Skip to main content

Evaluation of Head Trauma

  • Chapter
Neuropsychology

Part of the book series: Human Brain Function ((HBFA))

Abstract

Head trauma is a widespread, major public health problem often characterized as a silent epidemic. More than 2 million head injuries occur each year in the United States, about one every 15 seconds (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [NINDS], 1989; National Head Injury Foundation [NHIF], 1993). Most head injuries (50%–86%) are classified as mild. Overall incidence rates range from 132 to 367 per 100,000, with an average incidence of 200 per 100,000 across population-based studies in the 1970s and 1980s (Sorenson & Kraus, 1991). This rate is comparable to that estimated for other countries (Gronwall, Wrightson, & Waddell, 1990).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J. H., Doyle, D., Graham, D. I., Lawrence, A. E., & McLellan, D. R. (1986). Gliding contusions in nonmissile head injury in humans. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 110, 485–488.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, J. H., Graham, D. I., Murray, L. S., & Scott, G. (1982). Diffuse axonal injury due to nonmissile head injury in humans: An analysis of 45 cases. Annals of Neurology, 12, 557–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, M. P. (1995). Mild traumatic brain injury: Pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology, 45, 1253–1260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexandre, A., Colombo, F., Nertempi, P., & Benedetti, A. (1983). Cognitive outcome and early indices of severity of head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 59, 751–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allison, M. (1992). The effects of neurologic injury on the maturing brain: New developments. Headlines, 3, 2–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (1987). General guidelines for providers of psychological services. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597–1611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, J. T., Macciocchi, S. N., Giordani, B., Rimel, R., Jane, J. A., & Boll, T. J. (1983). Neuropsychological sequelae of minor head injury. Neurosurgery, 13, 529–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barth, J. T., Ryan, T. V., Shear, J. M., & Puente, A. E. (1992). Forensic assessment and expert testimony in neuropsychology. In S. Hanson & D. Tucher (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment: Diagnostic and clinical applications. Physical medicine and rehabilitation: State of the art review (pp. 531–546). Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beers, S. R. (1992). Cognitive effects of mild head injury in children and adolescents. Neuropsychology Review, 3, 281–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, L. M. (1992). Deception and malingering. In A. E. Puente & R. J. McCaffrey (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychological assessment: A psychosocial perspective (pp. 353–374). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binder, L. M., & Willis, S. C. (1991). Assessment of motivation after financially compensable minor head injury. Psychological Assessment, 3, 175–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braswell, D., Hartry, A., Hoornbeek, S., Johansen, A., Johnson, L., Schultz, J., & Sohlberg, M. M. (1993). Manual for the Profile of Executive Control System (PRO-EX). Puyallup, WA: Association for Neuropsychological Research and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brittain, J. L., LaMarche, J. A., Reeder, K. P., Roth, D. L., & Boll, T. J. (1991). Effects of age and IQ on Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) performance. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 5, 163–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, N. (1989). Closed head trauma: Assessing the common cognitive problems. In M. D. Lezak (Ed.), Assessment of the behavioral consequences of head trauma (pp. 61–85). New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, J. N., Williams, C. L., Graham, J. R., Archer, R. P., Tellegen, A., Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Kaemmer, B. (1992). MMPI-A: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent Edition: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capruso, D. X., & Levin, H. S. (1996). Neurobehavioral outcome of head trauma. In R. W. Evans (Ed.), Neurology and trauma (pp. 201–221). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelune, G. J., & Moehle, K. A. (1986). Neuropsychological assessment and everyday functioning. In D. Wedding, A. M. Horton, Jr., & J. Webster (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook: Behavioral and clinical perspectives (pp. 489–525). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choca, J., & Morris, J. (1992). Administering the Category Test by computer: Equivalence of results. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, S. C, Barnes, T. Y., Bullock, R., Germanson, T. A., Marmarou, A., & Young, H. F. (1994). Temporal profile of outcomes in severe head injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 81, 169–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, A. L. (1975). Luria’s neuropsychological investigation. New York: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clodfelter, C. J., Dickson, A. L., Newton Wilkes, C, & Johnson, R. B. (1987). Alternate forms of selective reminding for children. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1, 243–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, P. R., Moody, S., Clark, W. K., Kirkpatrick, J., Maravilla, K., Gould, A. L., & Drane, W. (1979). Dexamethasone and severe head injury: A prospective double blind study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 51, 307–316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crepeau, F., & Scherzer, P. (1993). Predictors and indicators of work status after traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 3, 5–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crovitz, H. F. (1987). Techniques to investigate posttraumatic and retrograde amnesia after head injury. In H. S. Levin, J. Grafman, & H. M. Eisenberg (Eds.), Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury (pp. 330–340). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delis, D. C, Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., & Ober, B. A. (1994). California Verbal Learning Test—Children’s Version. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S. S., Donovan, D. M., Loberg, T., Machamer, J. E., & Temkin, N. R. (1993). Alcohol use and its effects on neuropsychological outcome in head injury. Neuropsychology, 7, 296–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., Temkin, N., & McLean, A. (1990). Neuropsychological recovery in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2 year follow-up. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 507–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S. S., Machamer, J. E., Winn, H. R., & Temkin, N. R. (1995). Neuropsychological outcome at 1 year post-head injury. Neuropsychology, 9, 80–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., McLean, A., & Temkin, N. (1986). Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 49, 1227–1232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., & Reitan, R. M. (1976). Psychological deficits and recovery of functions after head injury. Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 101, 72–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., & Reitan, R. M. (1977a). Emotional sequelae of head injury. Annals of Neurology, 2, 492–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., & Reitan, R. M. (1977b). MMPI correlates of adaptive ability deficits in patients with brain lesions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 165, 247–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., & Reitan, R. M. (1978). Neuropsychological performance in post-traumatic epilepsy. Epilepsia, 19, 177–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S., Reitan, R. M., & Temkin, N. R. (1983). Neuropsychological recovery in head injury. Archives of Neurology, 40, 333–338.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dikmen, S. S., Temkin, N. R., Machamer, J. E., Holubkov, A. L., Fraser, R. T., & Winn, H. R. (1994). Employment following traumatic head injuries. Archives of Neurology, 51, 177–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Division 40 task force report on computer-assisted neuropsychological evaluation (1987). The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 161–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, C. E., Taft, W. C, & Hayes, R. L. (1993). Mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8,1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot, C. C. (1990). Differential Abilities Scales. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exner, J. E., Jr. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Vol. 1. Basic foundations (3rd ed). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feler, C. A., & Watridge, C. B. (1992). Initial management of head trauma. In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 19–31). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filskov, S. B., & Leli, D. A. (1981). Assessment of the individual in neuropsychological practice. In S. B. Filskov & T. J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (Vol. 1, pp. 545–576). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, A. S., Payne, N. S., & Tindall, G. T. (1976). Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure in severe closed head injury without mass lesions. Surgical Neurology, 6, 31–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gass, C. S., & Brown, M. C. (1992). Neuropsychological test feedback to patients with brain dysfunction. Psychological Assessment, 4, 272–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. J. (1981). A standardized version of Luria’s neuropsychological tests: A quantitative and qualitative approach to neuropsychological evaluation. In S. B. Filskov & T. J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (Vol. 1, pp. 608–642). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. J., Hammeke, T. A., & Purisch, A. D. (1978). Diagnostic validity of a standardized neuropsychological battery derived from Luria’s neuropsychological tests. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1258–1265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. J., Hammeke, T. A., Purisch, A. D., & Moses, J. A. (1984). A manual for the administration and interpretation of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. J., & Maruish, M. (1986). The Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. In D. Wedding, A. M. Horton, Jr., & J. Webster (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook: Behavioral and clinical perspectives (pp. 161–193). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, C. J., Purisch, A. D., & Hammeke, T. A. (1985). Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: Forms I and II. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, R., Fristoe, M., & Woodcock, R. W. (1974). G-F-W Auditory Selective Attention Test. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993). Specification of higher cortical functions. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8, 13–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, G., Shelly, C, McCue, M., & Kane, R. L. (1987). Classification with the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: An application of cluster and ipsative profile analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 215–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. (1990). Traumatic brain injury: A silent epidemic. Annals of Neurology, 27, 327.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafman, J., & Salazar, A. (1987). Methodological considerations relevant to the comparison of recovery from penetrating and closed head injuries. In H. S. Levin, J. Grafman, & H. M. Eisenberg (Eds.), Neurobehavioral recovery from head injury (pp. 43–54). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. R. (1990). MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gronwall, D. M. A. (1977). Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task: A measure of recovery from concussion. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 367–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gronwall, D. (1989). Behavioral assessment during the acute stages of traumatic brain injury. In M. D. Lezak (Ed.), Assessment of the behavioral consequences of head trauma (pp. 19–36). New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1980). Duration of post-traumatic amnesia after mild head injury. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 51–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gronwall, D., Wrightson, P., & Waddell, P. (1990). Head injury: The facts. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilmette, T. J., Hart, K.J., & Giuliano, A. J. (1993). Malingering detection: The use of a forced-choice method in identifying organic versus simulated memory impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7, 59–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, C. L. & Dijkers, M. (1992). Traumatic brain injury registries in the United States: An overview. Brain Injury, 6, 203–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. A., & Hoffman, N. G. (1989). SUDDS Substance Use Disorder Diagnostic Schedule manual. St. Paul, MN: Ramsey Clinic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, R. L., Jenkins, L. W., & Lyeth, B. G. (1992). Neurochemical aspects of head injury: Role of excitatory neurotransmission. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 7, 16–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R. K. (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., & Matthews, C. G. (1991). Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead—Reitan battery. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs, R. W. (1990). Current and emergent applications of neuropsychological assessment: Problems of validity and utility. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 171–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • High, W. M., Jr., Levin, H. S., & Gary, H. E., Jr. (1990). Recovery of orientation following closed head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 703–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis, P. E., & Barth, J. T. (1994). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery: A guide to interpretation and clinical applications. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. L. (1992). Recovery from head trauma: A curvilinear process? In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 247–270). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. D. (1996). Neuropsychological assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury: The Iowa-Benton approach. In M. Rizzo and D. Tranel (Eds.), Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 375–393). New York: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, R. (1990). Neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry, and behavioral neurology. New York: Plenum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kampen, D. L., & Grafman, J. (1989). Neuropsychological evaluation of penetrating head injury. In M. D. Lezak (Ed.), Assessment of the behavioral consequences of head trauma (pp. 49–60). New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. L. (1991). Standardized and flexible batteries in neuropsychology: An assessment update. Neuropsychology Review, 2, 281–339.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. L., & Kay, G. C. (1992). Computerized assessment in neuropsychology: A review of tests and test batteries. Neuropsychology Review, 3, 1–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E. (1988). A process approach to neuropsychological assessment. In T. Boll & B. K. Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice, (pp. 129–167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E. (1990). The process approach to neuropsychological assessment of psychiatric patients. Journal of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences, 2, 72–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karzmark, P. (1992). Prediction of long-term cognitive outcome of brain injury with neuropsychological, severity of injury, and demographic data. Brain Injury, 6, 213–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. I. (1992). Neuropathology and neurobehavioral recovery from closed head injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 7, 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1983). K-ABC: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, B., & Fantie, B. (1989). Development of the child’s brain and behavior. In C. R. Reynolds & E. Fletcher-Janzen (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (pp. 17–41). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, J. F. (1993). Epidemiology of head injury. In P. R. Cooper (Ed.), Head injury (pp. 1–26). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, J. F., Morgenstern, H., Fife, D., Conroy, C., & Nourjah, P. (1989). Blood alcohol tests, prevalence of involvement, and outcomes following brain injury. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 294–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kreutzer, J. S., Doherty, K. R., Harris, J. A., & Zasler, N. D. (1990). Alcohol use among persons with traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 5, 9–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LaRue, A. (1992). Aging and neuropsychological assessment. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A. L. (1992). Diagnosing alcoholism: Toward a multisource approach. In C. E. Stout, J. L. Levitt, & D. H. Ruben (Eds.), Handbook for assessing and treating addictive disorders. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S., Gary, H. E., Jr., Eisenberg, H. M., Ruff, R. M., Barth, J. T., Kreutzer, J., High, W. M., Jr., Portman, S., Foulkes, M. A., Jane, J. A., Marmarou, A., & Marshall, L. F. (1990). Neurobehavioral outcome one year after severe head injury: Experience of the traumatic coma data bank. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73, 699–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S., High, W. M., Jrs., & Eisenberg, H. M. (1988). Learning and forgetting during posttraumatic amnesia in head injured patients. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 14–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R. M., Eisenberg, H. M., Marshall, L. F., Tabaddor, K., High, W. M., & Frankowski, R. A. (1987). Neurbehavioral outcome following minor head injury: A three center study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 66, 234–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S., O’Donnell, V. M., & Grossman, R. G. (1979). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 167, 675–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1983). Neuropsychological assessment (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, C. J., & Schmitter, M. E. (1992). Cognitive sequelae in closed head injury. In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 107–122). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luria, A. R. (1973). The working brain. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAndrew, C. (1965). The differentiation of male alcoholic out-patients from nonalcoholic psychiatric patients by means of the MMPI. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26, 238–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malkmus, D., Booth, B. J., & Kodimer, C. (1980). Rehabilitation of the head injured adult: Comprehensive cognitive management. Downey, CA: Professional Staff Association of the Ranchos Los Amigos Hospital.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malloy, P. F. & Richardson, E. D. (1994). Assessment of frontal lobe functions. The Journal of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 6, 399–410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markwardt, F. C. (1989). Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Max, W., MacKenzie, E. J., & Rice, D. P. (1991). Head injuries: Costs and consequences. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 76–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, D. (1972). Manual for the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, S. M., & Schacter, D. L. (1989). Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 143–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesulam, M. (1985). Attention, confusional states, and neglect. In M. Mesulam (Ed.), Principles of behavioral neurology (pp. 125–168). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milberg, W. P., Hebben, N., & Kaplan, E. (1996). The Boston Process Approach to neuropsychological assessment. In I. Grant & K. M. Adams (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment of neuropsychiatrie disorders (pp. 58–80). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D. (1991). Pathophysiology and management of head injury. Neuropsychology, 5, 235–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittenberg, N., Azrin, R., Millsaps, C, & Heilbronner, R. (1993). Identification of malingered head injury on the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Psychological Assessment, 5, 34–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, S. F. (1982). Measuring long term memory, storage and retrieval in children. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 4, 77–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mysiw, W. J., Corrigan, J. D., Carpenter, D., & Chock, S. K. L. (1990). Prospective assessment of postraumatic amnesia: A comparison of the GOAT and the OGMS. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 5, 65–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Head Injury Foundation. (1993). Fact sheet and pamphlet. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (1989). Intergency head injury task force report. Bethesda, MD: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Shanick, G. J., Scott, R., & Peterson, L. G. (1984). Psychiatric referral after head trauma. Psychiatric Medicine, 2, 131–137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, D. (1989). Physics and pathophysiology of closed head injury. In M. D. Lezak (Ed.), Assessment of the behavioral consequences of head trauma (pp. 1–17). New York: Alan R. Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrine, K. (1993). Differential aspects of conceptual processing in the Category Test and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 461–473.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phay, A. J. (1992). Use of history in neuropsychological assessments. In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 35–56). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope, K. S. (1992). Responsibilities in providing psychological test feedback to clients. Psychological Assessment, 4, 268–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Psychological Corporation. (1992). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test: manual. San Antonio, TX: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radanov, B. P., Stefano, G. D., Schnidrig, A., Sturzenegger, M., & Augustiny, K. F. (1993). Cognitive functioning after common whiplash: A controlled follow-up study. Archives of Neurology, 50, 87–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ransohoff, J., & Fleischer, A. (1975). Head injuries. journal of the American Medical Association, 234, 861–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raven, J. C. (1938). Progressive Matrices: A perceptual test ofintelligence: Individualform. London: H. K. Lewis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1986). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. In D. Wedding, A. M. Horton, Jr., & J. Webster (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook: Behavioral and clinical perspectives (pp. 134–160). New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1988). Traumatic brain injury: Vol. II. Recovery and rehabilitation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (2nd ed.). Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. R., & Bigler, E. D. (1994). Test of Memory and Learning. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimel, R. W., Giordani, B., Barth, J. T., Boll, T. J., & Jane, J. A. (1981). Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery, 9, 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimel, R., & Jane, J. (1983). Characteristics of the head injured patient. In M. Rosenthal, E. R. Griffith, M. R. Bond, & J. D. Miller (Eds.), Rehabilitation of the head injured adult. Philadelphia: Davis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, H. & Tranel, D. (1996). Overview of head injury and postconcussive syndrome. In M. Rizzo & D. Tranel (Eds.), Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 1–18). New York: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. (Ed.), (1988). Clinical assessment of malingering an deception. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P., Fisk, J. L., & Strang, J. D. (1986). Neuropsychological assessment of children: A treatmentoriented approach. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudel, R. G., Holmes, J. M., & Pardes, J. (1988). Assessment of developmental learning disorders: A neuropsychological approach. New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruff, R. M., Marshall, L. F., Crouch, J., Klauber, M. R., Levin, H. S., Barth, J., Kreutzer, J., Blunt, B. A., Foulkes, M. A., Eisenberg, H. M., Jane, J. A., & Marmarou, A. (1993). Predictors of outcome following severe head trauma: Follow-up data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Brain Injury, 7, 101–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, E. W. (1981). The psychometric foundation of clinical neuropsychology. In S. B. Filskov & T. J. Boll (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neuropsychology (Vol. 2, pp. 45–80). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, W. R. (1971). The traumatic amnesias. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, T. V., Sautter, S. W., Capps, C. F., Meneese, W., & Barth, J. T. (1992). Utilizing neuropsychological measures to predict vocational outcome in a head trauma population. Brain Injury, 6, 175–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saneda, D. L., & Corrigan, J. D. (1992). Predicting clearing of post-traumatic amnesia following closedhead injury. Brain Injury, 6, 167–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selzer, M. L. (1971). The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: The quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 89–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheslow, D., & Adams, W. (1990). Wide range assessment of memory and learning. Wilmington, DE: Jastak Assessment Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, D. A., & Malloy, P. F. (1992). Alcohol, head injury, and neuropsychological function. Neuropsychology Review, 3, 249–280.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorenson, S. B., & Kraus, J. F. (1991). Occurrence, severity, and outcomes of brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sosin, D. M., Nelson, D. E., & Sacks, J. J. (1992). Head injury deaths: The enormity of firearms. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sosin, D. M., Sacks, J. J., & Smith, S. M. (1989). Head injury-associated deaths in the United States from 1979 to 1986. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 2251–2255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparadeo, F. R., Strauss, D., & Barth, J. T. (1990). The incidence, impact, and treatment of substance abuse in head trauma rehabilitation. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 5, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuss, D. T., & Buckle, L. (1992). Traumatic brain injury: Neuropsychological deficits and evaluation at different stages of recovery and in different pathologic subtypes. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 7, 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, J. E. (1992). Nonimpact brain injury: Grounds for clinical study of the neuropsychological effects of acceleration forces. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 443–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. A. (1992). Traumatic brain injury: Outcome and predictors of outcome. In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 293–306). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale, G., & Jennett, B. (1974). Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet, 2, 81–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, J. D., & Trexler, L. E. (1982). Behavioral and cognitive deficits in cerebrovascular accident and closed head injury: Implications for cognitive rehabilitation. In L. E. Trexler (Ed.), Cognitive rehabilitation: Conceptualization and intervention. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torner, J. C. & Shootman, M. (1996). Epidemiology of closed head injury. In M. Rizzo & D. Tranel (Eds.), Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 19–46). New York: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varney, N. R., & Menefee, L. (1993). Psychosocial and executive deficits following closed head injury: Implications for orbital frontal cortex. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8, 32–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1981). Manual for the WAIS-R. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1991). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, G. (1993). The Wide Range Achievement Test-3: Administration manual Wilmington, DE: Wide Range, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. H., Levin, H. S., & Eisenberg, H. M. (1990). Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery, 27, 422–428.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M. (1990). Memory Assessment Scales. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. M. (1992). Neuropsychological assessment of traumatic brain injury in the intensive care and acute care environment. In C. J. Long & L. K. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of head trauma: Acute care to recovery (pp. 271–292). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J. T. L., Teasdale, G. M., Hadley, D. M., Wiedmann, K. D., & Lang, D. (1993). Posttraumatic amnesia: Still a valuable yardstick. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 56, 198–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, P. P., Dornan, J., Schentag, C. T., Ip, R., & Keating, A. M. (1993). Statistical profile of traumatic brain injury: A Canadian rehabilitation population. Brain Injury, 7, 283–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, R. W., & Johnson, M. B. (1989). Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery—Revised. Allen, TX: DLM Teaching Resources.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ylvisaker, M., Hartwick, P., & Stevens, M. (1991). School reentry following head injury: Managing the transition from hospital to school. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 6, 10–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Youngjohn, J. R., Larrabee, G. J., & Crook, T. H., III. (1992). Test-retest reliability of computerized, everyday memory measures and traditional memory tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 276–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zasler, N. D. (1992). Acute neurochemical alterations following traumatic brain injury: Research implications for clinical treatment. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 7, 102–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zung, B. J. (1984). Reliability and validity of the short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test among psychiatric patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 347–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Smith, R.J., Barth, J.T., Diamond, R., Giuliano, A.J. (1998). Evaluation of Head Trauma. In: Goldstein, G., Nussbaum, P.D., Beers, S.R. (eds) Neuropsychology. Human Brain Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1952-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1950-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics