Abstract
Collective effects involve coherent motion of a large number of particles under the influence of macroscopic mean fields. When it comes to electrons in a metal, or other types of plasmas, it is well known and accepted that there are collective elementary excitations, the so called plasmons, which govern the response of the metal to external perturbations. It is then natural to ask the question whether a finite electronic system also may be characterized in terms of collective behaviour. This is an old question, and the aswer is by now quite clear: It can indeed show collective behaviour. The “problem” is, however, that a finite system is ameanable to different types of treatments which in principle give the correct answers. This will naturally lead to a number of different views and interpretations of the same phenomenon, and even to different “schools” of thought.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M.Ya. Amusia, N.A. Cherepkov, and L.V. Chernysheva, Cross sections for the photoionization of noble-gas atoms with allowance for multielectron correlations, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 60:160 (1971); (Sov. Phvs. JETP 33:90 (1971))
G. Wendi, Collective effects in atomic photoabsorption spectra III. Collective resonance in the 4d10 shell in Xe, J. Phys. B 6:42 (1973)
H.P. Kelly, and R.L. Simons, Photoabsorption by neutral argon calculated by many-body perturbation theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30:529 (1973)
M.Ya. Amusia, and N.A. Cherepkov, Case Studies in Atomic Physics 5:47 (1975)
G. Wendi, and A.F. Starace, Perturbation theory in a stronginteraction regime with application to 4d-subshell spectra of Ba and La, J. Phys. B 11:4119 (1978)
G. Wendin, Application of many-body problems to atomic physics, in: New Trends in Atomic Physics, Les Houches Summer School, Session XXXVIII, 1982, eds. G. Grynberg, and R. Stora, (Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984), p. 555
G. Wendin, Dynamic effects in core spectra, in: X-ray and Inner-Shell Physics, ed. B. Crasemann, AIP Conf. Proc. no. 94, 495 (1982)
G. Wendin, Breakdown of one-electron pictures in photoelectron spectra, in: Structure and Bonding Vol 45 (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1981), p. 1
P. Feibelman, Surface electromagnetic fields, Progress in Surface Science 12: 287 (1982)
P. Apell, Å. Ljungbert, and S. Lundqvist, Non-local optical effects at metal surfaces, Phys. Scripta 30:367 (1984)
W. Ekardt, Size-dependent photoabsorption and photoemission of small metal particles, Phys. Rev. B 31: 6360 (1985)
F.P. Netz, G. Strasser, G. Rosina, and J.A.D. Matthew, Core level excitations in the lanthanides by electron energy loss spectroscopy. II: 5p and 4p excitations, J.Phys. F 15:753 (1985)
G. Wendin, Giant dipole resonances in 4d photoabsorption of atomic barium, Phys. Lett. 46A:119 (1973)
G. Wendin, Photoionization of metallic lanthanum, thorium, and uranium in a local-density-based random phase approximation, Phys. Rev, Lett. 53:725 (1984)
R. Haensel, G. Keitel, and P. Schreiber, Optical absorption of solid krypton and xenon in the far ultraviolet, Phys. Rev. 188:1375 (1969)
P. Rabe, Ph.D. thesis, Universität Hamburg, 1974; DESY internal report F41-74/2 (1974); in German
G. Wendin, On the importance of atomic effects in photoemission from Te adsorbed on Ni, Solid State Commun. 38:197 (1981)
G. Wendin, Collective effects, relaxation, and localization of hole levels in atoms, molecules, solids, and adsorbates, Int. J. Quant. Chem. S13:659 (1979)
Z. Crljen, and G. Wendin, Many-body theory of effective local potentials for electronic excitations. I, Phys. Scripta 32:359 (1986)
Z. Crljen, and G. Wendin, Many-body theory of effective local potentials for electronic excitations. II General theory, submitted to Phys. Rev. A
Z. Crljen, and G. Wendin, Many-body theory of effective local potentials for electronic excitations. III Application to giant dipole resonances, submitted to Phys. Rev. A
G. Wendin, Many-electron effects in photoionisation, in: Photoionization of Atoms and-Molecules, ed. B. Buckley, Daresbury Laboratory report DL/SCI/R11 (1978), p. 1
G. Wendin, and Z. Crljen, Many-body theory of effective local potentials for electronic excitations. IV, to be published
D.C. Griffin, and M.S. Pindzola, LS term-dependent and configuration-average Hartree-Fock calculations for complex atoms and ions, Comments At. Mol. Phys. 13:1 (1983)
G. Wendin, Generalization of the RPAE: 4d-photoabsorption in atomic Ba including relaxation effects, Phys. Lett. 51A:291 (1975)
A. Zangwill and P. Soven, Density-functional approach to local-field effects in finite systems: Photoabsorption in the rare gases, Phys. Rev. A 21:1561 (1980)
A. Zangwill and P. Soven, Resonant photoemission in barium and cerium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45:204 (1980)
K. Nuro, M.J. Stott, and E. Zaremba, Calculation of the 4d-subshell photoabsorption spectra of Ba, Ba+ and Ba++, Phys. Rev.Lett. 49:862 (1982)
A.F. Starace, Photoionization of argon and xenon including final-state correlation, Phys. Rev. A 2:118 (1970)
H.P. Kell, S.L. Carter, and B.E. Norum, Calculations of photoionization of the 4d subshell of Ba and Ba2+, Phvs. Rev. A 25:2052 (1982)
M. Cukier, P. Dhez, B. Gauthé. P. Jaeglé, C. Wehenkel, and F. Combet Farnoux, J. Physique 39:L315 (1978)
D.H. Tracy, Photoabsorption structure in lanthanides: 5p subshell spectra of SmI, EuI, HoI, ErI, TmI and YbI, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A357:485 (1977)
W.A. Svenss, M.O. Krause, T.A. Carlson, V. Radojevic, and W.R. Johnson, Photoelectron studies of the 4f and 6s subshells in atomic ytterbium, Phys. Rev. A 33:1024 (1986)
G. Rossi and A. Barsk, Electron-emission processes following 5p photoexcitation in fcc Yb, Phys. Rev. B 32:5492 (1985)
J.M. Biza, D. Cubaynes, P. Gérard, F.J. Wuilleumier, J.C. Keller, J.L. LeGouet, J.L. Picqué, D.L. Ederer, B. Carré, and G. Wendin, Experimental and theoretical determinations of the 5d photoionization cross section in laser-excited barium atoms between 15 and 150 eV photon energy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57:306 (1986)
G. Wendin, Theoretical aspects of many-electron effects in atomic systems, Comments At. Mol. Phys. 17:115 (1986)
A.F. Starace, Behaviour of partial cross sections and branching ratios in the neighborhood of a resonance, Phys. Rev. A 16:231 (1977)
F. Combet Farnoux, Multichannel scattering theory of the resonant Auger effect in photoelectron spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. A 25:287 (1982)
J.M. Bizau, P. Gérard, F.J. Wuilleumier, and G. Wendin, Resonant photoemission in atomic calcium: A test case for atomic theory, Phys. Rev. Lett. 53:2083 (1984)
J.M. Bizau, P. Gérard, F.J. Wuilleumier, and G. Wendin, Photoionzation of atomic calcium in the 2 6-120 eV photon energy region, submitted to Phys. Rev. A
Cf. the discussion of satellite-to-main-line ratios in the 3p-resonance region in Ref. 40.
C. Colliex, M. Gasgnier, and P. Trebbia, J. Physique 37:397 (1976)
M. Cukier, B. Gauthé, and C. Wehenkel, J. Physique 41:603 (1980)
H.R. Moser, B. Delley, W.D. Schneider, and Y. Baer, Characterization of f electrons in the light lanthanides and actinides by electron-energy-loss and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, Phys. Rev. B 29:2947 (1984)
H.R. Moser, Ph.D. Thesis, ETH, Zürich (1983); in German
F.P. Netzer, G. Strasser, and J.A.D. Matthew, Selection rules in electron-excited 4d-4f transitions at intermediate incident energies, Phys. Rev. Lett. 51:211 (1983)
J. Kanski, and G. Wendin, Dynamic effects in electron-energy loss processes in barium, lanthanum, and cerium, Phys. Rev. B 24:4977 (1981)
J. Kanski (private communication, 1980)
P.O. Nilsson, J. Kanski, and G. Wendin, Many-body effects in the appearance potential spectrum of barium, Solid State Commun. 15:287 (1974)
M. Piacentini, R.J. Smith, and D.W. Lynch, Appearance potential spectra of La and Ce, in: Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics, eds. E.E. Koch, R. Haensel, and C. Kunz, (Vieweg-Pergamon, Braunschweig, 1974), p. 255
R.J. Liefeld, A.F. Burr, and M.B. Chamberlain, Electron-excitation energy-dependent features in the M-series x-ray spectra of lanthanides, Phys. Rev. A 9:316 (1974)
M.B. Chamberlain, A.F. Burr, and R.J. Liefeld, Excitationenergy-dependent features in the continuum spectrum of cerium near the Mα and Mβ x-ray emission lines, Phys. Rev. A 9:663 (1974)
J. Kanski and P.O. Nilsson, Appearance potential and characteristic-energy-loss spectroscopies of lanthanum: New interpretation of resonant x-ray emission, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43:1185 (1979)
F. Riehle, Ph.D thesis, Karlsruhe, 1977; in German
P. Motais, E. Belin, and C. Bonnelle, Electron-excited 3d-hole states of La3+ in solids, Phys. Rev. B 30:4399 (1984)
G. Wendin and K. Nuroh, Bremsstrahlung resonances and appearance-potential spectroscopy near the 3d thresholds in metallic Ba, La, and Ce, Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:48 (1977)
K. Nuroh and G. Wendin, Theoretical model for bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopy: Application to metallic lanthanum, Phys. Rev. B 24:5533 (1981)
G. Wendin, Resonance and threshold processes in bremsstrahlung isochromat spectra of metallic La in the 3d-region, 1983, unpublished
Some aspects of this problem have been discussed by K. Nuroh and G. Wendin, Resonant bremsstrahlung emission and APS near the 4d-thresholds of metallic Ba, La, and Ce, 1978, unpublished (in Ph.D. thesis of K. Nuroh)
M.Ya. Amusia, N.B. Avdonina, L.V. Chernysheva, and M.Yu. Kuichev, “Stripping” of the atom in bremsstrahlung, J. Phys. B 18:L791 (1985)
T.M. Zimkina, A.S. Lyakhovskaya Shulakov, V.I. Alaverdov, and M.V. Razuvaeva, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 25:26 (1983)
G. Wendin, On the influence of scattering resonances on radiative capture of electrons by atoms and ions, 1977, unpublished
S.M. Younger, Giant resonances in the electron-impact ionization of heavy atoms and ions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24:2618 (1986)
M. Ohno and G. Wendin, Dynamics of screening and interference effects in x-ray and Auger emission spectra, Z. Phys. D, in press
M. Ohno and G. Wendin, Many-electron theory of x-ray photoelectron spectra: N-shell linewidths in the 46Pd to 92U range, Phys. Rev. A 31:2318 (1985)
A. L’Huillier, L.A. Lompré, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, Multiply charged ions induced by multiphoton absorption in rare gases at 0.53 μm, Phys. Rev. A 27:2503 (1983)
P. Kruit, J. Kimman, H.G. Muller, and M. van der Wiel, Electron spectra from multiphoton ionization of xenon at 1064, 532, and 355 nm, Phys. Rev. A 28:248 (1983)
K. Boyer, H. Egger, T.S. Luk, H. Pummer, and C.K. Rhodes, Collision-free multiple photon ionization of atoms and molecules at 193 nm, Phys. Rev. A 32:214 (1984)
C.K. Rhodes, Multiphoton ionization of atoms, Science 229:1345 (1985)
S.L. Chin, F. Yergeau, and P. Lavigne, Tunnel ionization of Xe in an ultra-intense CO2 laser field (1014 W/cm2) with multiple charge creation, J. Phys. B 18:L213 (1985)
K. Boyer and C.K. Rhodes, Atomic inner-shell excitation induced by coherent motion of outer-shell electrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54:1490 (1985)
A. Szöke and C.K. Rhodes, Theoretical model of inner-shell excitation by outer-shell electrons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56:720 (1986)
A.L. Robinson, Atoms in strong laser fields obey the rules, Science 232:1193 (1986)
G. Wendin, L. Jönsson, and A. L’Huillier, Screening effects in multielectron ionization of heavy atoms in intense laser fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56:1241 (1986)
A. L’Huillier, L. Jönsson, and G. Wendin, Many-electron effects in multiphoton ionization: I. Screening effects in single-electron ionization, Phys. Rev. A 33:3938 (1986)
A. L’Huillier and G. Wendin, Two-photon one-electron ionization cross section of the 5p-shell of xenon including screening effects, submitted for publication
M.S. Pindzola and H.P. Kelly, Two-photon ionization of the neutral argon atom, Phys. Rev. A 11:1543 (1975)
R. Moccia, N.K. Rahman, and A. Rizzo, Two-photon ionization cross section calculations of noble gases: results for Ne and Ar, J. Phys. B 16:2734 (1983)
E.J. McGuire, Two-and three-photon ionization in the noble gases, Phys. Rev. A 24:834 (1981)
P. Gangopadhyay, X. Tang, P. Lambropoulos, and R. Shakeshaft, Theory of autoionization of Xe under 2-and 3-photon excitation, Phys. Rev. A. in press
The present independent-electron approximation includes all ladder diagrams, in which basis the RPA bubble expansion gives accurate RPAE results. The HF configuration-average results are slightly lower, and agree quite well with McGuire79.
A.W. McCown, M.N. Ediger, and J.G. Eden, Two-photon ionization of xenon at 193 nm, Phys. Rev. A 26:3318 (1982)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wendin, G. (1987). Giant Resonances as a Probe of Collective Excitations in Atoms and Solids. In: Connerade, J.P., Esteva, J.M., Karnatak, R.C. (eds) Giant Resonances in Atoms, Molecules, and Solids. NATO ASI Series, vol 151. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2004-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2004-1_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2006-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2004-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive