Abstract
Environmental productivity has long been considered a principal factor of human land use. The historic association of modern nonagricultural groups with marginal environments may be one of the primary reasons why prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups have most frequently been described as small, mobile, and egalitarian (Lee and Devore 1968). Within highly productive landscapes, however, how would groups of gatherer-hunters1 organize themselves spatially, socially, and economically? There is evidence to suggest that certain parts of the Northeastern interior, namely former glacial lake basins (Nicholas 1982, 1983), did at times possess an environment richer than at present, particularly during the early postglacial period. This possibility raises important questions about what the archaeological record of such basins actually represents. A number of studies have recently challenged the so-called anomalous nature of some groups of nonagricultural, complex societies, such as found on the Northwest Coast of North America, a region traditionally represented in the literature (e.g., Suttles 1968) as a locality where intensive maritime exploitation effectively replaced horticulture as the means for increased sedentism. The productivity of this environment was apparently a prime factor for social transformation and the establishment of ranked society (Ames 1981; Carlson 1983; Schalk 1981). Some researchers have gone so far as to suggest that the richness of Northwest Coast cultures may be a reasonable approximation of prehistoric hunter-gatherers in general (King 1978; see also Phillips and Brown 1983; Price and Brown 1985). The degree to which the Northeastern archaeological record of early hunter-gatherers supports propositions of environmentally rich landscapes and of greater diversity in the behaviors and social relations of land use is examined in this paper.
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Nicholas, G.P. (1988). Ecological Leveling. In: Nicholas, G.P. (eds) Holocene Human Ecology in Northeastern North America. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2376-9_11
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