Abstract
Critics of benefit-cost analyses of lifesaving programs commonly dismiss such analyses with the query “but how can you put a dollar value on a life?” Some believe that it is “morally and intellectually deficient”1 to attempt to monetize mortality. Other critics have observed that there are, at least currently, no generally agreed upon estimates of the so-called “value of a life” and, consequently, as Nicholas Ashford of M.I.T. has argued, “until society better understands this value, current analytic valuations of life must always be inadequate, and cannot be directly compared with the monetary costs or benefits of a regulation.”2
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References
Michael S. Baram, “Regulation of Health, Safety and Environmental Quality and the Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis,” final report to the Administrative Conference of the United States (March 1, 1979) p. 27.
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The “human capital” measure is based on estimates of the present value of foregone earnings due to premature death. The “willingness to pay” measure is derived from estimates of how much individuals are willing to pay to reduce their probability of death by a small amount.
For the lower bound, see Jan P. Acton, “Evaluating Public Programs to Save Lives: The Cost of Heart Attacks,” Rand Corp., Santa Monica, Cal. (1973); for the upper bound, see M. W. Jones-Lee, “The Value of Life,” University of Chicago Press, Chicago (1976).
For a review of these studies, see Robert S. Smith, Compensating wage differentials and public policy: a review, Ind. & Labor Relations Rev., 32, No. 3 (1979), pp. 339–52.
All six of the studies done by the Council of Wage and Price Stability were cost-effectiveness studies.
The mean value of a life in the willingness-to-pay studies was $1,288 thousand; in the foregone-earnings studies it was $204 thousand.
Let p. be the proportion of those individuals whose lives would be saved who are age i and let ei be the life expectancy of individuals age i. Then “average life expectancy gained” is given by the sum over all ages i of the product of p. and ei. We used life expectancy data for the U.S. population for 1976 as given in the “Monthly Vital Statistics Report,” 26, No. 11 (Feb. 1978).
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Of course, if a study considers a continuous range of alternatives rather than a few discrete alternatives, the value of a life will influence which policy is optimal.
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For further discussion of this, see Howard Raiffa, William Schwartz, and Milton Weinstein, Evaluating health effects of social decision and programs, “EPA Decision Making,” National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. (1978).
In most cases, all three kinds of statistics should be presented to provide a variety of perspectives.
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Graham, J.D., Vaupel, J.W. (1981). The Value of a Life: What Difference Does It Make?. In: Haimes, Y.Y. (eds) Risk/Benefit Analysis in Water Resources Planning and Management. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2168-0_19
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