Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Assessment and Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

  • Chapter
Handbook of Behavior Therapy in the Psychiatric Setting

Part of the book series: Critical Issues in Psychiatry ((CIPS))

  • 710 Accesses

Abstract

In a medical-psychiatric setting, panic disorder and agoraphobia (PDA) may be either a primary reason for admission or an additional feature of other medical or psychiatric difficulties. A psychiatric hospital has particular relevance to the assessment and treatment of PDA: Because PDA is characterized by a fear of specific bodily sensations and the avoidance of being alone or without help, the setting itself may inadvertently reinforce agoraphobic fear and avoidance behavior. That is, the medical setting is a particularly “safe” environment for the panicker and/or agoraphobic because of the availability of medical care and support personnel and the protective-ness of the environment. Consequently, the medical setting may be (although, not necessarily) counterproductive to the treatment goals of learning to be less fearful and more independent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alloy, L.B., Kelly, K.A., Mineka, S., & Clements, C.M. (1989). Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: A helplessness-hopelessness perspective. In J.D. Maser & C.R. Cloninger (Eds.), Comorbidity in anxiety and mood disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (3rd ed., rev; DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, J.C., Tien, A.Y., & Petronis, K.R. (1989). Epidemiological evidence on cocaine use and panic attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 729, 543–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argyle, N. (1990) Panic attacks in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 430–433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnow, B., Taylor, C.B., Agras, W.S., & Telch, M.J. (1985) Enhancing agoraphobia treatment outcome by changing couple communication patterns. Behavior Therapy, 16, 452–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, T.A., & Craig, T.J. (1986) Cocaine precipitation of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 643–645.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H. (1988). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., & Waddell, M. (1985). Agoraphobia. In D.H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., O’Brien, G.T., & Last, C.G. (1984) Couples treatment of agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 15, 41–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Vermilyea, J.A., Blanchard, E.B., Vermilyea, B.B., DiNardo, P.A., & Cerny, J.A. (1985) The phenomenon of panic. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 320–328.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D.H., Craske, M.G., Cerny, J.A., & Klosko, J. (1989) Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, 20, 261–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T. (1985). Theoretical perspectives on clinical anxiety. In A.H. Turna & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Anxiety and the anxiety disorders. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T. (1988). Cognitive approaches to panic disorder: Theory and therapy. In S. Rachman & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonn, J.A., Harrison, J., & Rees, W. (1971) Lactate-induce anxiety: Therapeutic application. British Journal of Psychiatry, 119, 468–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, H.H. (1986) Use of mental health services for the treatment of panic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1569–1574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breier, A., Charney, D.S., & Heninger, G.R. (1986) Agoraphobia with panic attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 1029–1036.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T.A., Cash, T.F., & Deagle, E.A. (1988). Prevalence and phenomenology of panic in nonclinical samples: Additional findings and methodological considerations. Poster presented at 22nd Annual Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, T.J., Spiegel, D., Falkin, S., & Nuzzarello, A. (1992, March). Does cognitive-behavioral therapy assist slow-taper alprazolam discontinuation in panic disorder? Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, Houston, Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, L.E., Thorpe, G.L., & Cavallaro, L.A. (1986) Agoraphobia eight years after behavioral treatment: A follow-up study with interview, self-report, and behavioral data. Behavior Therapy, 17, 580–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, G., & Gottesman, I. (1981). Twin and family studies of anxiety, phobic, and obsessive disorders. In D. Klein & J. Rabkin (Eds.), Anxiety: New research and changing concepts. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cassano, G.B., Perugi, G., Musetti, L., & Akiskal, H.S. (1989) The nature of depression presenting concomitantly with panic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 473–482.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerny, J.A., Barlow, D.H., Craske, M.G., Himadi, W.G. (1987) Couples treatment of agoraphobia: A two-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 18, 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D.L. (1989, November). Spacing of exposure sessions in the treatment of phobia. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D.L., & Mason, J. (1986) Sex, sex role stereotyping, and agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 231–235.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D.L., Caputo, G.C., Bright, P., & Gallagher, R. (1984) Assessment of fear in agoraphobics: The Body Sensations Questionnaire and the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 1090–1097.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambless, D.L., Caputo, G.C., Jasin, S.E., Gracely, E.J., & Williams, C. (1985) The Mobility Inventory for Agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 35–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, E.W., & Levine, B.A. (1981) The effects of total exposure duration and interrupted versus continued exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 12, 360–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charney, D.S., Heninger, G.R., & Breier, A. (1984) Noradrenergic function in panic anxiety: Effects of yohimbine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 751–763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clancy, J., & Noyes, R. (1976) Anxiety neurosis: A disease for the medical model. Psychosomatic s, 17, 90–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. (1989, June). Cognitive treatment of panic disorders. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Behavior Therapy, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D., Salkovskis, P., & Chalkley, A. (1985) Respiratory control as a treatment for panic attacks. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 23–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S.D., Monteiro, W., & Marks, I. (1984) Two-year follow-up of agoraphobics after exposure and imipramine. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 276–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B.J., Norton, G.R., Swinson, R.P., & Endler, N. (1990) Substance abuse and panic-related anxiety: A critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 385–393.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M.G., & Barlow, D.H. (1988) A review of the relationship between panic and avoidance. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 667–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M.G., & Kreuger, M. (1990) The prevalence of nocturnal panic in a college population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 125–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M.G., Street, L., & Barlow, D.H. (1989) Instructions to focus upon or distract from internal cues during exposure treatment for agoraphobic avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 663–672.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M.G., Miller, P., Rotunda, R., & Barlow, D.H. (1990) A descriptive report of features of initial unexpected panic attacks in minimal and extensive avoiders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 395–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craske, M.G., Brown, T.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1991) Behavioral treatment of panic disorder: A two-year follow-up. Behavior Therapy, 22, 289–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, R., Noyes, R., Pauls, D., & Slymen, D. (1983) A family study of panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1065–1069.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Ruiter, C., Rijken, H., Garssen, B., & Kraaimaat, F. (1989) Breathing retraining, exposure, and a combination of both, in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 647–656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Nardo, P.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1988). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R). Albany, NY: Phobia and Anxiety Disorders Clinic, State University of New York at Albany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Nardo, P.A., & Barlow, D.H. (1989). Reliability of DSM-III-R anxiety disorder categories using ADIS-R. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, A., & Margraf, J. (1989). The psychophysiological model of panic attacks. In P.M. G. Emmelkamp (Ed.), Anxiety disorders: Annual series of European research in behavior therapy. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Swets.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G., & Mersch, P.P. (1982) Cognition and exposure in vivo in the treatment of agoraphobia: Short term and delayed effects. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6, 77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P.M.G., Kuipers, A., & Eggeraat, J. (1978) Cognitive modification versus prolonged exposure in vivo: A comparison with agoraphobics as subjects. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faravelli, C., & Pallanti, S. (1989) Recent life events and panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 622–626.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigenbaum, W. (1988). Long-term efficacy of ungraded versus graded masses exposure in agoraphobics. In I. Hand & H.U. Wittchen (Eds.), Panic and phobias (Vol. 2). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foa, E.B., James, J.S., Turner, R.M., & Payne, L.L. (1980) Massed vs. spaced exposure sessions in the treatment of agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 333–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fyer, A. (1988). Effects of discontinuation of antipanic medication. In I. Hand & H.U. Wittchen (Eds.), Panic and phobias (Vol. 2). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyer, A., Endicott, J., Mannuzza, S., & Klein, D. (1985). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia: Lifetime Version (modified for the study of anxiety disorders). New York: Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh, A., & Marks, I.M. (1987) Self-directed exposure for agoraphobia: A controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 18, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman, J.M., Fyer, M.R., Goetz, R., Askanazi, J., Leibowitz, M.R., Fyer, A.J., Kinney, J., & Klein, D.F. (1988) Ventilatory physiology of patients with panic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 31–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griez, E., & van den Hout, M.A. (1986) CO2 inhalation in the treatment of panic attacks. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 145–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hafner, R.J. (1976) Fresh symptom emergence after intensive behavior therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 145–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, E., Noyes, R., Crowe, R., & Chaudhry, D. (1983) A family study of agoraphobia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1061–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, M.T. (1974) The relationship between the effect of lactate infusion on anxiety states and their amelioration by carbon dioxide inhalation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 125, 88–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, A., O’Brien, G., Barlow, D., Stetson, D., & Infantino, A. (1983) Self-help manual for agoraphobia: A preliminary report of effectiveness. Behavior Therapy, 14, 107–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P., & Andrews, G. (1989) Hyperventilation and anxiety in panic disorder, social phobia, GAD, and normal controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 453–460.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jannoun, L., Munby, M., Catalan, J., & Gelder, M. (1980) A home-based treatment program for agoraphobia: Replication and controlled evaluation. Behavior Therapy, 11, 294–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, L., & Ost, L-G. (1982) Behavioral treatments for agoraphobia: An evaluative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 311–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, L., Jerremalm, A., & Ost, L-G. (1986) Follow-up of agoraphobic patients treated with exposure in vivo or applied relaxation. British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 486–490.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, J.P., Drusin, R.E., & Klein, D.F. (1987) Schizophrenia, panic anxiety and alprazolam. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 527–528.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. (1984) Panic disorder and somatization: A review of 55 cases. American Journal of Medicine, 77, 101–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katon, W. (1989). Panic disorder in the medical setting. Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft, A.R., & Hoogduin, C.A. (1984) The hyperventilation syndrome: A pilot study of the effectiveness of treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 538–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannuzza, S., Fyer, A., Martin, L., Gallops, M., Endicott, J., Gorman, J., Liebowitz, M., & Klein, D. (1990) Reliability of anxiety assessment: 1. Diagnostic agreement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1093–1101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margraf, J. (1989, June). Comparative efficacy of cognitive, exposure, and combined treatments for panic disorder. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the European Association of Behavior Therapy, Vienna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margraf, J., Taylor, C.B., Ehlers, A., Roth, W.T., & Agras, W.S. (1987) Panic attacks in the natural environment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 558–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I.M. (1971) Phobic disorders four years after treatment: A prospective follow-up. British Journal of Psychiatry, 118, 683–686.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I.M. (1978). Living with fear. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, I., & Mathews, A.M. (1979) Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17, 263–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, W.L. (1985) The effects of variable exposure in flooding therapy. Behavior Therapy, 16, 117–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, A.M., Gelder, M., & Johnston, D.W. (1981). Agoraphobia: Nature and treatment. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavissakalian, M.L., & Hamman, M.S. (1986) DSM-III personality disorders in agoraphobia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 27, 471–479.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mavissakalian, M.L., & Hamman, M. (1987) DSM-III personality disorders in agoraphobia. II. Changes with treatment. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28, 356–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNamee, G., O’Sullivan, G., Lelliot, P., & Marks, I.M. (1989) Telephone-guided treatment for housebound agoraphobics with panic disorder: Exposure vs relaxation. Behavior Therapy, 20, 491–497.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, L., Mavissakalian, M., & Marchione, K. (1985) Cognitive and behavioral treatments for agoraphobia: Clinical, behavioral, and psychophysiological outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 913–925.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, L., Mavissakalian, M., Marchione, K., Dancu, C., & Greenwald, M. (1986) The role of self-directed in vivo exposure practice in cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological treatments of agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 17, 91–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moras, K. (1989). Diagnostic comorbidity in the DSM-III and DSM-III-R anxiety and mood disorders: Implications for the DSM-IV. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munby, J., & Johnston, D.W. (1980) Agoraphobia: The long-term follow-up of behavioral treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 418–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, G.R., Doward, J., & Cox, B.J. (1980) Factors associated with panic attacks in nonclinical subjects. Behavior Therapy, 17, 239–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noyes, R., Crowe, R.R., Harris, E.L., Hamra, B.J., McChesney, C.M., & Chaudhry, D.R. (1986) Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: A family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 227–232.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ost, L-G. (1988) Applied relaxation vs. progressive relaxation in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 13–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overton, D.A. (1977). Drug state-dependent learning. In M.E. Jarvik (Ed.), Psychopharmacology in the practice of medicine. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C.A., Bronson, S.S., & Kenney, M.R. (1989a). Prevalence of agoraphobia without panic in clinical settings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 559.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C.A., Pollard, H.J., & Corn, K.J. (1989b) Panic onset and major events in the lives of agoraphobics: A test of contiguity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 318–321.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapee, R.M. (1985) A case of panic disorder treated with breathing retraining. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 63–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapee, R.M., Craske, M.G., & Barlow, D.H. (1990a) Subject described features of panic attacks using a new self-monitoring form. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 4, 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapee, R.M., Litwin, E.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1990b) Impact of life events on subjects with panic disorder and on comparison subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 640–644.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J. (1988) DSM-III personality disorders and family history of mental illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 45–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J., & Noyes, R. (1987) A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in acutely ill panic and depressed patients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 1, 123–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, J., Noyes, R., & Troughton, E. (1987) Dependent personality disorder associated with phobic avoidance in patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 323–326.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, S., Peterson, R.A., Gursky, D.M., & McNally, R.J. (1986) Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 1–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roy-Byrne, P.P., Geraci, B., & Uhde, T. (1986) Life events and the onset of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1424–1427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salge, R., Beck, G., & Logan, A. (1988) A community survey of panic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2, 157–167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis, P. (1988). Phenomenology, assessment and the cognitive model of panic. In S. Rachman & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis, P., Warwick, H., Clark, D., & Wessels, D. (1986) A demonstration of acute hyperventilation during naturally occurring panic attacks. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 24, 91–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis, P., Warwick, H., & Clark, D. (1990). Hypochondriasis, illness phobia, and other anxiety disorders. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanderson, W.S., DiNardo, P.A., Rapee, R.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1990) Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-Revised anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 308–312.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sartory, G., & Olajide, D. (1988) Vagai innervation techniques in the treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 243–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spitzer, R., Williams, J., & Gibbons, M. (1985). Instruction manual for the Structured Clinical Interview forDSM-III (SCID). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R.S., & Marks, I.M. (1973) Brief and prolonged flooding: A comparison of agoraphobic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 270–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swinson, R.P. (1986) Reply to Kleiner. The Behavior Therapist, 9, 110–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M. (1987). DSM-III organic mental disorders. In G.L. Tischler (Ed.), Diagnosis and classification in psychiatry: A critical appraisal of DSM-III. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telch, M.J. (1988). Combined pharmacological and psychological treatments for panic sufferers. In S. Rachman & J.D. Maser (Eds.), Panic: Psychological perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Telch, M.J., Lucas, J.A., & Nelson, P. (1989) Nonclinical panic in college students: An investigation of prevalence and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J.W., Burns, B.J., Barkto, J., Boyd, J.H., Taube, C.A., & Bourdon, K.H. (1988) The use of ambulatory services by persons with and without phobia. Medical Care, 26, 280–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thyer, B.A., Himle, J., Curtis, G.C., Cameron, O.G., & Nesse, R.M. (1985) A comparison of panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 26, 208–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torgersen, S. (1983) Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1085–1089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermilyea, J.A., Boice G, & Barlow, D.H. (1984) Rachman and Hodgson (1974) a decade later: How do desynchronous response systems relate to the treatment of agoraphobia? Behaviour Research & Therapy, 22, 615–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, C. (1976). Simple, effective treatment of agoraphobia. New York: Hawthorne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M.M., Leckman, J., Merikangas, K., Gammon, G., & Prusoff, B. (1984a) Depression and anxiety disorders in parents and children. Archives-of General Psychiatry, 41, 845–852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M.M., Myers, J., Leckman, J., Harding, P., Pauls, D., & Prusoff, B. (1984b) Anxiety disorders: Epidemiology and familial patterns. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 845–852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M.M., Leaf, P.J., Blazer, D.G., Boyd, J.H., & Florio, L. (1986) The relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia: An epidemiological perspective. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 43, 787–791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M.M., Klerman, G., Markowitz, J., & Ouellette, R. (1989) Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in panic disorder and attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 321, 1209–1214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S.L., & Rappaport, J.A. (1983) Cognitive treatment in the natural environment for agoraphobics. Behavior Therapy, 14, 299–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zitrin, C.M., Klein, D.F., & Woerner, M.G. (1980) Behavior therapy, supportive psychotherapy, imipramine, and phobias. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 63–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90024-1563, USA

    Michelle G. Craske

Authors
  1. Michelle G. Craske
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Medical College of Pennsylvania at EPPI, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Alan S. Bellack Ph.D.

  2. School of Psychology, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA

    Michel Hersen Ph.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Craske, M.G. (1993). Assessment and Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. In: Bellack, A.S., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Behavior Therapy in the Psychiatric Setting. Critical Issues in Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2430-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2430-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2432-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2430-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation