Skip to main content

Fuel Economy and Emissions

  • Chapter
Fuel Economy

Abstract

The relationship between vehicle fuel economy and government-regulated exhaust emissions is very complex. It involves a number of factors subject to personal bias. For example, one must to some extent subjectively judge what is acceptable vehicle performance during cold start and normal driving because performance in these operating modes can, as will be shown, be related to both emission levels and fuel economy, either directly or indirectly. It is important to decide what economic penalty should be involved when one attempts to maximize fuel economy at a given emission level. One must also decide what degree of sophistication the emission control system can have and still function well in the hands of a nontechnical owner with minimal maintenance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. U.S. Federal Register, Vol. 37, No. 221, November 15 (1972); Vol. 38, No. 124, June (1973); Vol. 40, part 86, June 30 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Kruse, R., and Huls, T., “Development of the Federal Urban Driving Schedule,” SAE paper 730553, May (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Austin, T., Hellman, K., and Paulsell, C., “Passenger Car Fuel Economy During Non-Urban Driving,” SAE paper 740592, August (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Oetting, H., “Impact of Emission Standards on Fuel Economy and Consumer Attributes,” SAE paper 790230, February (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Brownson, D., Johnson, R., and Candelise, A., “A Progress Report on Man-Air-Ox, Manifold Air Oxidation of Exhaust Gas,” SAE paper 486-N, March (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gast, R., “Pulsair—A Method for Exhaust System Induction of Secondary Air for Emission Control,” SAE paper 750172, February (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Currie, J., Grossman, D., and Gumbleton, J., “Energy Conservation with Increased Compression Ratio and Electronic Knock Control,” SAE paper 790173, February (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kirklin, P., and Wise, S., “The Effects of Engine Variables and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emissions and Fuel Economy—Part IV,” SAE paper 780591 (S.P. 431), June (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gumbleton, J., Niepoth, G., and Currie, J., “Compression Ratio and Fuel Economy with Emission Constraints,” Proc. Amer. Petroleum Inst., Refining Dept. 41st Midyear Meeting, API-17-76, pp. 179–188 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gumbleton, J., Neipoth, G., and Currie, J., “Effect of Energy and Emission Constraints on Compression Ratio,” SAE paper 760826, October (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nesmith, T., Tracy, C., Meguerian, G., Keller, B., and Daby, E., “Optimization of Fuel and Vehicle Parameters,” SAE paper 780589, June (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cantwell, E., Kinnear, F., and Russell, H., “The Effect of Emission Standards and Gasoline Quality on Fuel Consumption,” SAE paper 750671, June (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lin-Fu, Jane S., “Lead Exposure Among Children—A Reassessment,” New England J. of Medicine, 300, 731–732 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Assoc. Octel publication, “Leaded Petrol-Energy and Health,” December (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Newhall, H., “Kinetics of Engine Generated Nitrogen Oxides and Carbon Monoxide,” 12th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, pp. 603-613 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Delichatsios, M., and Keck, J., “Rate Controlled Constrained Equilibrium Calculations of CO and NO Freezing in Internal Combustion Engines,” Amer. Chem. Soc. Div. of Petroleum Chem. Symposium on Chemistry of Combustion in Engines, Philadelphia, PA, April (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pozniak, D., “The Exhaust Emission and Fuel Consumption Characteristics of an Engine During Warmup—A Vehicle Study,” SAE paper 800396, February (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Glockler, O., Knapp, H., and Manger, H., “Present Status and Future Development of Gasoline Fuel Injection Systems for Passenger Cars,” SAE paper 800467, February (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lindsay, R., Thomas, A., Woodworth, J., and Zeschmann, E., “Influence of Homogeneous Charge on the Exhaust Emissions of Hydrocarbons, Carbon Monoxide, and Nitric Oxide from a Multicylinder Engine,” SAE paper 710588, June (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hires, S., and Overington, M., “Transient Mixture Strength Excursions—An Investigation of Their Cause and the Development of a Constant Mixture Strength Fueling Strategy,” SAE paper 810495, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brokaw, R., and Bittker, D., “Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Rates Computed for Automobile Exhaust Manifold Reactor Conditions,” NASA Tech. Note D-7024 National Tech. Info. Serv. Springfield, VA 22151.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Nicholson, R., “Emissions and Fuel Economy Interactions,” SAE paper 780616, June (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Blumberg, P., Kummer, J., “Prediction of NO Formation in Spark Ignited Engines—An Analysis of Methods of Control,” Comb. Sci. & Tech. 4, 73–95 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lavoie, G., Heywood, J., and Keck, J., “Experimental and Theoretical Study of Nitric Oxide Formation in Internal Combustion Engines,” Comb. Sci. & Tech. 1, 313–326 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Lavoie, G., and Blumberg P., “A Fundamental Model for Predicting Fuel Consumption, NOx, and HC Emissions of the Conventional Spark-Ignited Engine,” Comb. Sci. & Tech. 21, 225–258 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Marsee, F., and Rediker, F., “Emission Control with Lean Mixtures on a Two-Liter High-Performance Engine,” Ethyl Corp. Project 12274 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Holl, W., “Air Fuel Control to Reduce Emissions,” SAE paper 800051, February (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Blumberg, P., “Nitric Oxide Emissions from Stratified Charge Engines,” Comb. Sci. & Tech. 8, 5–24 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kummer, J., “Catalysts for Automobile Emission Control,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 6, 177–199 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Novak, J., and Blumberg, P., “Parametric Simulation of Significant Design and Operating Alternatives Affecting Fuel Economy and Emissions of Spark Ignited Engines,” SAE paper 780943, November (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Eltinge, L., Marsee, F., and Warren, J., “Potentialities of Further Emission Reduction by Engine Modifications,” SAE paper 680123, January (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Fleming, R., “Effect of Fuel Composition on Exhaust Emissions,” Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigation No. 7423 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Daniel, W., “Engine Variable Effects on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Composition,” SAE paper 670124, January (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wentworth, J., “Piston and Piston Ring Variables Affect Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions,” SAE paper 680109, January (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Wentworth, J., “More on Origins of Exhaust Hydrocarbons—Effect of Zero Oil Consumption, Deposit Location, and Surface Roughness,” SAE paper 720939, October (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gagliardi, J., and Ghannam, F., “Effect of T.E.L. Concentration on Exhaust Emissions in Customer Type Vehicle Operation,” SAE paper 690015, January (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kaiser, E., Adamczyk, A., and Lavoie, G., “The Effect of Oil Layers on the Hydrocarbon Emissions Generated During Closed Vessel Combustion,” 18th International Symposium on Combustion, paper 188, August (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Adamczyk, A., Kaiser, E., Cavolowsky, J., and Lavoie, G., “An Experimental Study of Hydrocarbon Emissions From Closed Vessel Explosions,” 18th International Symposium on Combustion, paper 167, August (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Freeman, J., Jr., and Stahman, R., “Vehicle Performance and Exhaust Emissions; Carburetor vs. Timed Fuel Injection,” SAE paper 650863, November (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Wentworth, J., “Effect of Combustion Chamber Surface Temperature on Exhaust Hydrocarbon Concentration,” SAE paper 710587, June (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Myers, J., and Alkidas, A., “Effects of Combustion Chamber Surface Temperature on the Exhaust Emissions of a Single Cylinder Spark Ignited Engine,” SAE paper 780642, June (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Blumberg, P., and Lavoie, G., personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tanuma, T., Sasaki, K., Kaneko, T., and Kawaski, H., “Ignition, Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Lean Mixtures in Automotive Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE paper 710159, January (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Hass, G., Bonomassa, F., Newmark, P., and Kayne, N., “The Influence of Vehicle Operating Variables on Exhaust Emissions,” J. Air Poll. Cont. Assoc., 17, 384–387 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Induction System Task Group, “Automotive Exhaust Hydrocarbon Reduction During Deceleration by Induction System Devices,” SAE Transactions, 66, 383–396 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Canton, J., and Heywood, J., “Models for Heat Transfer, Mixing and Hydrocarbon Oxidation in an Exhaust Port of a Spark Ignited Engine,” SAE paper 800290, February (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Huls, T., Myers, P., and Uyehara, O., “Spark Ignition Engine Operation and Design for Minimum Exhaust Emissions,” SAE paper 660405, June (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Brinkman, N., “Ethanol Fuel—A Single Cylinder Engine Study of Efficiency and Exhaust Emissions,” SAE paper 810345, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sigworth, H., Jr., Myers, P., and Uyehara, O., “The Disappearance of Ethylene, Propylene, n-Butane, and 1-Butene in Spark Ignition Engine Exhaust,” SAE paper 700472, May (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Steinhagen, W., Niepoth, G., and Mick, S., “Design and Development of the General Motors Air Injection Reactor System,” SAE paper 660106, January (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Brownson, D., and Stebar, R., “Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Air Injection in Reducing Exhaust Emissions,” SAE paper 650526, May (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Tabaczynski, R., Heywood, J., and Keck, J., “Time Resolved Measurements of Hydrocarbon Mass Flow Rate in the Exhaust of a Spark-Ignited Engine,” SAE paper 720112, January (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Siewert, R., “How Individual Valve Timing Events Affect Exhaust Hydrocarbon Emissions,” SAE paper 710609, June (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kuroda, K., Nakajima, Y., Hayashi, Y., and Sugihara, K., “Economical Matching of the Thermal Reactor to Small Engine—Low-Emission Concept Vehicles,” SAE paper 720484, May (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Herrin, R., “Emission Performance of Lean Thermal Reactors—Effects of Volume Configuration and Heat Loss,” SAE paper 780008, February (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Adams, W., Marsee, F., Olree, R., and Hamilton, J., “Emissions, Fuel Economy, and Durability of Lean Burn Systems” SAE paper 760227, February (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Marsee, F., Olree, R., and Adams, W., “Compression Ratio Effects with Lean Mixtures,” SAE paper 770640, June (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Sakai, Y., Nakagawa, S., Tange, R., and Maruyama, R., “Fundamental Study of Oxidation in a Lean Reactor,” SAE paper 770297, February (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Dale, J., Smy, P., and Clements, R., “The Effect of a Coaxial, Spark Igniter on the Performance of and the Emissions from an Internal Combustion Engine,” Combustion and Flame 31, 173–185 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Shelef, M., Otto, K., and Otto, N., “Poisoning of Automotive Catalysts,” in Advances in Catalysis, Vol. 27, pp. 311–365, Academic Press, New York (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  61. White, J., Zakrajsek, C., “Implications of Precious Metal Catalysts with Leaded Fuels,” SAE paper 810086, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Williamson, W., Stepien, H., Watkins, W., and Gandhi, H., “Poisoning of Platinum-Rhodium Automotive Three-Way Catalysts by Lead and Phosphorous,” Environmental Sci. and Tech. 13, 1109–1113(1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. DallaBetta, R., McCune, R., and Sprys, J., “Relative Importance of Thermal and Chemical Deactivation of Noble Metal Automotive Oxidation Catalysts,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. & Dev. 15, 169–172 (1976).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Kuroda, H., Nakajima, Y., Sugihara, K., Takagi, Y., and Muranaka, S., “The Fast Burn with Heavy EGR: New Approach for Low NOx and Improved Fuel Economy,” SAE paper 780006, February (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Harada, M., Kadota, T., and Sugiyama, Y., “Nissan NAPS ‘Z’ Engine Realizes Better Fuel Economy and Low NOX Emissions,” SAE paper 810010, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Harned, J., and Montgomery, D., “Comparison of Catalyst Substrates for Catalytic Converter Systems” SAE paper 730561, May (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Bagley, R., Domain, R., and Duke, D., “Multicellular Ceramics as Catalyst Supports for Controlling Automotive Emissions,” SAE paper 730274, January (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Zemke, B., and Gumbleton, J., “General Motors Progress Towards the Federal Research Objective Emission Levels,” SAE paper 800398, February (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Shelef, M., and Gandhi, H., “Ammonia Formation in Catalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide by Molecular Hydrogen,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. and Dev. 11, 393–396 (1972).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Shelef, M., and Gandhi, H., “The Reduction of Nitric Oxide in Automobile Emissions, Stabilization of Catalysts Containing Ruthenium,” Platinum, Metals Rev. 18, 2–14 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Barnes, G., Klimisch, R., and Krieger, B., “Equilibrium Considerations in Catalytic Emission Control,” SAE paper 730200, January (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Dueker, H., Friese, K., Haecker, W., “Ceramic Aspects of Bosch Lambda-Sensor,” SAE paper 750223, February (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Tien, T., Stadler, H., Gibbons, E., and Zacmanidis, P., “TiO2 as an Air-to-Fuel Ratio Sensor for Automobile Exhausts,” Bull., Amer. Ceramic Soc, 54, 280–282 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wallman, S., “Development of the Volvo Lambda Sond System,” SAE paper 770295, March (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hammerle, R., and Wu, C., “Three-Way Catalyst Performance Characterization,” SAE paper 810275, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kaneko, Y., Kaneko, H., Kobayashi, H., Komagome, R., Hirako, O., and Nakoyama, O., “Air Fuel Ratio Modulation and Conversion Efficiency of Three-Way Catalysts,” SAE paper 780607, June (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Foster, J., Murrell, J., and Loos, S., “Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends,” SAE paper 810386, February (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Federal Register Vol. 37, No. 221, November (1972); Federal Register Vol. 41, No. 101, May (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Federal Register Vol. 45, No. 14, January (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Notice of Intent, Enviromental Protection Agency, April 6, 1981. See also Federal Register Vol. 46, No. 70, April 13, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Wagner, T., Lawrence, D., and Plautz, D., “Diesel: Miles per Barrel,” Hydrocarbon Process., 199-204 January (1981).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kummer, J.T. (1984). Fuel Economy and Emissions. In: Hilliard, J.C., Springer, G.S. (eds) Fuel Economy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2277-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2277-9_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2279-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2277-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics