Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Regulation of Rat Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion in vitro: Potential Clinical Implications

  • Chapter
Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 245))

Abstract

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is located in both the hypothalamus (1) and several extrahypothalamic brain regions (2). Different reports suggest that CRH not only stimulates pituitary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) secretion (3), but also activates the sympathetic nervous system (4) and causes behavioral changes (5–10). Behavioral studies conducted primarily in rats have indicated that CRH administered intracerebroventricularly (icv) causes anxiety-like behaviors. Such behaviors are, in part, influenced by the animal’s familiarity with the environment. In single-caged rats, tested in a familiar environment, CRH increases locomotion, rearing, and self-grooming (10) and decreases food intake (5,8). On the other hand, CRH administered to rats in a novel environment decreases locomotion, rearing, and food intake and increases self-grooming (10). In addition, icv CRH administration increases aggression and mounting behavior of male rats (10). In contrast, microinfusion of CRH into the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus and mesencephalic central gray area of estrogen-primed female rats causes decreased sexual receptivity (9). These effects of CRH are compatible with the concept that this peptide may be an important integrative factor that coordinates endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Antoni FA, Palkovits M, Makara GB, Linton EA, Lowry PJ, Kiss JZ 1983 Immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamo-infundibular tract. Neuroendocrinology 36:415–423

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J, Vale W 1983 Organization of ovine corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 36:165–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Vale W, Spiess J, Rivier C, Rivier J 1981 Characterization of a 41-residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates secretion of corticotropin and /?-endorphin. Science (USA) 213:1394–1397

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Brown MR, Fisher LA, Rivier J, Spiess J, Rivier C, Vale W 1982 Corticotropin-releasing factor: effects on the sympathetic nervous system and oxygen consumption. Life Sci 30:207–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Britton DR, Koob GF, Rivier J, Vale W 1982 Intraventricular corticotropin-releasing factor enhances behavioral effects of novelty. Life Sci 31:363–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ehlers CL Henriksen SJ, Wang M, Rivier J, Vale W, Bloom FE 1983 Corticotropin-releasing factor produces increases in brain excitability and convulsive seizures in rats. Brain Res 278:332–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kalin NH, Shelton SE, Kraemer GW, McKinney WT 1983 Corticotropin-releasing factor administered intraventricularly to rhesus monkeys. Peptides (Fayetteville) 4:217–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Morley JE, Levine AS 1982 Corticotropin-releasing factor, grooming and ingestive behavior. Life Sci 31:1459–1464

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Sirinathsinghji DJS, Rees LH, Rivier J, Vale W 1983 Corticotropin-releasing factor is a potent inhibitor of sexual receptivity in the female rat. Nature (London) 27:232–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Sutton RE, Koob GF, LeMoal M, Rivier J, Vale W 1982 Corticotropin-releasing factor produces behavioral activation in rats. Nature (London) 297:331–333

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Britton DR, Britton KT 1981 A sensitive open field measure of anxiolytic drug activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 15:577–582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Jones MT, Gillham B, Di Renzo G, Beckford U, Holmes MC 1981 Neural controlof corticotrophin secretion. In: Front Horm Res Vol 8, TJB van Wimerma Greidanus, (ed) p 12-43 (Karger, Basel)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Telegdy G, Vermes I 1973 The role of serotonin in the regulation of the hypophysis-adrenal system. In: Brodish A, Redgate ES (eds) Brain-Pituitary-adrenal Interrelationships. Karger, Basel, p 332–338

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fehm HL, Voigt KH, Lang RE, Pfeiffer EF 1980 Effects of neurotransmitters on the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) by rat hypothalamic tissue in vitro. Exp Brain Res 39:229–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Rose JL, Goldsmith PC, Holland FJ, Kaplan SL, Ganong WF 1976 Effect of electrical stimulation of the canine brain stem on the secretion of ACTH and growth hormone (GH). Neuroendocrinology 22:352–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Hillhouse EW, Burden J, Jones MT 1975 The effect of various putative neurotransmitters on the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus of the rat in vitro. I. The effect of acetylcholine and noradrenaline. Neuroendocrinology 17:1–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Szafarczyk A, Alonso G, Ixart G, Malaval F, Assenmacher I 1985 Diurnal-stimulated and stress-induced ACTH release in rats is mediated by ventral noradrenergic bundle. Am J Physiol 249:E219–E226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Antoni FA 1986 Hypothalamic control of adrenocorticotropin secretion: advances since the discovery of 41-residue corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocr Rev 7:351–378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Calogero AE, Bernardini R, Margioris AN, Gallucci WT, Munson PJ, Tamarkin L, Tomai TP, Brady L, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1988 Serotonin stimulates rat bypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Submitted for publication

    Google Scholar 

  20. Schuermeyer TH, Avgerinos P, Gold PW, Gallucci WT, Tomai TP, Cutler GB, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP 1984 Human corticotropin-releasing factor in man: Pharmacokinetic properties and dose-response of plasma adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 59:1103–1108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Briaud B, Koch B, Lutz-Bucher B, Miolhe C 1979 In vitro regulation of ACTH release from neurointermediate lobe of rat hypophysis. II. Effect of neurotransmitters. Neuroendocrinology 28:377–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Bernardini R, Saoutis C, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1988 Effect of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 46:303–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hadjian AJ, Culty M, Chambaz EM 1984 Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by acetylcholine, angiotensin II and ACTH in bovine adrenal fasciculata cells. Biochem Biophys Acta 804:427–433

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hedge GA, Smelik PG 1968 Corticotropin release: Inhibition by intrahypothalamic implantation of atropine. Science (USA) 159:891–892

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hedge GA, de Wied D 1971 Corticotropin and vasopressin secretion after hypothalamic implantation of atropine. Endocrinology 88:1257–1259

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gilad GM, Mahon BD, Finkelstein Y, Koffler B, Gilad VH 1985 Stress-induced activation of the hippocampal cholinergic system and the pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Brain Res 347:404–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bruni JF, Hawkins RL, Yen SSC 1982 Serotonergic mechanism in the control of β-endorphin and ACTH release in male rats. Life Sci 30:1247–1254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Fuller RW 1981 Serotonergic stimualtion of pituitary-adrenocortical function in rats. Neuroendocrinology 32:118–127

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mueller GP, Twohy CP, Chen HT, Advis JP, Meites J 1976 Effects of L-tryptophan and restrain stress on hypothalamic and brain serotonin turnover, and pituitary TSH and prolactin release in rats. Life Sci 18:715–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Spinedi E, Negro-Vilar A 1983 Serotonin and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release: direct effects at the anterior pituitary level and potentiation of arginine vasopressin-induced ACTH release. Endocrinology 112:1217–1223

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gibbs DM, Vale W 1983 Effect of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine on corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin secretion into the hypophyseal portal blood. Brain Res 280:176–179

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Axelrod J, Reisine TD 1984 Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation. Science (USA) 224:452–459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Axelrod J, Muller RA, Henry JP, Stephens PM 1970 Changes in enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline and adrenaline after psychosocial stimulation. Nature (London) 225:1059–1060

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Udelsman R, Norton JA, Jelenich SE, Goldstein DS, Linehan WM, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP 1987 Responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and renin-angiotensin axes and the sympathetic system during controlled surgical and anesthetic stress. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:986–994

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Chrousos GP, Gold PW 1988 Catecholamine effect upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in vitro. J Clin Invest (In Press)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Valentino RJ, Foote SL, Aston-Jones G 1983 Corticotropin-releasing factor activates noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus. Brain Res 270:363–367

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gold PW, Goodwin FK, Chrousos GP 1988 Clinical and biochemical manifestations in depression: Relationship to neurobiology of stress. N Engl J Med. In Press

    Google Scholar 

  38. Van Loon GR, Scapagnini U, Moberg GP, Ganong WF 1971 Evidence for central adrenergic neural inhibition of ACTH secretion in the rat. Endocrinology 89:1464–1469

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Benson H, Herd JA, Morse WH, Kelleher RT 1970. Hypothensive effects of chlordiazepoxide, amobarvital and chlorpromazine on behaviorally-induced elevated blood pressure in squirrel monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 173:399–406

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dasgupta S, Mukherjee B 1967 Effect of chlordiazepoxide or stomach ulcers in rabbits induced by stress. Nature (London) 215:1183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Makara GB, Stark E 1974 Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA antagonist drugs or ACTH release. Neuroendocrinology 16:178–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Britton WT, Morgan J, Rivier J, Vale W, Koob GF 1985 Chlorodiazepoxide attenuates response suppression induced by corticotropin-releasing factor in the conflict test. Psychopharmacology 86:170–174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. DeLean A, Munson PJ, Rodbard D 1978 Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: Application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves. Am J Physiol 235:E97–E102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Chrousos GP, Gold PW 1988 Interaction between GABAergic neurotransmission and rat hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Submitted for publication

    Google Scholar 

  45. Baxter CF 1970 The nature of gamma-aminobutyric acid. In: A Lajtha (Ed) Handbook of Neurochemistry, vol 2, Plenum Press, NY pp 289–353

    Google Scholar 

  46. Keller-Wood ME, Dallman MF 1984 Corticosteroid inhibition of ACTH secretion. Endocr Rev 5:1–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Suda T, Yajima F, Tomori N, Sumitomo T, Nakagami Y, Ushiyama T, Demura H, Shizume K 1986 Inhibitory effect of adrenocorticotropin on corticotropin-releasing factor release from rat hypothalamus in vitro. Endocrinology 118:459–461

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Suda T, Tomori N, Yajima F, Ushiyama T, Sumitomo T, Nakagami Y, Demura H, Shizume K 1987 A short negative feedback mechanism regulating corticotropin-releasing hormone release. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:909–913

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Boscaro M, Sonino N, Paoletta A, Rampazzo A, Mantero F 1988 Evidence for ultra-short loop autoregulation of adrenocorticotropin secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:255–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ono N, Bedran De Castro JC, McCann SM 1985 Ultrashort-loop positive feedback of corticotropin (ACTH)-releasing factor to enhance ACTH release in stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 82:3528–3531

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Calogero AE, Gallucci WT, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1988 Multiple feedback regulatory loops upon rat hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion: Poential clinical implications. J Clin Invest (In Press)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Krieger DT, Liotta AS, Brownstein MJ 1977 Presence of corticotropin in Brain of normal and hypophysectomized rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 74:648–652

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW, Joseph SA 1982 The distribution and cells of origin of ACTH(l-39)-stained varicosities in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Brain Res 232:365–374

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Nikolarakis KE, Almeida OFX, Herz A 1986 Stimulation of hypothalamic beta-endorphin and dynorphin release by corticotropin-releasing factor (in vitro). Brain Res 399:152–161

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Uehara A, Gottscholl PE, Dahl RR, Arimura A 1987 Interleukin-1 stimulates ACTH release by an indirect action which requires endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocrinology 121:1580–1582

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Sapolsky R, Rivier C, Yamamoto G, Plotsky P, Vale W 1987 Interleukin-1 stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor. Science (USA) 238:522–524

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Basedowsky H, Del Rey A, Sorkin E, Dinarello CA 1986 Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones. Science (USA) 233:652–654

    Google Scholar 

  58. Calogero AE, Luger T, Gallucci WT, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1987 Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2 stimulate hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone but not pituitary ACTH secretion in vitro. Program of the 69th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, Indianapolis, IN (Abstract 1001)

    Google Scholar 

  59. Healy DL, Hodgen GD, Schulte HM, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Hall NR, Goldstein AL 1983 The thymus-adrenal connection: Thymosin has corticotropin releasing activity in primates. Science (USA) 222:1353–1355

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Gold PW Chrousos GP 1988 Platelet activating factor stimulates adrenocorticotropin secretion in vivo. Clin Research 36:391 A (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  61. Bernardini R, Listwak SJ, Calogero AE, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1988 Interleukin-1 and-2 effects on hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) secretion. Program of the UCLA Symposium on Therapeutic Application of Biologicals, Keystone, CO (Abstract) In Press

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Gold PW, Chrousos GP 1988 Effect of arachidonic acid metabolites on rat hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Program of the 8th International Congress of Endocrinology, Kyoto, Japan (Abstract) In Press

    Google Scholar 

  63. Bernardini R, Calogero AE, Chrousos GP, Saoutis C, Gold PW 1987 Platelet activating factor stimulates hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone secretion in vitro. Program of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, New Orleans. LA (Abstract 450.9)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Luger A, Calogero AE, Kalogeras K, Gallucci WT, Gold PW, Loriaux DL, Chrousos GP 1988 Interaction of epidermal growth factor with the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis: Potential physiologic relevance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:334–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Aldo E. Calogero & George P. Chrousos

  2. Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Renato Bernardini & Philip W. Gold

Authors
  1. Aldo E. Calogero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Renato Bernardini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Philip W. Gold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. George P. Chrousos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    George P. Chrousos , D. Lynn Loriaux  & Philip W. Gold ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Calogero, A.E., Bernardini, R., Gold, P.W., Chrousos, G.P. (1988). Regulation of Rat Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion in vitro: Potential Clinical Implications. In: Chrousos, G.P., Loriaux, D.L., Gold, P.W. (eds) Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 245. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2064-5_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2066-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2064-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation