl. Fertil Steril 32: 209, 1979.
Rowley MJ, Leach DR, Warner GA, et al: Effects of graded doses of ionizing radiation on the human testes. Radiat Res 59: 665, 1974.
Sandifer SH, Wilkins RI, Loadholt CB, et al: Spermatogenesis in agricultural workers exposed to dibromochloropropane (DBCP). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 23: 703, 1979.
Savitz DA, Chen J: Parental occupation and childhood cancer: Review of epidemiological studies. Environ Health Perspect 88: 325, 1990.
Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Occupational exposure associated with male reproductive dysfunction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 25: 567, 1985.
Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Reproductive effects of chemical agents. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 301, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Sega GA: DNA repair in spermatocytes and spermatids of the mouse. In: Indicators of Genotoxic Exposure, Banbury Report 13, p 503, Bridges BA, Butterworth BE, Weinstein IB (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982.
Selby PB, Selby PR: Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. I. Plan, summary of results and discussion. Mutat Res 43(3): 357, 1977.
Selby PB, Selby PR: Gamma-ray-induced dominant mutations that cause skeletal abnormalities in mice. II. Description of proved mutations. Mutat Res 51(2): 199, 1978.
Setchell BP, Voglmayr JK, Waites GMH: A blood-testis barrier restricting passage from blood lymph into the rete testis fluid but not into the lymph. J Physiol (Lond) 200: 73, 1969.
Sever LE, Hessol NA: Toxic effects of occupational and environmental chemicals on the testes. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 211, Thomas JA, Korach, KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Sherins RJ, Brightwell D, Sternthal P: Longitudinal analysis of semen of fertile and infertile men. In: The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men, p 473, Troen P, Nankin HR (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1977.
Short RD, Winston JM, Wong CB, et al: Effects of ethylene dibromide on reproduction in male and female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 49: 97, 1979.
Smith JP, Smith JC, McCall AJ: Chronic poisoning from cadmium fumes. J Pathol Bacteriol 80: 287, 1960.
Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: Laboratory evaluation of testicular function. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1539, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al. (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.
Smith KD, Steinberger E: What is oligospermia? In: The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men, p 489, Troen P, Nankin HR (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1977.
Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Steinberger E: Relation between indices of semen analysis and preg nancy rate in infertile couples. Fertil Steril 28: 1314, 1977.
Spitz MR, Johnson CC: Neuroblastoma and paternal occupation: A case-control analysis. Am J Epidemiol 121: 924, 1985.
Steinberger E: A quantitative study of the effect of an alkylating agent (triethylenemelamine) on the seminiferous epithelium of rats. J Reprod Fertil 3: 250, 1962.
Steinberger E: Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1535, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al. (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.
Steinberger E: Male Infertility. In: Endocrinology, Vol 3, p 1567, DeGroot LJ, Cahill GF Jr, Martini L, et al (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1979.
Steinberger E: Management of male reproductive dysfunction. Clin Obstet Gynecol 22: 187, 1979.
Steinberger E: Current status of studies concerned with evaluation of toxic effects of chemicals on the testes. Environ Health Perspect 38: 29, 1981.
Steinberger E, Lloyd JA: Chemicals affecting the development of reproductive capacity. In: Reproductive Toxicology, p 1, Dixon RL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Steinberger E, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: The infertile couple. J Androl 4: 111, 1983.
Steinberger E, Tjioe DY: A method for quantitative analysis of human seminiferous epithelium. Fertil Steril 19: 960, 1968.
Steinberger E, Smith KD, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ: Suppression and recovery of sperm production in men treated with testosterone enanthate for one year. A study of a possible reversible male contraceptive. Int J Androl 2 (Suppl): 748, 1978.
Steinberger E, Steinberger A, Sanborn BM: Molecular mechanisms concerned with hormonal control of the seminiferous epithelium. In: Recent Progress in Andrology, p 143, Fabrini A, Steinberger E (eds.), Academic Press, New York, 1978.
Steinberger E, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD: The infertile couple: A quantitative approach to the evaluation of each partner. In: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, p 179, Insler V, Bettendorf C (eds.), Elsevier-North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1981.
Strobino BR, Kline J, Stein Z: Chemical and physical exposures of parents: Effects on human reproduction and offspring. Early Hum Dev 1: 371, 1978.
Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurodevelop-mental Toxicology, National Research Council: Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology, National Academy Press, Washington, 1989.
Suskind RR, Hertzberg VS: Human health effects of 2,4,5-T and its toxic contaminants. JAMA 251: 2372, 1984.
Tarasenko NY, Kasparov AA, Strongina OM: The effect of boric acid on the generative function in males. Gig Tr Prof Sabol 16: 13, 1972.
Tcholakian RK, Chowdhury M, Steinberger E: Time of action of oestradiol-17 on luteinizing hormone and testosterone. J Endocrinol 63: 122, 1974.
Thomas JA, Brogan WC III: Some actions of lead on the sperm and on the male reproductive system. Am J Ind Med 4: 127, 1983.
Thomas JA, Northus SJ: Toxicity and metabolism of monoethylhexyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phtha-late: A survey of the recent literature. J Toxicol Environ Health 9: 141, 1982.
lice RR: An overview of occupational studies directed at assessing genetic damage. In: Reproduction: The New Frontier in Occupational and Environmental Health Research, p 429, Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Keye WR (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1984.
Tjoa WS, Smolensky MH, Hsi BP, et al: Circannual rhythm in human sperm count revealed by serially independent sampling. Fertil Steril 38: 454, 1982.
Torkelson TR, Sadek SE, Rowe VK, et al: Toxicologic investigations of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 3: 545, 1961.
Townsend JC, Bodner KM, Van Peene PFD, et al: Survey of reproductive events in wives of employees exposed to chlorinated dioxins. Am J Epidemiol 115: 695, 1982.
Trasler JM, Hales BF, Robaire B: Paternal cyclophosphamide treatment of rats causes fetal loss and malformation without affecting male fertility. Nature 316: 144, 1985.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Reproductive Health Hazards in the Workplace, OTA-BA-266, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1985.
US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment: Technologies for Detecting Heritable Mutations in Human Beings, NTIS #Pb 87–140158/AS, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1986.
US Environmental Protection Agency: Suspended, Cancelled and Restricted Pesticides, 3rd ed., USEPA, Washington, 1985.
US Government Printing Office: Review of Literature on Herbicides Including Phenoxy Herbicides and Associated Dioxins, Vols 4 and 6 (stock nos. 051–000-00165–6, 051–000-00174–5), USGPO, Washington, 1984 and 1985.
Uzych L: Teratogenesis and mutagenesis associated with exposure of human males to lead: A review. Yale J Biol Med 58: 9, 1985.
Verjans HJ, Eik-Nes KB, Aafjes JH, et al: Effect of oestradiol benzoate on pituitary and testis function in the normal adult male rat. Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 77: 636, 1974.
Waller DP, Killinger JM, Zaneveld LJD: Physiology and toxicology of the male reproductive tract. In: Endocrine Toxicology, p 269, Thomas JA, Korach KS, McLachlan JA (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.
Wassom JS, Huff JE, Loprieno N: A review of the genetic toxicology of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins. Mutat Res 47: 141, 1977/78.
Weir RJ, Fisher RS: Toxicologic studies on borax and boric acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 23: 351, 1972.
Weiler CV: The blastophthoric effect of chronic lead poisoning. J Med Res 33: 271, 1915.
Whorton MD, Foliart DE: Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive effects of dibromochloropro-pane (DBCP). Mutat Res 123: 13, 1983.
Whorton MD, Krauss RM, Marshall R, et al: Infertility in male pesticide workers. Lancet 2: 1259, 1977.
Whorton MD, Milby TH, Krauss RM, et al: Testicular function in DBCP-exposed pesticide workers. J Oc-cup Med 21: 161, 1979.
Wildt K, Eliasson R, Berlin M: Effects of occupational exposure to lead on sperm and semen. In: Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, p 279, Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF, Sager PR (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.
Wilkins JR III, Koutras RA: Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: A mortality-based case control study. Am J Ind Med 14: 299, 1988.
Wong O, Utidjian HMD, Karten VS: Retrospective evaluation of reproductive performance of workers exposed to ethylene dibromide (EDB). J Occup Med 21: 98, 1979.
Wong O, Morgan RW, Whorton MD: An epidemiologic surveillance program for evaluating occupational reproductive hazards. Am J Ind Med 7: 295, 1985.
Working PK, Butterworth BE: An assay to detect chemically induced DNA repair in rat spermatocytes. Environ Mutagen 6: 273, 1984.
Wyrobek AJ, Gordon LA, Burkhart JG, et al: An evaluation of the mouse sperm morphology and other sperm tests in nonhuman mammals. A report of the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res 115: 1, 1983.
Wyrobek AJ, Watchmaker G, Gordon L: Evaluation of sperm tests as indicators of germ-cell damage in men exposed to chemical or physical agents. In: Reproduction: The New Frontier in Occupational and Environmental Health Research, p 385, Lockey JE, Lemasters GK, Keye WR (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1984.
Wyrobek AJ, Currie M, Stilwell JL, et al: Detecting specific locus mutations in human sperm. In: Biology of Mammalian Germ Cell Mutagenesis, Banbury Report 34, p 93, Allen JW, Bridges BA, Lyon MF, et al (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1990.
Young AI, Calcagani JA, Thalken CE, et al: The Toxicology, Environmental Fate and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin. US Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory (OEHL) Technical Report TR-78–92, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks, TX, 1978.
Zack M, Cannon S, Lloyd D, et al: Cancer in children of parents exposed to hydrocarbons-related industries and occupations. Am J Epidemiol 111: 329, 1980.
Zenick H, Cleeg ED: Assessment of male reproductive toxicity: A risk assessment approach. In: Principles and Methods in Toxicology, 2nd ed., p 275, Hayes AW (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1989.
Zuckerman Z, Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Weiss DB, et al: Quantitative analysis of the seminiferous epithelium in human testicular biopsies and the relation of spermatogenesis to sperm density. Fertil Steril 30: 448, 1978.
Recommended Readings
Barlow SM, Sullivan FM: Reproductive Hazards of Industrial Chemicals, Academic Press, Orlando, 1982.
Lamb JC IV, Foster PMD (eds.): Physiology and Toxicology of Male Reproduction, Academic Press, Orlando, 1988.
Nisbet ICT, Karch NJ: Chemical hazards to human reproduction, Noyes Data Corp, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1983.
Schrag SD, Dixon RL: Occupational exposure associated with male reproductive dysfunction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 25: 567, 1985.
Subcommittee on Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Toxicology, National Research Council: Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology, National Academy Press, Washington, 1989.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Steinberger, E. (1992). Disorders of the Male Reproductive System. In: Tarcher, A.B. (eds) Principles and Practice of Environmental Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2449-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2447-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive