Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Enhanced Susceptibility to Environmental Chemicals

  • Chapter
Principles and Practice of Environmental Medicine

  • 141 Accesses

Abstract

Individuals differ widely in their susceptibility to the adverse effects of occupational and environmental chemicals (28, 183, 185, 186). During the past several decades considerable effort has been directed to studying the occurrence and biochemical bases of individual differences in susceptibility to toxic substances (28, 32, 36, 37, 50, 61, 94, 110, 169, 170, 176, 184–187, 227, 230, 248, 251). Efforts have also been made to develop simple, accurate, and cost-effective methods of identifying individuals with enhanced risks to toxic exposure (28, 32, 54, 171, 180, 231).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adler WH, Nagel JE: Clinical immunology. In: Principles of Geriatric Medicine, p 413, Andres R, Bierman EL, Hazzard WR (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Afzelius BA, Mossberg B: The immotile-cilia syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia), including Kartageners syndrome. In: Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 6th ed. p 2739, Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al. (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alexander FW, Delves HT, Clayton BE: The uptake and excretion by children of lead and other contaminants. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium. Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Amsterdam, 2–6 October, p 319, Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alexander FW, Clayton BE, Delves HT: Mineral and trace-metal balances in children receiving normal and synthetic diets. Q J Med 43:89, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Alvares AP, Anderson KE, Conney AH, et al: Interactions between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2501, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. American College of Physicians: Position paper: Clinical ecology. Ann Intern Med 111:168, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Anderson KE, Conney AH, Kappas A: Nutritional influences on chemical biotransformations in humans. Nutr Rev 40:161, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson KE, Conney AH, Kappas A: Nutrition as an environmental influence on chemical metabolism in man. In: Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, p. 439, Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Aranda JV, Stern L: Clinical aspects of developmental pharmacology and toxicology. Pharmacol Ther 20:1, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Atlas SA, Vesell ES, Nebert DW: Genetic control of interindividual variations in the inducibility of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in cultured human lymphocytes. Cancer Res 36:4619, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Autrup H: Host factors in carcinogenesis: Carcinogen metabolism and DNA damage. In: Biochemical and Molecular Epidemiology of Cancer, p 359, Harris CC (ed.), Alan R. Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Baker SR, Rogul M (eds.): Environmental Toxicity and the Aging Processes, Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol. 228, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bartsch H, Armstrong B (eds.): Host Factors in Human Carcinogenesis, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Beck BD, Weinstock S: Gender. In: Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, p 127, Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Beckman G, Beckman L, Mikaelsson B, et al: Alpha types and chronic obstructive lung disease in an industrial community in northern Sweden. Hum Hered 30: 299, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bell IR: Clinical Ecology, Common Knowledge Press, Bolinas, California, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bellanti JA (ed.): Immunology III, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bellanti JA, Boner AL, Valletta E: Immunology of the fetus and newborn. In: Neonatology, 3rd ed. p 850, Avery GB (ed.), JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, et al: Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. N Engl J Med 316:1037, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Berciano FA, Crespo M, Bao CG, et al: Serum levels of total IgE in nonallergic children. Allergy 24:276, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bernstein IL: Occupational asthma. Clin Chest Med 2:255, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Beutler E: Hemolytic Anemia in Disorders of Red Cell Metabolism, Plenum Press, New York, 1978.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Bieri JG, Corash L, Hubbard VS: Medical uses of vitamin E. N Engl J Med 308:1063, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bigazzi PE: Autoimmunity induced by chemicals. Clin Toxicol 26:125, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Birnbaum LS: Age-related changes in carcinogen metabolism. J Am Geriatr Soc 35:51, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Borresen AI, Berg K, Magus P: A twin study of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) inducibility in cultured lymphocytes. Clin Genet 19:281, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bowditch M, Elkins HB: Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol) 1. The industrial aspects. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21:321, 1939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.): Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Brewer GJ: Annotation: Human ecology, an expanding role for the human geneticist. Am J Hum Genet 23:92, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Brodsky CM: “Allergic to everything”: A medical subculture. Psychosomatics 24:731, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brodsky CM: Multiple chemical sensitivities and other “environmental illness”: A psychiatrist’s view. Occup Med 2:695, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Calabrese EJ: Pollutants and High Risk Groups, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Calabrese EJ: Nutrition and Environmental Health. The Influence of Nutritional Status on Pollutant Toxicity and Carcinogenicity, Vol 1: The Vitamins, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Calabrese EJ: Nutrition and Environmental Health. The Influence of Nutritional Status on Pollutant Toxicity and Carcinogenicity, Vol II: Minerals and Macro-nutrients, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Calabrese EJ: Ecogenetics: Genetic Variation in Susceptibility to Environmental Agents, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Calabrese EJ: Toxic Susceptibility: Male/Female Differences, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Calabrese EJ: Age and Susceptibility to Toxic Substances. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Calabrese EJ: Ecogenetics: Historical foundation and current status. J Occup Med 28:1096, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. California Medical Association Scientific Board Task Force on Clinical Ecology: A critical appraisal. West J Med 144:239, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Calne DB, Eisen A, McGeer E, et al: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and motoneurone disease: Abiotrophic interaction between ageing and environment? Lancet 2:1067, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Campbell TC, Hayes JR: The effect of quantity and quality of dietary protein on drug metabolism. Fed Proc 35:2470, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Carroll KK, Khor HT: Dietary fat in relation to tumor-igenesis. Prog Biochem Pharmacol 10:308, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cartwright RA, Glashan RW, Rogers JH, et al: Role of N-acetyltransferase phenotypes in bladder carcinogenesis: A pharmacogenetic epidemiological approach to bladder cancer. Lancet 2:824, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chiaramonte LT, Bongiorno JR, Brown R, et al: Air pollution and obstructive respiratory disease in children. NY State J Med 70:394, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Chow CK: Nutritional influence on cellular antioxidant defense systems. Am J Clin Nutr 32:1066, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chowdhury BA, Chandra RK: Biological and health implications of toxic heavy metal and essential trace element interactions. Prog Food Nutr Sci 11:55, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cohen JL: Pharmacokinetic changes in aging. Am J Med 80(Suppl 5A):31, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Collins M, Schenker M: Susceptibility to neoplasia altered by tobacco smoke exposure. In: Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, p 269, Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Comly HH: Cyanosis in infants caused by nitrates in well water. JAMA 129:112, 1945.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Committee on Chemical Toxicity and Aging, National Research Council: Aging in Today’s Environment, National Academy Press, Washington, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Committee on Diet and Health, National Research Council: Diet and Health, National Academy Press, Washington, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, National Research Council: Diet Nutrition and Cancer, National Academy Press, Washington, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cone JE, Harrison R, Reiter R: Patients with multiple chemical sensitivities: Clinical diagnostic subsets among an occupational health clinic population. Occup Med 2:721, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Cooper WC: Indicators of susceptibility to industrial chemicals. J Occup Med 15:355, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cornblath M, Hartmann AF: Methemoglobinemia in young infants. J Pediatr 33:421, 1948.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Cox DW: α1-Antitrypsin deficiency. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, p 2409, Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Cullen MR (ed.): Workers with Multiple Chemical Sensitivities, Occup Med 2:655–806, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Cullen MR: Workers with multiple chemical sensitivities: An overview. Occup Med 2:655, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Cullen MR: Multiple chemical sensitivities: Summary and directions for future investigators. Occup Med 2:801, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Deichmann WB, MacDonald WE, Bernai E: The hemopoietic tissue toxicity of benzene vapors. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 5:201, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. de Serres FJ, Pero RW (eds.): Individual Susceptibility to Genotoxic Agents in the Human Population, Plenum Press, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Dickey LD: Clinical genitourinary allergy. Cutis 15: 854, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Dickey LD (ed.): Clinical Ecology, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Djerassi LS, Vitany L: Haemolytic episode in G6PD deficient workers exposed to TNT. Br J Ind Med 32: 54, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Edelmann CM Jr, Spitzer A: The kidney. In: The Physiology of the New Born Infant, p 416, Smith CA, Nelson NM (eds.), Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Emery AEH, Anand R, Canford N, et al: Aryl-hydrocarbon-hydroxylase inducibility in patients with cancer. Lancet 1:470, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Enjeti S, Hazelwood B, Permutt S, et al: Pulmonary function in young smokers: Male-female differences. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:667, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Fabro S, Scialli AR (eds.): Drug and Chemical Action in Pregnancy, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Fein GG, Jacobson JL, Jacobson SW, et al: Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age. J Pediatr 105:315, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Flanagan PR, McLeelan JS, Haist J, et al: Increased dietary cadmium absorption in mice and human subjects with iron deficiency. Gastroenterology 74:841, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Florey C du V, Melia RJW, Chinn S, et al: The relationship between respiratory illness in primary school children and the use of gas for cooking III. Nitrogen dioxide, respiratory illness and lung function. Int J Epidemiol 8:347, 1979.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Forbes GB, Reina JC: Effect of age on gastrointestinal absorption (iron, strontium, lead) in the rat. J Nutr 102:647, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Fridovich I, Freeman B: Antioxidant defenses in the lung. Annu Rev Physiol 48:693, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Gelboin HV: Editorial retrospectives: Carcinogens, drugs, and cytochromes P-450. N Engl J Med 309:105, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Glasser M, Greenberg L, Field F: Mortality and morbidity during a period of high levels of air pollution. Arch Environ Health 15:684, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Gleichmann E, Kimber I, Purchase IFH: Immunotox-icology: Suppressive and stimulatory effects of drugs and environmental chemicals on the immune system: Review article. Arch Toxicol 63:257, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Goedde HW: Ethnic differences in reactions to drugs and other xenobiotics: Outlook of a geneticist. In: Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, p 9, Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds.), Alan R. Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Goidl EA (ed.): Aging and the Immune Response, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Golding J: Child health and the environment. Br Med Bull 42:204, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Goldstein RA, Patterson R: Occupational immunologic lung disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 70:1, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Goldstein RA, Patterson R: Drug allergy: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 74: 549, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Goyer RA, Mahaffey KR: Susceptibility to lead toxicity. Environ Health Perspect 1:73, 1972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Graham S, Schotz W, Martino P: Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Cancer 30:927, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Grammer LC, Patterson R: Occupational immunologic lung disease. Ann Allergy 58:151, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI: Pharmacokinetics in old age: Principles and problems of assessment. In: Clinical Pharmacology and the Aged Patient, p 27, Jarvik LF, Greenblatt DJ, Harman D (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Greenblatt DJ, Sellers BM, Shader RI: Drug disposition in old age. N Engl J Med 306:1081, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Gulsvik A: Prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the city of Oslo. Scand J Respir Dis 60:275, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Gyntelberg F, Vesterhauge S, Fog P, et al: Acquired intolerance to organic solvents and results of vestibular testing. Am J Ind Med 9:363, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, et al: Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:969, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Haidane JBS: Heredity and Politics, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hallauer JF, Krämer U, Stiller-Winkler R, et al: Concentration of IgE in sera of children from residential areas with different air pollution. Zentralbl Bakt Hyg 184:432, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hammond EC, Selikoff IF, Seidman H: Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann NY Acad Sci 330:473, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hargada M: Chronology and medical report. In: Minamata, p 51, Smith WE, Smith AM (eds.), Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Harris CC: Interindividual variation among humans in carcinogen metabolism, DNA adduct formation and DNA repair. Carcinogenesis 10:1563, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Harris HW, Knight RA, Selin MJ: Comparison of isoniazid concentration in the blood of Japanese and European descent—therapeutic and genetic implications. Am Rev Tuberculosis 78:944, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Hittner HM, Godio LB, Rudolph AJ, et al: Retrolental fibroplasia: Efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants. N Engl J Med 305: 1356, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hoffman H: Absorption of drugs and other xenobiotics during development in experimental animals. Pharmacol Ther 16:247, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Human pharmacogenetics and new directions in pharmacogenetics: Fed Proc 43:2295, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hunt VR, Smith MK, Worth D: Environmental Factors in Human Growth and Development, Banbury Report 11, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hunter FT: Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol) II. The clinical effects. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21:331, 1939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hurwitz N: Predisposing factors in adverse reactions to drugs. Br Med J 1:536, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. International Agency for Research on Cancer: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, IARC Monographs, Vols 1–42, IARC Monographs Supplement 7, IARC, Lyon, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Jensen AA: Chemical contaminants in human milk. Res Rev 89:1, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Johnson CJ, Bonrud PA, Dosch TL, et al: Fatal outcome of methemoglobinemia in an infant. JAMA 257: 2796, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Johnson NE, Tenuta K: Diets and lead blood levels of children who practice pica. Environ Res 18:369, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Juchau MR: Bioactivation in chemical teratogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 29:165, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Kacew S, Reasor MJ (eds.): Toxicology and The Newborn, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Kahn E, Letz G: Clinical ecology: Environmental medicine or unsubstantiated theory. Ann Intern Med 111:104, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kalow W: Pharmacogenetics: Heredity and the Response to Drugs, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds.): Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Kaneko S, Shimada K, Horiuchi H, et al: Nasal allergy and air pollution. Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (Tokyo) 23(Suppl 4):270, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kato R, Chiesara E, Vassanelli P: Factors influencing induction of hepatic microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes. Biochem Pharmacol 11:211, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Keane WT, Zabon MR: Dieldrin poisoning in dogs: Relation to obesity and treatment. Br J Ind Med 26: 338, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Kellermann G, Luyten-Kellermann M, Shaw CR: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility and bronchogenic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 289:934, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kimbrough RD: The toxicity of polychlorinated poly-cyclic compounds and related chemicals. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 2:445, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Kligman AM: A biological brief on percutaneous absorption. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 9:521, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Klinger W: Biotransformation of drugs and other xenobiotics during postnatal development. Pharmacol Ther 16:377, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Koenig JQ, Omenn GS: Factors affecting susceptibility to nonneoplastic pulmonary disease: Genetics. In: Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, p 59, Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.). The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Koenig JQ, Pierson WE, Horike M, et al: Effects of SO2 plus NaCl aerosol combined with moderate exercise on pulmonary function in asthmatic adolescents. Environ Res 25:340, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Kohn RR: Aging and age-related diseases: Normal processes. In: Relations between Normal Aging and Disease, p 1, Johnson HA (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Kouri RE, Nebert DW: Genetic regulation of susceptibility to polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced tumors in the mouse. In: Origins of Human Cancer, p 811, Hiatt HH, Watson JD, Winsten JA (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Kouri RE, Schectman LM, Nebert DW: Metabolism of chemical carcinogens. In: Genetic Differences in Chemical Carcinogenesis, p 21, Kouri RE (ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Kouri RE, McKinney GE, Slomiany DJ, et al: Positive correlation between high aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and primary lung cancer as analyzed in cryopreserved lymphocytes. Cancer Res 42:5030, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Kouri RE, Lubet RA, McKinney GE, et al: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity of mice and humans. In: Application of Biological Markers to Carcinogen Testing, p 79, Milman H, Sell S (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Kouri RE, Levine AS, Edwards BK, et al: Source of individual variation in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mitogen-activated human lymphocytes. In: Genetic Variability in Responses to Chemical Exposure, Banbury Report 16, p 132, Omenn GS, Gelboin HV (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Krijnen CJ, Boyd EM: The influence of diets containing from 0 to 81 percent of protein on tolerated doses of pesticides. Comp Gen Pharmacol 22:373, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. LaDu BN: Pharmacogenetics: Defective enzymes in relation to reactions to drugs. Annu Rev Med 23:453, 1972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Larizza P, Brunetti P, Grignani F: Anie Emolitiche Enzimopenishe. Haematologica (Pavia) 45:1, 1960.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Larsson C: Natural history and life expectancy in severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, PiZ. Acta Med Scand 204:345, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Levander OA, Cheng L (eds.): Micronutrient interactions: Vitamins, minerals, and hazardous elements. Ann NY Acad Sci 355:1, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Levin AS, Byers VS: Environmental illness: A disorder of immune regulation. Occup Med 2:669, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Levine SA, Reinhardt JH: Biochemical pathology initiated by free radicals, oxidant chemicals, and therapeutic drugs in the etiology of chemical hypersensitivity disease. Orthomol Psychiatry 12:166, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Levine AS, McKinney CE, Echelberger CK, et al: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility among primary relatives of children with leukemia or solid tumors. Cancer Res 44:358, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lieberman J: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in bronchogenic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 298:686, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Linch AL: Biological monitoring for industrial exposure to cyanogenic aromatic nitro and amine compounds. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 35:426, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Linn WS, Venet TG, Shamoo DA, et al: Respiratory effects of sulfur dioxide in heavily exercising asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:278, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Logan WPD: Mortality in London fog incident. Lancet 1:336, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lukens JN: The legacy of well-water methemoglobinemia. JAMA 257:2793, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Luzzatto L, Mehta A: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. In: The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, p 2237, Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, et al. (eds.), McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  140. MacMahon B: Some recent issues in low-exposure radiation epidemiology. Environ Health Perspect 81: 131, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mahaffey KR: Nutrient lead interactions. In: Monograph on Lead Toxicity, p 425, Singhal RL, Thomas JA (eds.), Urban & Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Mahaffey KR: Factors modifying susceptibility to lead intoxication. In: Dietary and Environmental Lead: Human Health Effects, p 371, Mahaffey KR (ed.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Mahaffey KR, Annest JL: Association of erythrocyte protoporphyrin with blood lead level and iron status in the second National Health and Nutrition Survey, 1976–1980. Environ Res 41:327, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Mahaffey KR, Michaelson IA: The interaction between lead and nutrition. In: Low Level Lead Exposure, p 159, Needlemen HL (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Mahaffey KR, Rader JI: Metabolic interactions: Lead, calcium and iron. Ann NY Acad Sci 355:285, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Mahaffey KR, Treloar S, Banis TA, et al: Differences in dietary intake of calcium and phosphorus in children having normal and elevated blood lead concentrations. J Nutr 107:, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Mahaffey KR, Annest JL, Roberts J, et al: National estimates of blood lead levels: United States, 1976–1980. Association with selected demographic and socioeconomic factors. N Engl J Med 307:573, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Maibach HI, Boisits EK (eds.): Neonatal Skin: Structure and Function, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Makinodan T, Hirokawa K: Normal aging of the immune system. In: Relations between Normal Aging and Disease, p 117, Johnson HA (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Mallory TB, Gall EA, Brickley WJ: Chronic exposure to benzene (benzol) III. The pathologic results. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 21:355, 1939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Martin-Bouyer G, Toga O, Lebreton R, et al: Outbreak of accidental hexachlorophene poisoning in France. Lancet 1:91, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Marzulli FN, Maibach H: Relevance of animal models: The hexachlorophene story. In: Animal Models in Dermatology, p 156, Maibach H (ed.), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  153. McLellan RK: Multiple chemical hypersensitivities. Ann Intern Med 111:953, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Mehta S: Drug disposition in children with protein energy malnutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2: 407, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Melia RJW, Florey C du V, Morris RW, et al: Childhood respiratory illness and home environment. II. Association between respiratory illness and nitrogen dioxide, temperature and relative humidity. Int J Epidemiol 11:164, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Menzel DB: Protection against environmental toxicants. In: Vitamin E: A Comprehensive Treatise, p 474, Machlin LJ (ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Meredith PA, Moore MR, Goldberg A: The effect of calcium on lead absorption in rats. Biochem J 166:531, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Meydani M: Dietary effects on detoxification processes. In: Nutritional Toxicology, Vol II, p 1, Hath-cock JN (ed.), Academic Press, Orlando, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Michaels R, Sigurdson M, Thurlbeck S, et al: Elastic recoil of the lung in cigarette smokers: The effect of nebulized bronchodilator and cessation of smoking. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:707, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Miller ON: Nutrition and drug metabolism. Fed Proc 35:2459, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Miller RW: How environmental effects on child health are recognized. Pediatrics 53:792, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Miyamoto R, Takafuji S, Suzuki S, et al: Environmental factors in the development of allergic reactions. In: Toxicological and Immunological Aspects of Drug Metabolism and Environmental Chemicals, p 553, Estabrook RW, Lindenlaub E, Oesch F, et al. (eds.), FK Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Mole RH: Irradiation of the embryo and fetus. Br J Radiol 60:17, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Moon RC, McCormick DL, Mehta RG: Inhibition of carcinogenesis by retinoids. Cancer Res 43 [Suppl]: 2469s, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Moore-Ede MC, Czeisler CA, Richardson GS: Orcadian timekeeping in health and disease. Part 1: Basic properties of Orcadian pacemakers. N Engl J Med 309:469, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Moore-Ede MC, Czeisler CA, Richardson GS: Circa-dian timekeeping in health and disease. Part 2: Clinical implications of arcadian rhythmicity. N Engl J Med 309:530, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Morselli PL, Garattini S, Sereni F: Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology, Raven Press, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Mossberg B, Afzelius BA, Ellasson R, et al: On the pathogenesis of obstructive lung disease: A study in the immotile-cilia syndrome. Scand J Respir Dis 59: 55, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Motulsky A: Pharmacogenetics. Prog Med Genet 3: 49, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Motulsky AG: Ecogenetics: Genetic variation in susceptibility to environmental agents. In: Human Genetics, Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on Human Genetics, p 375, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Murray RF Jr: Tests of so-called genetic susceptibility. J Occup Med 28:1103, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Mustafa MG, Tierney DF: Biochemical and metabolic changes in the lungs with oxygen, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Am Rev Respir Dis 118:1061, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Nachman RI, Esterly NB: Increased skin permeability in preterm infants. J Pediatr 79:628, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Nebert DW: Genetic control of drug metabolism. In: Pharmacologic Intervention in the Aging Process, p 55, Roberts J, Adelman R, Cristofalo VJ (eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Nebert DW, Gonzalez FJ: P450 genes: Structure, evolution and regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 56:945, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Nebert DW, Levitt RC, Pelkonen O: Genetic variation in metabolism of chemical carcinogens associated with susceptibility to tumorigenesis. In: Carcinogens: Identification and Mechanisms of Actions, p 157, Griffin AC, Shaw CR (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Needleman HL: The persistent threat of lead: A singular opportunity. Am J Public Health 79:643, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Neims AH, Warner M, Yang G, et al: Relative deficiency in the elimination of hexachlorophene by neonatal rodents. In: Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology, p 177, Morselli PL, Garattini S, Sereni F (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Netteshein P, Williams ML: The influence of vitamin A on the susceptibility of the rat lung to 3-methyl-cholanthrene. Int J Cancer 17:351, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Office of Technology Assessment, Congress of the United States: The Role of Genetic Testing in the Prevention of Occupational Disease, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Ogston SA, Florey C du V, Walker CHM: The Tayside infant morbidity and mortality study: Effect on health of using gas for cooking. Br Med J 290:957, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Omenn GS: Predictive identification of hypersuscep-tible individuals. J Occup Med 24:369, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Omenn GS: Risk assessment, pharmacogenetic, and ecogenetics. In: Genetic Variability in Responses to Chemical Exposure, Banbury Report 16, p 3, Omenn GS, Gelboin HV (eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Omenn GS: Susceptibility to occupational and environmental exposures to chemicals. In: Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, p 527, Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds.), Alan R Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Omenn GS: Heredity and environmental interactions. Prog Clin Biol Res 241:323, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Omenn GS, Gelboin HV (eds.): Genetic Variability in Responses to Chemical Exposure, Banbury Report 16, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Omenn GS, Motulsky AG: “Eco-genetics”: Genetic variation in susceptibility to environmental agents. In: Genetic Issues in Public Health and Medicine, p 83, Cohen BH, Lilienfeld AM, Huang PC (eds.), Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Onishi S, Kawade N, Itoh S, et al: Postnatal development of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase activity towards bilirubin and 2-aminophenol in human liver. Biochem J 184:705, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Owen G, Lippman G: Nutritional status of infants and young children. Pediatr Clin North Am 24:211, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Palmer S: Diet, nutrition, and cancer. Prog Food Nutr Sci 9:283, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Parke DV: Development of detoxication mechanisms in the newborn. In: Toxicology and the Newborn, p 1, Kacew S, Reasor MJ (eds.)/ Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Parke DV, Ionnides C: The role of nutrition in toxicology. Annu Rev Nutr 1:207, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Proceedings of a Conference on the Susceptibility of the Fetus and Child to Chemical Pollutants: Pediatrics 53(Suppl):777, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Puchelle E, Zahm JM, Bertrand A: Influence of age on bronchial mucociliary transport. Scand J Respir Dis 60:307, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Randolph TC: Depressions caused by home exposure to gas and combustion products of gas, oil, and coal. J Lab Clin Med 46:942, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Randolph TC: The specific adaptation syndrome. J Lab Clin Med 48:934, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Randolph TC: Human Ecology and Susceptibility to the Chemical Environment. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Randolph TC: Emergence of the specialty of clinical ecology. Clin Ecol 2:65, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Randolph TG, Moss RW: An Alternative Approach to Allergies, Lippincott & Cromwell, Philadelphia, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Rea WJ: Environmentally triggered small vessel vasculitis. Ann Allergy 38:245, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Rea WJ: Food and chemical susceptibility after environmental chemical overexposure: Case history. Ann Allergy 41:101, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Rea WJ: Environmentally triggered cardiac disease. Ann Allergy 40:243, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Rea WJ, Peters DW, Smiley RE, et al: Recurrent environmentally triggered thrombophlebitis: A five year followup. Ann Allergy 47:338, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Reinhardt CF: Chemical hypersusceptibility. J Occup Med 20:319, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Richey DP, Bender AD: Pharmacokinetic consequences of aging. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 17:49, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Roels HA, Balis-Jacques MN, Buchet JP, et al: The influence of sex and chelation therapy on erythrocyte protoporphyrin and U-ALA in lead exposed workers. J Occup Med 21:527, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Roskos KV, Guy RH, Maibach HI: Percutaneous absorption in the aged. In: The Aging Skin, p 455, Gilchrest BA (ed.), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Rowe L, Wills ED: The effect of dietary lipids and vitamin E on lipid peroxide formation, cytochrome P-450 and oxidative demethylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem Pharmacol 25:175, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Sato A, Nakajima T, Fujiwara Y, et al: Kinetic studies on sex differences in susceptibility to chronic benzene intoxication with special reference to body fat content. Br J Ind Med 32:321, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Schardein JL: Chemically Induced Birth Defects. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Schottenfeld D: Genetic and environmental factors in human carcinogenesis. J Chron Dis 39:1021, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Schottenfeld RS: Workers with multiple chemical sensitivities: A psychiatric approach to diagnosis and treatment. Occup Med 2:739, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Schottenfeld RS, Cullen MR: Recognition of occupation-induced posttraumatic stress disorders. J Occup Med 28:365, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Schrenk HH, Heimann H, Clayton GD, et al: Air pollution in: Donora, PA. Epidemiology of the unusual smog episode of October, 1948. Public Health Bulletin 306, Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene. US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC, Seldman H: Mortality experience of insulation workers in the United States and Canada, 1943–1976. Ann NY Acad Sci 330:91, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Shaikh RA, Warren AJ: Factors affecting susceptibility to neoplastic pulmonary disease. In: Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, p 223, Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Shakman RA: Nutritional influences on the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Arch Environ Health 28:105, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Sheppard D, Wong SC, Uehara CF, et al: Lower threshold and greater bronchomotor responsiveness of asthmatic subjects to sulfur dioxide. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:873, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Sheppard D, Salsho A, Nadel JA, et al: Exercise increases sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 123:486, 1981.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Shuman RM, Leech RW, Alvord EC Jr: Neurotoxicity of hexachlorophene in humans. II: A clinical pathological study of 46 premature infants. Arch Neurol 32:320, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Shusterman D, Balmes J, Cone J: Behavioral sensitization to irritants/odorants after acute overexposures. J Occup Med 30:66, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Shy CM, Goldsmith JR, Hackney JD, et al: Health effects of air pollution. American Thoracic Society, New York, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Sinclair D: Human Growth After Birth. 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Singer EJ, Wegmann, PC, Lehman MD, et al: Barrier development, ultrastructure, and sulfhydryl content of the fetal epidermis. J Soc Cosmet Chem 22:119, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Smith LL: The response of the lung to foreign compounds that produce free radicals. Annu Rev Physiol 48:681, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sorrell M, Rosen JF, Roginsky MR: Interactions of lead, calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in lead-burdened children. Arch Environ Health 32:160, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Spatz L, Bloom AD, Paul NW (eds.): Detection of Cancer Predisposition: Laboratory Approaches, Monograph No. 3, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, White Plains, New York, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Steel K, Gertman PM, Crescenze C, et al: Iatrogenic illness on a general medical service at a university hospital. N Engl J Med 304:638, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Stewart A, Kneale GW: Radiation dose effects in relation to obstetric x-rays and childhood cancer. Lancet 1:1185, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Stokinger HE, Mountain JT: Tests for hypersusceptibility to hemolytic chemicals. Arch Environ Health 6:495, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Stokinger HE, Mountain JT: Progress in detecting the worker hypersusceptible to industrial chemicals. J Occup Med 9:537, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Stokinger HE, Scheel LD: Hypersusceptibility and genetic problems in occupational medicine: A consensus report. J Occup Med 15:564, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Strope GL, Stempel DA: Risk factors associated with the development of chronic lung disease in children. Pediatr Clin North Am 31:757, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Szeinberg A, Adam A, Myers F, et al: A hematological survey of industrial workers with enzyme-deficient erythrocytes. Arch Ind Health 20:510, 1959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Tager IB, Speizer FE: Risk estimates for chronic bronchitis in smokers: A study of male-female differences. Am J Respir Dis 113:619, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Terr AI: Environmental illness: A clinical review of 50 cases. Arch Intern Med 146:145, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Terr AI: Clinical ecology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 79:423, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Terr AI: “Multiple chemical sensitivities”: Immunologic critique of clinical ecology theories and practice. Occup Med 2:683, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Terr AI: Clinical ecology in the workplace. J Occup Med 31:257, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Tokuhata GK, Lilienfeld AM: Familial aggregation of lung cancer in humans. J Natl Cancer Inst 30:289, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Tokuhata GK: Familial factors in human lung cancer and smoking. Am J Public Health 54:24, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Triggs EJ, Nation RI: Pharmacokinetics in the aged: A review. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 3:387, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. US Dept of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General, Office of Smoking and Health, DHHS Publ No (CDC) 87–8398, US Government Printing Office, Washington, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Vainio H, Hemminki K, Wilborn J: Data on the carcinogenicity of chemicals in the IARC Monographs program. Carcinogenesis 6:1653, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Vesell ES: Advances in pharmacogenetics. In: Progress in Medical Genetics IX, p 291, Steinberg AG, Beam AG (eds.), Grune & Stratton, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Vesell ES: Gene-environment interactions in drug metabolism. In: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Proceedings of the First World Conference, London and Basingstoke, p 63, Macmillan, London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Vesell ES: On the significance of host factors that affect drug disposition in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 31:1, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Vesell ES: Effects of human physiologic and genetic variability on the development and expression of pollutant-related diseases. In: Environmental Impacts on Human Health: The Agenda for Long-term Research and Development, p 35, Draggan S, Cohrs-sen JJ, Morrison RE (eds.), Praeger, London, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Vesell ES: Pharmacogenetic perspectives on susceptibility to toxic industrial chemicals. Br J Ind Med 44: 505, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Vesell ES, Penno MB: Assessment of methods to identify sources of interindividual pharmacokinetic variations. Clin Pharmacokinet 8:378, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Vine MF, McFarland LT: Markers of susceptibility. In: Biological Markers in Epidemiology, p 196, Hulka BS, Wilcosky TC, Griffith, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Vogel F: Modern problems of human genetics. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 12:52, 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. Wanner A: State of the art: Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport. Annu Rev Respir Dis 116:73, 1977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Ward E, Paigen B, Steenland K, et al: Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in persons with lung or laryngeal cancer. Int J Cancer 22:384, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Wattenberg LW: Inhibition of carcinogenic effects of polycyclic hydrocarbons by benzyl isothiocyanate and related compounds. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:395, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Wattenberg LW: Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis by antioxidants. In: Carcinogenesis. Vol 5: Modifiers of Chemical Carcinogenesis, p 85, Slage TJ (ed.), Raven Press, New York, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Wattenberg LW: Inhibitors of chemical carcinogens. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 3:35, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Wattenberg LW: Inhibitors of chemical carcinogens. In: Cancer: Achievements, Challenges, and Prospects for the 1980s, Vol 1, p 517, Burchenal JH, Oett-gen HF (eds.), Grune & Stratton, Orlando, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Wattenberg LW: Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 45:1, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Wattenberg LW, Loub WD: Inhibition of polycyclic hydrocarbon-induced neoplasia by naturally occurring indoles. Cancer Res 38:1410, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Weinstock S, Beck BD: Age and nutrition. In: Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants, p 104, Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.), The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Weksler ME: Biological basis and clinical significance of immune senescence. In: Clinical Geriatrics, 3rd ed., p 57, Rossman I (ed.), JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  263. Wester RC, Maibach H: Comparative percutaneous absorption. In: Neonatal Skin, p 137, Maibach H, Boisits EK (eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Whittmore AS, Korn EL: Asthma and air pollution in the Los Angeles area. Am J Public Health, 70:687, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  265. Willett WC, MacMahon B: Diet and cancer: An overview. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 310:633, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Willett WC, MacMahon B: Diet and cancer: An overview. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 310:697, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Wilson JF: Environment and Birth Defects. Academic Press, New York, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Wolff MS: Occupationally derived chemicals in breast milk. Am J Ind Med 4:259, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Woodhead AD, Bender MA, Leonard RC: Pheno-typic Variations in Populations: Relevance to Risk Assessment, Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  270. Yamada DY, Kido T, Okada A, et al: Studies on the biological effects of low level lead exposures. Part 2: Biochemical responses and subjective symptoms in female lead workers. Jpn J Ind Health 23:383, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Zeidberg LD, Horton RJM, Landau E: The Nashville air pollution study V. Mortality from disease of the respiratory system in relation to air pollution. Arch Environ Health 15:214, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Ziegler EE, Edwards BB, Jensen RL, et al: Absorption and retention of lead by infants. Pediatr Res 12:29, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Baker SR, Rogul M (eds.): Environmental Toxicity and the Aging Process, Alan R. Liss, New York, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  274. Brain JD, Beck BD, Warren AJ, et al. (eds.): Variations in Susceptibility to Inhaled Pollutants. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Calabrese EJ: Toxic Susceptibility: Male/Female Differences, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Cooper RL, Goldman JM, Harbin TJ (eds.): Aging and Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Behavioral Perspectives, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  277. de Serres FJ, Pero RW (eds.): Individual Susceptibility to Genotoxic Agents in the Human Population, Plenum Press, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  278. Grandjean P, Idle Jr. J, Kello D (eds.): Ecogenetics: Genetic Predisposition to Toxic Effects of Chemicals, Rout-ledge, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Kacew S, Reasor MJ (eds.): Toxicology and the Newborn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Kalow W, Goedde HW, Agarwal DP (eds.): Ethnic Differences in Reactions to Drugs and Xenobiotics, Alan R Liss, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Omenn GS, Gelboin HV (eds.): Genetic Variability in Responses to Chemical Exposure. Banbury Report 16, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Spatz L, Bloom AD, Paul NW (eds.): Detection of Cancer Predisposition: Laboratory Approaches, Monograph No. 3, March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, White Plains, New York, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Woodhead AV, Bender MA, Leonard RC (eds.): Pheno-typic Variation in Populations: Relevance to Risk Assessment, Plenum Press, New York, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Alyce Bezman Tarcher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Edward J. Calabrese
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Alyce Bezman Tarcher M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tarcher, A.B., Calabrese, E.J. (1992). Enhanced Susceptibility to Environmental Chemicals. In: Tarcher, A.B. (eds) Principles and Practice of Environmental Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2447-6_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2449-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2447-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation