Skip to main content

Prolactin and Growth Hormone Secretion in Stress

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 245))

Abstract

Prolactin (PRL) has long been recognized to be an essential hormone for the regulation of milk production in many species of animals. Even the earliest bioassays of this hormone were sensitive enough to demonstrate that secretion was increased after suckling, and that this effect was mediated through a specific neurogenic reflex (1,2). Reflex suckling-induced PRL release is readily illustrated in normal post partum women (Fig.1.).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Macleod RM 1976 Regulation of prolactin secretion. In: Martini L, Ganong WF, (eds) Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Raven Press, New York Vol 4, 169 194.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Martin JB, Reichlin S. Clinical Neuroendocrinology. Second Edition. FA Davis, Philadelphia pg 201–232, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  3. McNeill AS, Robinson CAF Houston, M, Howie, PW: Release of oxytocin and prolactin in response to suckling. BMJ 286:257–259, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hwang P, Guyda H, Friesen J. A radioiramunoassay for human prolactin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 1902–1906, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Boyd, AE, Reichlin, S. Neural control of prolactin secretion in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3:113–130, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Neill JD, 1980 Neuroendocrine regulation of prolactin secretion. In: Martini L, Ganong WF (eds) Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. Raven Press, New York Vol 6: 129–155.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Nesse, RM, Curtis, GC, Brown GM. et al. Anxiety induced by flooding therapy for phobias does not elicit prolactin secretory response. Psychosom Med 42:25–31, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rose, RM. Overview of endocrinology of stress. I: Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorder Brown GM, Koslow SH, Riechlin S, (eds). Raven Press 1984, 95-122.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ganong WF. Neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying stress responses. In: Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorder. Brown GM, Koslow SH, Reichlin S. (eds) Raven Press 1984: 133-144.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Abe H, Engler D, Molitch ME, Bollinger-Gruber J, Reichlin S. 1985. Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a physiological mediator of prolactin release in the rat. Endocrinology 116: 1383–1390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gibbs DM, Neill JD. 1978. Dopamine levels in hypophysial stalk blood in the rat are sufficient to inhibit prolactin secretion in vivo. Endocrinology 102: 1895–1900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Demarest KT, Moore KE, Riegle GD. 1985. Acute restraint stress decreases tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neuronal activity: evidence for a different response in male versus female rats. Neuroendocrinology 41: 504–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Schally AV, Redding TW, Arimura A, Dupont A, Linthicum GL 1977, Isolation of Gamma-amino butyric acid from pig hypothalami and demonstration of its prolactin release-inhibiting (PIF) activity in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 100: 681–691.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nicolics K, Mason AJ, Szonyi E, Ramaehandran J, Seeburg PH, 1985. A prolactin-inhibiting factor within the precursor for human gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Nature 316: 511 517.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Khorram O, McCann SM. On the presence of a nondopaminergic, peptidergic prolactin release-inhibiting factor in hypothalamic extracts of infantile rats. Neuroendocrinology 44: 65–69, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Valverde RC, Chieffo V, Reichlin S. Failure of reserpine to block ether-induced release of prolactin: Physiological evidence that stress induced prolactin release is not caused by acute inhibition of PIF secretion. Life Sci. 12: 327–335, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Krulich L. Central neurotransmitters and the secretion of prolactin, GH, LH, and TSH. Annu Rev Physiol. 41:603–615, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Valverde C, Chieffo V, Reichlin S. 1972: Prolactin releasing factor in porcine and rat hypothalamic tissue. Endocrinology 91: 982–993, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sheward WJ, Fraser HM, Fink G. 1985. Effects of immunoneutralization of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone on the release of thyrotrophin and prolactin during suckling or in response to electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the anaesthetized rat. J.Endocrinol. 106: 113–119, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fink G, Koch Y, Benaroya N, (1983). TRH in hypophysial portal blood: Characteristics of release and relationship to thyrotropin and prolactin secretion. In Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, pp 127–143 eds. E.C. Griffiths and G.W. Bennett. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Rostene WH. (1981) Neurobiological and neuroendocrine functions of vasoactive-intestinal (VIP). Progress in Neurobiology 22: 103–129, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Frawley LS, and Neill JD. (1981). Stimulation of prolactin secretion in rhesus monkeys by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Neuroendocrinology 33:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Charpentier G, Bercovia JP, Jednak P, Talbot JN, Mutt V, Rosselin G. (1982). VIP test in prolactinomas and in normal subjects. Biomedicine 36:105–107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Werner S, Hulting AL, Hokfelt T, Eneroth P, Tatemoto K, Mutt V, Marode L, Wunsch E. Effect of peptide PHI-27 on prolactin release in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 37, 476–478, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kaji H, Chihara K, Abe H, Minamitani N, Kodama H, Kita T, Fujita T, Tatemoto K. Stimulatory effect of peptide histidine isoleucine amide 1–27 on prolactin release in the rat. Life Sci 35:641–647, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lumpkin MD, Samson WK, McCann SM. 1983. Hypothalamic and pituitary sites of action of oxytocin to alter prolactin secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 112:1711–1712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Itoh N, Obata K, Yanaihara N, Okamoto H. 1973. Human preprovasoactive intestinal polypeptide contains a novel PHI-27-like peptide, PHM-27. Nature 304:547–549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hokfelt T, Schultzberg M, Lundberg JM, Fuxe K, Mutt V, Fahrenkrug J, Said SI. 1982. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the central and peripheral nervous system as revealed by immunocytochemistry. In: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, pp.65–86. Ed. S.I. Said. New York; Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Minamitani N, Minamitani T, Lechan RM, Bollinger-Gruber J, Reichlin S. Paraventricular nucleus mediates prolactin secretory responses to restraint stress, ether stress, and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan injection in the rat. Endocrinology 120: 860–877, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hokfelt Y, Fahrenkrug J, Tatemoto K, Mutt V, Werner S, Hulting AL, Terenius L, Chang KJ. 1983. The PHI(PHI 27)/ corticotropin-releasing factor/enkephalin immunoreactive hypothalamic neuron: possible morphological basis for integrated control of prolactin, corticotropin, and growth hormone secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci 80:895–898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale WW. 1983. Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 36:165–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Olschowka JA, O’Donohue TL, Mueller GP, Jacobowitz DM. 1982. Hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution of CRF-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 35:305–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bruhn TO, Plotsky PM, Vale WW. Effect of paraventricular lesions on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the stalk-median eminence: Studies on the adrenocorticotropin response to ether stress and exogenous CRF. Endocrinology, 1984, 114:57–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE. 1980. Paraventricular nucleus: a site for the integration of neuroendocrine and automatic mechanisms. Neuroendocrinology 31:410–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE. Hypothalamic intergration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Ann Rev Neurosci 1983. 6:269–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Minamitani N, Minamitani T, Lechan RM, Bollinger-Gruber J, Reichlin S. Role of the paraventricular nucleus in the pituitary-adrenal responses to restraint stress, ether stress, and serotonergic stimulation by 5-HTP in conscious male rats. In preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kaji H, Chihara K, Abe H, Kita T, Kashio Y, Okimura Y, Fujita T. 1985. Effect of passive immunization with antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine amide on 5-hydroxy-L-trytophan-induced prolactin release in rats. Endocrinology 117:1914–1919.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ohta H, Kato Y, Shimatsu A, Tojo K, Kabayama Y, Inoue T, Yanaihara N, Imura H. Inhibition by antiserum to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) of prolactin secretion induced by serotonin in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol, 1985. 109:409–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kaji H, Chihara K, Kita T, Kashio Y, Okimura Y, Fujita T. 1985. Administration of antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine attenuates ether-induced prolactin secretion in rats. Neuroendocrinology 41:529–531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Matsushita N, Katakami H, Yanaihara N, Imura H. Stimulation by serotonin of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release into rat hypophysial portal blood. Endocrinology 111:338–340, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Loren I, Emson PC, Fahrenkrug J, Bjorklund A, Alumets J, Hakanson R, Sundler F. (1979). Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the rat and mouse brain. Neuroscience 4:1953–1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Said SI, Porter JC, (1978) vasoactive intestinal peptide release into hypophysial portal blood. Life Sciences 24:227–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Inoue T, Christofides ND, Bloom SR, Imura H. Peptide histidine isoleucine and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity coexist in rat hypophysial portal blood. Neurosci. Let 43:259 262, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Matsushita N, Katakami H, Yanaihara N, Imura H. 1981. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in rat hypophyseal-portal blood. Endocrinology 108: 395–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Matsushita N, Ohta H, Kabayama Y, Yanaihara N, Imura H. Prostaglandin D2 stimulates vasoactive into intestinal polypeptide release into rat hypophysial portal blood. Peptides 1984 5:395–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Brar AK, Fink G, Maletti M, Rostene W. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in rat hypophysial portal blood: effects of electrical stimulation of various brain areas, the oestrus cycle and anaesthetics. J. Endocr. 1985, 106:275–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Macnamee MC, Sharp PJ, Lea RW, Sterling RJ, Harvey S. Evidence that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is a physiological prolactin-releasing factor in the Bantam hen. Gen Comp Endocrinol 62:470–478, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mezey E, Kiss JZ. 1985. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus may participate in regulating prolactin secretion. Pro Natl Acad Sci, USA. 82:245–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hagen TC, Arnaout MA, Scherzer WJ, Martinson DR, Garthwaite TL. Antisera to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide inhibit basal prolactin release from dispersed anterior pituitary cells. Neuroendocrinology 1986, 43:641–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Morel G, Besson J, Rosselin G, Dubois PM. Ultrastuctural evidence for endogenous vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity in the pituitary gland. Neuroendocrinology 1982, 34:85–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Denef C, Baes M, Schramme C. Paracrine interactions in the anterior pituitary: Role in the regulation of prolactin and growth hormone secretion. In: Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Vol 9. Ed. E.D. Ganong, L. Martini (eds) Raven Press, New York, 1986. 115–148.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Reichlin S. Regulation of somatotrophic hormone secretion. In Handbook of Physiology Section 7: Endocrinology Volume IV, The Pituitary Gland and Its Neuroendocrine Control Part 2, Ed. E. Knobil, W.H. Sawyer. 1974, 405-447.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Brown GM, Seggie JA, Chambers JW, Ettigi PG. Psychoneuroendocrinology and growth hormone: A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 3:131 153, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Quabbe H. Hypothalamic control of GH secretion: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Acta Neurochirurgica 75:60–71, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Tannenbaum GS. Physiological role of somatostatin in regulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion. Adv. Exp Med Biol, 188:229–260, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Plotsky PM, Vale WW. Patterns of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation of the rat. Science 230:461, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Roth J, Glick SM, Yalow RS, Berson SA. Hypoglycemia: a potent stimulus to secretion of growth hormone. Science 140:987–988, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Roth JS, Glick SM, Yalow RS, Berson SA. Secretion of human growth hormone: Physiological and experimental modifications. Metabolism 12:577–579, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Schalen DS. The influence of physical stress and exercise on growth hormone and insulin secretion in man. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 69:256 269, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Quabbe H.J, Helge H, Kubicki S. Nocturnal growth hormone secretion: correlation with sleeping EEG in adults and pattern in children and adolescents with non-pituitary dwarfism, overgrowth and with obesity. Acta Endocrinologica (Kbh) 67:767–783, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Takahashi Y, Kipnis DM, Daughday WH. Growth Hormone secretion during sleep. J. Clin Invest. 47:2079–2090, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Tannenbaum GS, Epelbaum J, Colle E, Brazeau P, Martin JB. Antiserum to somatostatin reverses starvation-induced inhibition of growth hormone but not insulin secretion. Endocrinology 102:1909–1914, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Terry LC, Willoughby JO, Brazeau P, Martin JB, Patel Y. Antiserum to somatostatin prevents stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Science 192:565–567, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Abrams RL, Parker ML, Blanco S, Reichlin S, Daughaday WH. Hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 78:605–613, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Bloch B, Brazeau P, Ling N, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of growth hormone-releasing factor in brain. Nature 301:607–608, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Lechan RM, Lin HD, Ling N et al. Distribution of immunoreactive growth hormone releasing factor (1-44)NH2 in the tuberoinfundibular system of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 309:55–61, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Frohman LA, Bernardis LL, Kant K. Hypothalamic stimulation of growth hormone secretion. Science 162:580–582, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Martin JB. Plasma growth hormone (GH) response to hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic electrical stimulation. Endocrinology 91:107–115, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Martin JB. Hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone secretion. In: Secretory Tumors of the Pituitary Gland. Black, P McL., Zervas NT, Ridgway EC, Martin JB (eds). Raven Press New York, N.Y., 109–134, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Ling N, Esch F, Bohlen P, Brazaeu P, Wehrenberg WB, Guillemin R. Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of human hypothalamic somatocrinin: growth hormone-releasing factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 81:4302–4306, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rivier J, Speiss J, Thorner M, Vale WW. Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour that caused acromegaly. Nature 300:276–8, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R. et al. Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77–79, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Thorner MO, Cronin MJ. Growth Hormone-releasing factor: Clinical and Basic studies. In: Neuroendocrine Perspectives, Muller EE, MacLeod RM, Frohman LA, (eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 95–144, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Frohman LA, Jansson J-O. Growth Hormone-releasing hormone. Endocrine Rev. 1, 223–253, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Wehrenberg WB, Ling N, Bohlen P, Esch F, Brazeau P, Guillemin R. Physiological roles of somatocrinin and somatostatin in the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Biohem Biophys Res Commun 109:562–567, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ceda GP, Davis RG, Rosenfeld R.G, Hoffman AR. The growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH)-GH-Somatomedin axis: Evidence for rapid inhibition of GHRH-ELICITED GH release by insulin-like growth factors I and II. Endocrinology 120:1658–1662, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Boyd AE III, Lebovitz HE, Pfeiffer JB. Stimulation of human growth hormone secretion by L-DOPA, New Engl J Med 283:1425–1429, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Laron Z, Topper E, Gil-Ad I. Oral clonidine a simple, safe and effective test for growth hormone secretion. In: Evaluation of Growth Hormone Secretion. Pediat. Adolesc. endocr. 12:103–115, (Karger, Basel, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  79. McCann SM, Krulich L, Ojeda SR et al. Neurotransmitters in the control of anterior pituitary function. In. Fuxe K, Hokfelt T, Luft R. Central regulation of the endocrine system. N.Y. Plenum Press 329-348: 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Terry LC, Crowley WR, Johnson, MD. Regulation of episodic growth-hormone secretion by the central epinephrine system: studies in the chronically cannulated rat. J. Clin Invest 69:104–112, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Terry LC. Neuropharmacologie regulation of anterior pituitary hormone secretion in man. In: Hormone-secreting tumors, J.R. Givens, ed. Year Book Medical Publishers, Inc. Chicago, 27–44, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Grossman A, Clement-Jones V, Besser GM. Clinical implications of endogenous opioid peptides. In. Neuroendocrine Perspectives ed Muller EE, Macleod RM. Frohman LA. Elsevier, Amsterdam 243–294, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Chihara K, Arimura A, Coy DH, Schally AV. 1978. Studies on the interaction of endorphins, substance P, and endogenous somatostatin in growth hormone and prolactin release in rats. Endocrinology 102:281–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Bluet-Pajot M.T, Durand D, Drouva SV, Mounier F, Pressac M, Kordon C. Further evidence that thyrotropin-releasing hormone participates in the regulation of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 44:70–75, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Chihara K, Iwasaki J, Minamitani N, Kaji H, Matsukura S, Tamaki N, Matsumoto S. Fujita T. Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on growth hormone secretion in perifused acromegalic pituitary adenoma tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab 54:773–779, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Samson WK, Lumpkin MD, Nilaver G, McCann SM. Molitin: A novel growth hormone releasing agent. Brain Res Bull 12:57–62, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Bauer FE, Ginsberg L, Venetikou M, MaeKay DJ, Burrin JM, Bloom SR. Growth hormone release in man induced by galanin, a new hypothalamic peptide. 2(8500) 192–5, 1986.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ottlecz A, Samson WK, McCann SM. Galanin: Evidence for a hypothalamic site of action to release growth hormone. Peptides 7, 51–53, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Schlegel W, Vecsey A, Eberle AE, Chretien M, Seidah NG, Zahnd GR. Peptides of the neurointermediary lobe of rat pituitary stimulate GH secretion in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1983, 47-55.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Malacara Jm, Valverde RC, Reichlin, S. Elevation of plasma radioimmunoassyable growth hormone in the rat induced by porcine hypothalamic extract. Endocrinology 91:1189–1198, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. McDonald JK, Lumpkin MD, Samson WK, McCann SM. Neuropeptide Y affects secretion of luteinizing hormone and growth in ovariectomized rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:561–564, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Vijayan E, and McCann SM, 1980. Effects of substance P and neurotensin on growth hormone and TSH release in vivo and in vitro. Life Sci. 26:321–327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Laakmann G, Treusch J, Schmauss M, Schmitt E, Treusch U. Comparison of growth hormone stimulation induced by desimipramide, diazepam and metaclazepam in man. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1982, 141-146.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Steardo L, Iovino M, Monteleone P, Agrusta M, Orio F. Pharmacological evidence for a dual gabaergic regulation of growth hormone release in humans. Life Sci 39:979–985, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Willoughby JO, Jervois PM, Menadue MF, Blessing WW. Activation of GABA receptors in the hypothalamus stimulates secretion of growth hormone and prolactin. Brain Res 374:119–125, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Rivier C, Vale W. Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor and somatostatin in stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat. Endocrinology, 2478-82, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Karashima T, Okajima T, Kato K, Ibayash H. Suppresive effects of cholecystokinin and bombesin on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats. Endocrinol J, 31:539–547, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Blackard WG, Waddell CC, 1969. Cholinergic blockade of growth hormone responsiveness to insulin hypoglycemia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 131:192–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Scarpignato C, Tirelli F, Pontiroli AE. Bombesin inhibits growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans. Brain Res. 371:187–189, April 16, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Casanueva FF, Villaneuva L, Diequez C, Catranes JA, Diaz Y, Szoke B, Scanlon MF, Schally AV, Fernandez-Cruz A. Atropine blockade of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in man is not exerted at pituitary level. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1986, 186-91.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Casanueva FF, Villanueva L, Cabranes JA, Cabezas-Cerrato J, Fernandez-Cruz A. Cholinergic mediation of growth hormone secretion elicited by arginine, clonidine, and physical exercise in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1984, 526-30.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Casaneuva FF, Villaneuva L, Diaz Y, Devesa J, Fernandez-Cruz A, Schally A-V. Atropine selectively blocks GHRH-induced GH secretion without altering LH, FSH, TSH, PRL, & ACTH/Cortisol secretion elicited by their specific hypothalamic releasing factors. Clin Endocrinol, 1986, 319-323.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Richardson SB, Hollander CS, D’Eletto R, Greenleaf PW, Thaw C. 1980. Acetylcholine inhibits the release of somatostatin from rat hypothalamus in vitro. Endocrinology 107:122–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Robbins RJ, Sutton RE, Reichlin S. 1982. effects of neurotransmitters and cyclic AMP on somatostatin release from cultured cerebral cortical cells. Brain Res. 234:377–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Peterfreund RA, Vale WW. 1983. Muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of somatostatin secretion from long-term dispersed cell cultures of fetal rat hypothalamus: inhibition by gamma aminobutyric acid and serotonin. Endocrinology 112:526–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Peterfreund RA, Vale WW. Somatostatin secretion from the hypothalamus In: Advances Exp Med Biol 188: 183–200, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Robbins R. Somatostatin and the cerebral cortex. In Advanc Exp Biol 188:201–216, 1985.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reichlin, S. (1988). Prolactin and Growth Hormone Secretion in Stress. In: Chrousos, G.P., Loriaux, D.L., Gold, P.W. (eds) Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 245. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_28

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2066-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2064-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics