Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of Demyelinating and Degenerative Disorders

  • Chapter
Neuropsychology

Part of the book series: Human Brain Function ((HBFA))

  • 341 Accesses

Abstract

The terms demyelinating and degenerative have been used to classify two groups of disorders that have distinct neuropathological features. The disorders that compose these categories, and particularly the degenerative category, are quite diverse. As the term implies, degenerative is used to classify a group of disorders that involve degeneration of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Degenerative disorders include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s chorea, progressive supranuclear palsy, and Pick’s disease, among others. The etiology of many degenerative disorders is unknown and there are no identified antecedents to their onset. Rather, degenerative disorders begin insidiously and progress slowly, often over the course of many years. Typically, neuronal degeneration is bilateral. For many of these disorders, specific neuronal systems or neuroanatomical areas are affected more so than others. On the other hand, demyelinating disorders are grouped together because myelin destruction is their defining characteristic. Generally, the nerve cell itself is spared. Examples of demyelinating disorders include multiple sclerosis (MS), leukoencephalopathy, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. While the etiology of some demyelinating disorders is known, for many the etiology is not known. The course of demyelinating diseases is varied. In some cases the disease can begin insidiously and then progress either gradually or quickly. In other cases, there appears to be only one or two exacerbations during the entire course of the disorder and little or no cognitive or physical disability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, R. D., & Victor, M. (1997). Principles of neurology (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Information Services Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, J. C, LeResche, L., Niaz, U., VonKorff, M. R., & Folstein, M. F. (1982). Limits of the “Mini-Mental State” as a screening test for dementia and delirium among hospital patients. Psychological Medicine, 12, 397–408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appell, J., Kertesz, A., & Fisman, A. (1982). A study of language functioning in Alzheimer’s patients. Brain and Language, 17, 73–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, F. M., Robinson, B. H., & Stewart, B. (1993). Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination in African American elders. Clinical Gerontologist, 14, 5–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbizet, J., & Cany, E. (1968). Clinical and psychometrical study of a patient with memory disturbances. International Journal of Neurology, 7, 44–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, A., Benedict, R., Tune, L., & Brandt, J. (1992). Neuropsychological differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease from vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 7, 621–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., & Goodkin, D. E. (1990). Screening for cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: An evaluation of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Archives of Neurology, 47, 297–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Goodkin, D. E., Beatty, P. A., & Monson, N. (1989). Frontal lobe dysfunction and memory impairment in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain and Cognition, 11, 73–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Goodkin, D. E., Monson, N., & Beatty, P. A. (1986). Cognitive disturbances in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1113–1119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Goodkin, D. E., Monson, N., Beatty, P. A., & Hertsgaard, D. (1988). Anterograde and retrograde amnesia in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 45, 611–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Paul, R. H., Wilbanks, S. L., Hames, K. A., Blanco, C. R., & Goodkin, D. E. (1995). Identifying multiple sclerosis patients with mild or global cognitive impairment using the Screening Examination for Cognitive Impairment. Neurology, 45, 718–723.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Heindel, W. G., & Granholm, E. P. (1987). Retrograde amnesia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease or Huntington’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, 181–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. L. (1974). The revised visual retention test (4th ed.). New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. de S. (1976). Multilingual Aphasia Examination. Iowa City, I A: University of Iowa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L. (1988). Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 637–639.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bierer, L. M., Hof, P. R., Purohit, D. P., Carlin, L., Schmeidler, J., Davis, K. L., & Perl, D. P. (1995). Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles correlates with dementia severity in Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 52, 81–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binetti, G., Magni, E., Padovani, A., Cappa, S. F., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (1993). Neuropsychological heterogeneity in mild Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia, 4, 321–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blessed, G., Tomlinson, E., & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measures of dementia and senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatric Medicine, 114, 797–811.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buschke, H., & Fuld, P. A. (1974). Evaluating storage, retention, and retrieval in disordered memory and learning. Neurology, 24, 1019–1025.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coblentz, J. M., Mattis, S., Zingesser, L., Kasoff, S. S., Wisniewski, H. M., & Katzman, R. (1973). Presenile dementia: Clinical aspects and evaluation of cerebral spinal fluid dynamics. Archives of Neurology, 25, 299–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L. (1990). Subcortical dementias. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L., & Benson, D. F. (1992). Dementia: A clinical approach (2nd ed.). Boston: Buttersworth-Heinemann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, J. E., Pederson, S. L., Blom, B. E., & Holmes, N. R. (1987). Diagnostic errors using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire with a mixed clinical population. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 512–514.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davous, P. L. Y., Lamour, Y., Debrand, E., & Rondot, P. (1987). A comparative evaluation of the short orientation memory concentration test of cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 50, 1312–1317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti, T., Sulkava, R., Wikström, J., & Autio, L. (1987). Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire as a screening test for dementia and delirium among the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 35, 412–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P. J., & Damasio, A. R. (1986). Preserved motor learning in Alzheimer’s disease: Implications for anatomy and behavior. Journal of Neurosciences, 6, 3006–3009.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P. J., Damasio, A. R., Benton, A. L., & Van Allen, M. (1985). Neuropsychologic detection of abnormal mental decline in older persons. Journal of the American Medical Association, 253, 670–674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillenbaum, G. G., Heyman, A., Wilkinson, W. E., & Haynes, C. S. (1987). Comparison of two screening tests in Alzheimer’s disease: The correlation and reliability of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Modified Blessed Test. Archives of Neurology, 44, 924–927.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fillenbaum, G. G., Wilkinson, W. E., Welsh, K. A., & Mohs, R. C. (1994). Discrimination between stages of Alzheimer’s disease with subsets of the mini-mental state examination items: An analysis of the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer’s disease data. Archives of Neurology, 51, 916–921.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-Mental State. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuld, P. A. (1978). Psychological testing in the differential diagnosis of dementias. In R. Katzman, R. D. Terry, & K. L. Bick (Eds.), Alzheimer’s disease: Senile dementia and related disorders (pp. 185–193). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galasko, D., Klauber, M. R., Hofstetter, C. R., Salmon, D. P., Lasker, B., & Thai, L. J. (1990). The Mini-Mental State examination in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 47, 49–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R., Oliver-Munoz, S., Fisher, L., & Empting, L. (1981). Mattis Dementia Rating Scale: Internalreliability study using a diffusely impaired population. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 271–275.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golding, E. (1989). MEAMS: The Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State description and validation. Fareham, England: Thames Valley Test Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977). Paced auditory serial-addition task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 367–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, M., Armstrong, C, Onishi, K., Thompson, H., Schaefer, B., Robinson, K., D’Esposito, M., Cohen, J., Brennan, D., Rostami, A., Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Kolson, D., Constantinescu, C, & Silberberg, D. (1994). Patterns of cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting and chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 7, 194–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, R. P., Smith, C. M., & Swash, M. (1988). Word fluency in patients with early dementia of Alzheimer type. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 115–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R., Nelson, L., Thompson, D. S., Burks, J. S., & Franklin, G. M. (1985). Neuropsychological findings in relapsing-remitting and chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 103–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R., Thompson, L. L., Nelson, L. M., Filley, C. M., & Franklin, G. M. (1990). Brief and intermediate-length screening of neuropsychological impairment in multiple sclerosis. In S. A. Rao (Ed.), Neurobehavioral aspects of multiple sclerosis (pp. 149–160). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1991). The nature of the naming deficit in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain, 114, 1547–1558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzer, C. E. III, Tischler, G. L., Leaf, P. J., & Myers, J. K. (1984). An epidemiologic assessment of cognitive impairment in a community population. In J. R. Greenley (Ed.), Research in community mental health (vol. 4, pp. 3–32). London, England: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. (1992). General and specific cognitive dysfunctions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 7, 121–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huff, F. J., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1986). Semantic impairment and anomia in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain and Language, 28, 235–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W., Coben, L., & Martin, R. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 566–572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husband, H. J., & Tarbuck, A. F. (1994). Cognitive rating scales: A comparison of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9, 797–802.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. W., Bernhard, M. R., Delgado, A., & Strain, J. J. (1977). Screening for organic mental syndromes in the medically ill. Annals of Internal Medicine, 86, 40–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., Brown, T., Fuld, P., Peck, A., Schechter, R., & Schimmel, H. (1983). Validation of a short orientation memory concentration test of cognitive impairment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 734–739.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, H. R., Cohen, R. A., Lauer, K., & Kausch, D. F. (1992). The relationship between disability and memory dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience, 62, 17–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtzke, J. F. (1983). Rating neurological impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS). Neurology, 33, 1444–1452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Launer, L. J., Dinkgreve, M. A. H. M., Jonker, C, Hooijer, C, & Lindeboom, J. (1993). Are age and education independent correlates of the Mini-Mental State Exam. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 48, 271–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loring, D., & Largen, J. (1985). Neuropsychological patterns of presenile and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia, 23, 351–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magni, E., Binetti, G., Cappa, S., Bianchetti, A., & Trabucchi, M. (1995). Effect of age and education on performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination in a healthy older population and during the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 942–943.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, S. C, & Mungas, D. (1995). Age and education correction for the Mini-Mental State Exam. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marson, D., Herfkens, K., Brooks, A., Ingram, K., & Harreil, L. (1995). Relevance of dementia screening instruments to physicians’ competency judgments in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattis, S. (1988). DRS: Dementia Rating Scale professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mclntosh-Michaelis, S. M., Roberts, M. H., Wilkinson, S. M., Diamond, I. D., McLellan, D. L., Martin, J. P., & Spackman, A. J. (1991). The prevalence of cognitive impairment in a community survey of multiple sclerosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 333–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, E. (1981). The differential psychological evaluation. In N. E. Miller & G. D. Cohen (Eds.), Clinical aspects of Alzheimer’s disease and senile dementia, Aging (Vol. 15, pp. 121–138). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Thai, L. J., Hansen, L. A., Wiederholt, W. C, Cahn, D. A., & Klauber, M. R. (1995). Clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in detecting dementia of the Alzheimer type: A double cross-validation and application to a community-dwelling sample. Archives of Neurology, 52, 899–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monsch, A. U., Goldi, N. S., Ermini-Funfschilling, D. E., Berres, M., Tayler, K. I., Seifritz, E., Stähelin, H. B., & Spiegel, R. (1995). Improving the diagnostic accuracy of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 92, 145–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. C, Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C, Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., Clark, S., & the CERAD investigators. (1989). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39, 1159–1164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nussbaum, P. D., & Allen, D. N. (1994). Recent developments in neuropsychological assessment of the elderly and individuals with severe dementia. In G. Goldstein & T. M. Incagnoli (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to neuropsychological assessment (pp. 277–324). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, D. W., Pollitt, P. A., Hyde, J. B., Fellows, J. L., Miller, N. D., Brook, C. P. B., & Reiss, B. B. (1989). The reliability and validity of the Mini-Mental State in a British community survey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 23, 87–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paulsen, J. S., Butters, N., Sadek, J. R., Johnson, S. A., Salmon, D. P., Swerdlow, N. R., & Swenson, M. R. (1995). Distinct cognitive profiles of cortical and subcortical dementia in advanced illness. Neurology, 45, 951–956.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peyser, J. M., Edwards, K. R., Poser, C. M., & Filskov, S. B. (1980). Cognitive function in patients with multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, 37, 577–579.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, E. (1975). Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23, 433–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, T., Brooker, D. J. R., & Papadopolous, A. (1993). Test-retest reliability of the Middlesex Assessment of Mental State (MEAMS): A preliminary investigation in people with probable dementia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 224–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raine, C. S. (1990). Neuropathology. In S. A. Rao (Ed.), Neurobehavioral aspects of multiple sclerosis (pp. 15–36). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M. (1993). White matter dementias. In R. W. Parks, R. F. Zee, & R. S. Wilson (Eds.), Neuropsychology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias (pp. 438–456). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M., Leo, G. J., Bernardin, L., & Unverzagt, F. (1991). Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. I. Frequency, patterns, and prediction. Neurology, 21, 685–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M., Leo, G. J., Ellington, L., Nauertz, T., Bernardin, L., & Unverzagt, F. (1991). Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. II. Impact on employment and social functioning. Neurology, 21, 692–696.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M., Leo, G. J., Haughton, V. M., St. Aubin-Faubert, P., & Bernardin, L. (1989). Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with neuropsychological testing in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 39, 161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roccaforte, W. H., Burke, W. J., Bayer, B. L., & Wengel, S. P. (1994). Reliability and validity of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire administered by telephone. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7, 33–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, L., Clark, C. M., Klonoff, H., Li, D., & Paty, D. (1996). Patterns of cognitive impairment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and their relationship to neuropathology on magnetic resonance images. Neuropsychology, 10, 176–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sager, H. J., Cohen, N. J., Sullivan, E. V., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1988). Remote memory function in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Brain, 111, 941–959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, D. P., Thai, L. J., Butters, N., & Heindel, W. C. (1990). Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: A comparison of three standardized mental status examinations. Neurology, 40, 1225–1230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuels, M. A., & Feske, S. (1996). Office practice of neurology. New York: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saxton, J., McGonigle-Gibson, K., Swihart, A., & Boiler, F. (1993). The Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) manual. Suffolk, England: Thames Valley Test Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shay, K. A., Duke, L. W., Conboy, T., Harrell, L. E., Callaway, R., & Folks, D. G. (1991). The clinical validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in staging Alzheimer’s dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 4, 18–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shear, P. K., Sullivan, E. V., Mathalon, D. H., Lim, K. O., Davis, L. F., Yesavage, J. A., Tinklenberg, J. R., & Pfefferbaum, A. (1995). Longitudinal volumetric computed tomographic analysis of regional cerebral brain changes in normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 52, 392–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shiel, A., & Wilson, B. A. (1992). Performance of stroke patients on the Middlesex Elderly Assessment of Mental State. Clinical Rehabilitation, 6, 283–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, W. A. (1990). Diagnosis and course of multiple sclerosis. In S. M. Rao (Ed.), Neurobehavioral aspects of multiple sclerosis (pp. 5–14). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1982). Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, R. G., Mohs, R. C, Bierer, L. M., Silverman, J. M., Schmeidler, J., Davidson, M., & Davis, K. L. (1992). Deterioration on the Blessed test in Alzheimer’s disease: Longitudinal data and their implications for clinical trials and identification of subtypes. Psychiatry Research, 42, 101–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storandt, M. (1994). General principles of assessment of older adults. In M. Storandt & G. R. Van den Bos (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment of depression and dementia in older adults: A clinician’s guide (pp. 7–32). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Storandt, M., Botwinick, J., Danziger, W. L., Berg, L., & Hughes, C. P. (1984). Psychometric differentiation and mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Archives of Neurology, 41, 497–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storandt, M., & Hill, R. D. (1989). Very mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type, II. Psychometric test performance. Archives of Neurology, 46, 383–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swirsky-Sacchetti, T., Field, H. L., Mitchell, D. R., Seward, J., Lublin, F. D., Knobler, R. L., & Gonzalez, C. F. (1992). The sensitivity of the Mini-Mental State Exam in the white matter dementia of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 779–786.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thai, L. J., Grundman, M., & Golden, R. (1986). Alzheimer’s disease: A correlational analysis of the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration Test and the Mini-Mental State Exam. Neurology, 36, 262–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tombaugh, T. N., McDowell, I., Kristjansson, B., & Hubley, A. M. (1996). Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the modified MMSE (3MS): A psychometric comparison and normative data. Psychological Assessment, 8, 48–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. A. (1945). A standardized memory scale for clinical use. Journal of Psychology, 19, 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, P. G., Chiriboga, D. A., & Black, S. A. (1994). Comparison of mental status tests: Implications for Alzheimer’s patients and their caregivers. Journal of Gerontology, 49, S44-S51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Mohs, R. C, Beekley, D., Edland, S., Fillenbaum, G., & Heyman, A. (1994). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part V. A normative study of the neuropsychological battery. Neurology, 44, 609–614.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, P. J. (1986). The concept of subcortical and cortical dementia: Another look. Annals of Neurology, 19, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. S., Bacon, L. D., Fox, J. H., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1983). Primary memory and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5, 337–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward, J. L., Salthouse, T. A., Godsall, R. E., & Green, R. C. (1996). Confirmatory factor analysis of Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychological Assessment, 8, 85–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zachary, R. A. (1986). Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Revised manual Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Psychology Service (116B), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Highland Drive Division, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15206-1297, USA

    Daniel N. Allen, David G. Sprenkel, Carol J. Schramke & Nicole Englund Heffron

  2. Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA

    Rock A. Heyman

Authors
  1. Daniel N. Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. David G. Sprenkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rock A. Heyman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Carol J. Schramke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicole Englund Heffron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gerald Goldstein

  2. Lutheran Affiliated Services, Aging Research and Education Center, Mars, Pennsylvania, USA

    Paul David Nussbaum

  3. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Sue R. Beers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Allen, D.N., Sprenkel, D.G., Heyman, R.A., Schramke, C.J., Heffron, N.E. (1998). Evaluation of Demyelinating and Degenerative Disorders. In: Goldstein, G., Nussbaum, P.D., Beers, S.R. (eds) Neuropsychology. Human Brain Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1952-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1950-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation