Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Neuropsychology pp 9–34Cite as

Neuropsychology of Infants and Young Children

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Human Brain Function ((HBFA))

Abstract

This Chapter is intended to provide a framework for the neurobehavioral investigation and assessment of infants and young children (i.e., those under 5 years of age), and to discuss the relevance of those assessments to clinical interventions with at-risk children. A selected survey of the increasing knowledge base regarding brain-behavior relationships that is especially pertinent in this age range is included. We also emphasize three functional domains of particular interest in this age range: attention, memory, and executive function. Our goal is to challenge clinicians to develop concepts about brain-behavior relationships in this age group, and to provide a basis for clinicians to generate hypotheses in their own clinical evaluations and effect appropriate interventions. Our objective is not to provide an exhaustive listing of tests and measures, but instead to consider the functional domains for which a judicious selection of tests can be made. We hope to convince the reader that neuropsychological services provided in early childhood do not depend merely on the administration of test measures but instead on the knowledge of unique brain-behavior relationships that are applicable within this age range, their direct application to these early periods of development, and their relevance beyond these early years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ashmead, D., & Perlmutter, M. (1980). Infant memory in everyday life. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), New directions for child development: Children’s memory (pp. 1–16). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astbury, J., Orgill, A. A., Bajuk, B., & Yu, V. Y. (1990). Neurodevelopmental outcome, growth and health of extremely low-birthweight survivors: How soon can we tell? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 32, 582–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnato, S. J., & Mayes, S. D. (1986). Patterns of developmental and behavioral progress for young brain-injured children during interdisciplinary intervention. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 213–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baillargeon, R. (1993). The object concept revisited: New directions in the investigation of infants’ physical knowledge. In C. Granrud (Ed.), Visual perception and cognition in infancy (pp. 265–315). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. J. (1984). The brain as dependent variable. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 1–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, C. D., Owen, M. J., & Johnson, D. L. (1996, May). Effects of early otitis media with effusion (OME) on cognitive development at 3 and 5 years. [Abstract 763]. Presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies’ 1996 annual meeting, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, I. S., Fennell, E. B., & Voeller, K. (1995). Pediatric neuropsychology in the medical setting. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P. J. (1996). What do infants recall of their lives? Memory for specific events by one-to two-year-olds. American Psychologist, 51, 29–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P. J., & Hertsgaard, L. A. (1993). Increasing steps in recall of events: Factors facilitating immediate and long-term memory in 13.5-and 16.5-month-old children. Child Development, 64, 1204–1223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, P. J., Hertsgaard, L. A., & Dow, G. A. (1994). After 8 months have passed: Long-term recall of events by 1-to 2-year-old children. Memory, 2, 353–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, N. (1993). Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Manual (2nd ed.). New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellinger, D. (1995). Lead and neuropsychologic function in children: Progress and problems in establishing brain-behavior relationships. In M. Tramontana & S. R. Hooper (Eds.), Advances in child neuropsychology (Vol. 3). New York: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berenbaum, S. A., & Denburg, S. D. (1995). Evaluating the empirical support for the role of testosterone in the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda model of cerebral lateralization: Commentary on Bryden, McManus, and Bulman-Fleming. Brain & Cognition, 27, 79–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., & Ludemann, P. M. (1989). Habituation at home. Infant Behavior and Development, 12, 525–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bornstein, M. H., & Sigman, M. D. (1986). Continuity in mental development from infancy. Child Development, 57, 251–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breslau, N., Del Dotto, J. E., Brown, G. G., Kumar, S., Ezhuthachan, S., Hufnagle, K. G., & Peterson, E. L. (1994). A gradient relationship between low birth weight and IQ at age 6 years. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 148, 377–383.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruyer, R., Dupuis, M., Ophoven, E., Rectem, D., & Reynaert, C. (1985). Anatomical and behavioral study of a case of asymptomatic callosal agenesis. Cortex, 21, 417–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterbaugh, G. J. (1988). Selected psychometric and clinical review of neurodevelopmental infant tests. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 2, 350–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, D., Goldstein, K., & Taub, H. (1979). The development of prematurely born children through middle childhood. In T. M. Field, A. Sostek, & H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Behavior and development. Jamaica, NY: Spectrum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chasnoff, I. J. (1991). Cocaine and pregnancy: Clinical and methodologic issues. Clinics in Perinatology, 18(1), 113–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chasnoff, I. J., Griffith, D. R., Frier, C, & Murray, J. (1992). Cocaine/polydrug use in pregnancy: Two-year follow-up. Pediatrics, 89(2), 284–289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, T. (1991). Methylmercury. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 16, 20–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarren, S. K., Alvord, E. C, Sumi, S. M., Streissguth, A., & Smith, D. (1978). Brain malformations related to prenatal exposure to ethanol. Journal of Pediatrics, 92, 64–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M., Campbell, R., & Yaghmai, F. (1989). Neuropathological abnormalities in developmental dysphasia. Annals of Neurology, 25, 567–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooley, E. L., & Morris, R. D. (1990). Attention in children: A neuropsychological based model for assessment. Developmental Neuropsychology, 6, 239–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denckla, M. B. (1989). Executive function and the overlap zone between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities. International Pediatrics, 4, 155–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, C. (1990). Differential Abilities Scale. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalona, S. K. (1982). Babies at double hazard: Early development of infants at biologic and social risk. Pediatrics, 70, 670–676.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ettlinger, G., Blakemore, C. B., Milner, A. D., & Wilson, J. (1974). Agenesis of the corpus callosum: A further behavioural investigation. Brain, 97, 225–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fagan, J. F., & Singer, L. T. (1983). Infant recognition memory as a measure of intelligence. In L. P. Lipsitt (Ed.), Advances in infancy research (Vol. 2, pp. 31–78). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, M., Ashton, R., & White, K. (1978). Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Report of two preschool children and review of the literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 20, 47–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M., Ryan, S. B., & Dobyns, W. B. (1992). Mechanism of interhemispheric transfer and patterns of cognitive function in acallosal subjects of normal intelligence. Archives of Neurology, 42, 271–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., Gray, J. T., & Fromhoff, F. A. (1987). Two-year-olds talk about the past. Cognitive Development, 2, 393–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., & Hamond, N. R. (1989). Time and again: Effects of repetition and retention interval on 2 year olds’ event recall. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 47, 259–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., & Hamond, N. R. (1990). Autobiographical memory across the preschool years: Toward reconceptualizing childhood amnesia. In R. Fivush & J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Knowing and remembering in young children (pp. 223–248). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fivush, R., & Hudson, J. A. (1990). Knowing and remembering in young children. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J. M., Bohan, T. P., Brandt, M. E., Brookshire, B. L., Beaver, S. R., Francis, D. J., Davidson, K. C, Thompson, N. M., & Miner, M. E. (1992). Cerebral white matter and cognition in hydrocephalic children. Archives of Neurology, 49, 818–824.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, J. M., & Taylor, H. G. (1984). Neuropsychological approaches to children: Towards a developmental neuropsychology. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 6, 39–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, S. E., & Piven, J. (1991). Etiology of autism: Genetic influences. Pediatrics, 87 (Suppl.), 767–773.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, N. (1991). If it’s not left, it’s right: Electroencephalograph asymmetry and the development of emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 863–872.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galaburda, A. M. (1989). Ordinary and extraordinary brain development: Anatomical variation in developmental dyslexia. Annals of Dyslexia, 39, 67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galaburda, A. M., & Kemper, T. (1979). Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: A case study. Annals of Neurology, 6, 94–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galaburda, A. M., Sherman, G. F., Rosen, G. D., Aboitiz, F., & Geschwind, N. (1985). Developmental dyslexia: Four consecutive cases with cortical anomalies. Annals of Neurology, 18, 222–233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N., & Behan, P. (1982). Left-handedness: Association with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 79, 5097–5100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gioia, G. A. (1996). Preschool adaptation of ADHD rating scale. Unpublished scale.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glass, P., & Sostek, A. (1986). Information processing and interventricular hemorrhage. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, P. S., & Lewis, M. (1978). Developmental biology of brain damage and experience. In C. W. Cotman (Ed.), Neuronal plasticity pp. 291–310). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Circuitry of primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In V. B. Mountcastle (Ed.), Handbook of physiology, Section 1: The nervous system: Vol. 5, Part 1, Higher functions of the brain. Bethesda, MD: American Physiology Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, G. W. (1992). Developmental neurobiology of lead toxicity. In H. L. Needleman (Ed.), Human lead exposure. Ann Arbor, MI: CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hack, M., & Breslau, N. (1986). Very low birth weight infants: Effects of brain growth during infancy on intelligence quotient at three years of age. Pediatrics, 22, 196–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hack, M., Breslau, N., Weissman, B., Aran, D., Klein, N., & Borawski, E. (1991). Effect of very low birth weight and subnormal head size on cognitive abilities at school age. New England Journal of Medicine, 325, 231–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harland, R. E., & Coren, S. (1996). Adult sensory capacities as a function of birth risk factors. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 394–405.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, J. A. (1986). Memories are made of this. General event knowledge and development of autobiographic memory. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge, structure and function in development (pp. 97–118). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, P., Kaufmann, W. E., & Galaburda, A. M. (1990). Developmental dyslexia in women: Neuropathological findings in three cases. Annals of Neurology, 28, 727–738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huttenlocher, P. R., Taravath, S., & Mohtahedi, S. (1994). Periventricular heterotopia and epilepsy. Neurology, 44, 51–55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, K., Shapiro, E., Kunin, A., & Zelinsky, D. (1995). The effects of lead overburden on neuropsychological performance: The mediating role of age at first burden and duration oi burden. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (1983). K-ABC: Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann, W. E., & Galaburda, A. M. (1989). Cerebrocortical microdysgenesis in neurologically normal subjects: A histopathological study. Neurology, 39, 238–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, N., Hack, M., Gallagher, J., & Fanaroff, A. V. (1985). Preschool performance of children with normal intelligence who were very low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics, 75, 531–537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, B. (1995). Brain plasticity and behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korkman, M., & von Wendt, L. (1995). Evidence of altered dominance in children with congenital spastic hemiplegia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 261–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuebli, J., & Fivush, R. (1995). Children’s representation and recall of event alternatives. Journal of Experimental and Child Psychology, 58, 25–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, L. C, & Kessen, W. (1989). Maturational changes in measures of habituation. Infant Behavior and Development, 12, 437–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, S. D. (1991). Play assessment of preschool hyperactivity. In C. E. Schaefer, K. Gitlin, & A. Sandgrund (Eds.), Play diagnosis and assessment. New York: Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, D. A. (1972). Manual for the McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities. New York: Psychological Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merzenich, M. M., Jenkins, W. M., Johnston, P., Schreiner, C, Miller, S., & Tallal, P. (1996). Temporal processing deficits of language-learning impaired children ameliorated by training. Science, 271, 77–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, B. (1974). Hemispheric specialization: Scope and limits. In F. O. Schmitt & F. G. Worden (Eds.), The neurosciences: Third study program (pp. 75–89). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirsky, A. F. (1989). The neuropsychology of attention: Elements of a complex behavior. In E. Perecman (Ed.), Integrating theory and practice in clinical neuropsychology (pp. 75–91). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molfese, D. L. (1992). Electrophysiological correlates of developmental neurocognition: An overview. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 115–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molfese, D. L., & Betz, J. C. (1988). Electrophysiological indices of the early development of lateralization for language and cognition and their implications for predicting later development. In D. L. Molfese & S. J. Segalowitz (Eds.), Brain lateralization in children (pp. 171–190). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molfese, D. L., & Wetzel, W. F. (1992). Short-and long-term auditory recognition memory in 14-month old human infants: Electrophysiological correlates. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 135–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovitch, M. (1984). Infant memory: Its relation to normal and pathological memory in humans and other animals. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nass, R., & Baker, S. (1991). Learning disabilities in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Journal of Child Neurology, 6, 306–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nass, R., Baker, S., Speiser, P., Virdis, R., Balsamo, A., Cacciari, E., Loche, A., Dumic, M., & New, M. (1987). Hormones and handedness: Left-hand bias in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Neurology, 37, 711–715.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, C. A., & deRegnier, R. (1992). Neural correlates of attention and memory in the first year of life. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 119–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. B. (1991). Prenatal and perinatal factors in the etiology of autism. Pediatrics, 87 (Suppl.), 761–766.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, K. B., & Broman, S. H. (1977). Perinatal risk factors in children with serious motor and mental handicaps. Annals of Neurology, 2, 371–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G. M., & Strauss, M. S. (1984). A theory of infant memory. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Infant memory. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passler, M. A., Isaac, W., & Hynd, G. W. (1985). Neuropsychological development of behavior attributed to frontal lobe functioning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1, 349–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, B. F., & Smith, S. D. (1983). Genetic influences on learning disabilities and speech and language disorders. Child Development, 54, 369–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pirozzolo, F. J., Pirozzolo, P. H., & Ziman, R. B. (1979). Neuropsychological assessment of callosal agenesis: Report of a case with normal intelligence and absence of the disconnection syndrome. Clinical Neuropsychology, 1, 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plomin, R. (1989). Environment and genes: Determinants of behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 105–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakic, P. (1991). Development of the primate cerebral cortex. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Child and adolescent psychiatry (pp. 11–28). Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, T., & Milner, B. (1977). The role of early left-brain injury in determining lateralization of cerebral speech functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 299, 355–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. E., Parmelee, A. H., & Beckwith, L. (1986). Spectral analysis of infant EEG and behavioral outcome at age five. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 64, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, R. (1981). Equal recovery in child and adult brain? Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 23, 379–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, G., Lipper, E. G., & Auld, P. A. M. (1986). Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome of very low birth weight infants at three years. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 28, 171–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, B. P. (1989). Nonverbal learning disabilities: The syndrome and the model. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudel, R., Holmes, J. B., & Pardes, J. (1988). Assessment of developmental learning disorders. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salaptek, P., & Nelson, C. A. (1985). Event-related potentials and visual development. In G. Gottlieb & N. A. Krasnegor (Eds.), Measurement of audition and vision in the first year of postnatal life: A methodological overview (pp. 419–453). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sameroff, A. J., & Chandler, M. J. (1975). Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking causality. In F. D. Horowitz, E. M. Hetherington, Jr., J. Scarr-Salaptek, & G. M. Siegel (Eds.), Child development research (Vol. 4, pp. 187–244). Chicago: Chicago University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saul, R. E., & Sperry, R. W. (1968). Absence of commissurotomy symptoms with agenesis of the corpuscallosum. Neurology, 18, 307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L., & Moscovitch, M. (1984). Infants, amnesia, and dissociable memory systems. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.), Infant memory: Its relation to normal and pathological memory in humans and other animals (pp. 173–216). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, W., & Pressley, M. (1988). Memory development between two and twenty. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen, S. J. (1984). Neuromaturation and behavioral development: The case of childhood lead poisoning. Developmental Neuropsychology, 20, 542–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheingold, K., & Tenney, Y. J. (1982). Memory for a salient childhood event. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed (pp. 201–212). San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shucard, D. W., Shucard, J. L., Clopper, R. R., & Schachter, M. (1992). Eleetrophysiological and neuropsychological indices of cognitive processing deficits in Turner syndrome. Developmental Neuropsychology, 8, 299–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, L. S. (1983). The prediction of possible learning disabilities in preterm and full-term children. In T. M. Field & A. Sostek (Eds.), Infants born at risk: Physiological, perceptual, and cognitive processes (pp. 295–315). New York: Grune and Stratton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, L. S. (1984). Home environment influences on cognitive development in preterm and full term children during the first five years. In A. W. Gottsfried (Ed.), Home environment and early cognitive development (pp. 197–233). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silbergeld, E. (1992). Mechanisms of lead neurotoxicity, or looking beyond the lamppost. FASEB Journal, 6, 3201–3206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slackman, E. A., Hudson, J. A., & Fivush, R. (1986). Actions, actors, links, and goals: The structure of children’s event representations. In K. Nelson (Ed.), Event knowledge, structure and function in development (pp. 47–69). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sostek, A. M. (1992). Prematurity as well as intraventricular hemorrhage influence developmental outcome at 5 years. In S. L. Friedman & M. D. Sigman (Eds.), The psychological development of low birthweight children (pp. 259–274). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreen, O., Risser, A., & Edgell, D. (1995). Developmental neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, L., & Butters, N. (Eds.). (1992). Neuropsychology of memory (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Martin, D. C., Barr, H. M., Sandman, B. M., Kirchner, G. L., & Darby, B. L. (1984). Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: Attention and reaction time in 4 year old children. Developmental Psychology, 20, 533–541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tallal, P. (1980). Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain and Language, 9, 182–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tallal, P., Curtiss, S., & Allard, L. (1991). Otitis media in language-impaired and normal children. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 15, 33–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallal, P., Miller, S. L., Bedi, G., Byma, G., Wang, X., Nagarajan, S., Shreiner, C., Jenkins, W. M., Merzenich, M. M. (1996). Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science, 271, 81–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tallal, P., Miller, S., & Fitch, R. H. (1993). Neurobiological basis of speech: A case for the preeminence of temporal processing. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 682, 27–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H. G., Schatschneider, C., & Rich, D. (1991). Sequelae of Haemophilus influenzae meningitis: Implications for the study of brain disease and development. In M. Tramontana & S. Hooper (Eds.), Advances in child neuropsychology (Vol. 1, pp. 50–108). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teeter, A., & Hynd, G. (1981). Agenesis of the corpus callosum: A developmental study during infancy. Clinical Neuropsychology, 3, 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Temple, C. M., & Vilarroya, O. (1990). Perceptual and cognitive perspective taking in two siblings with callosal agenesis. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorndike, R. L., Hayes, E. P., & Sattler, J. M. (1986). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, fourth edition. Chicago: Riverside Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirosh, E., Rod, R., Cohen, A., & Hochberg, Z. (1993). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia arid cerebral lateralizations. Pediatric Neurology, 9, 198–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toriello, H. V., & Carey, J. C. (1988). Corpus callosum agenesis, facial anomalies, Robin sequence, and other anomalies: A new autosomal recessive syndrome? American Journal of Medical Genetics, 31, 17–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, B. E., Kopp, C. B., & Krakow, J. B. (1984). The emergence and consolidation of self-control from eighteen to thirty months of age: Normative trends and individual differences. Child Development, 55, 990–1004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vohr, B. R., & Garcia Coll, C. T. (1985). Neurodevelopmental and school performance of very low-birth weight infants: A seven year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 76, 345–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waber, D. P., Bauermeister, M., Cohen, C, Ferber, R., & Wolff, P. (1981). Behavioral correlates of physical and neuromotor maturity in adolescents from different environments. Developmental Psychobiology, 14, 513–522.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waber, D. P., Carlson, D., Mann, M., Merola, J., & Moylan, P. (1984). SES-related aspects of neuropsychological performance. Child Development, 55, 1878–1886.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissberg, R., Ruff, H., & Lawson, K. R. (1990). The usefulness of reaction time tasks in studying attention and organization of behavior in young children. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 11, 59–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellman, H. M. (1988). The early development of memory strategies. In F. E. Weinert & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Memory development: Universal changes and individual differences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, M. C, & Pennington, B. F. (1988). Assessing frontal lobe functioning in children: Views from developmental psychology. Developmental Neuropsychology, 4, 119–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, M. C, Pennington, B. F., & Grossier, D. B. (1991). A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7, 131–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wills, K. E. (1993). Neuropsychological functioning in children with spina biflda and/or hydrocephalus. Journal of Child Clinical Psychology, 22, 247–265.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, B. C, & Risucci, D. A. (1986). A model for clinical-quantitative classification. Generation 1: Application to language-disordered preschool children. Brain and Language, 27, 281–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeates, K. O., & Mortensen, M. E. (1994). Acute and chronic neuropsychological consequences of mercury vapor poisoning in two early adolescents. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 16, 209–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylvisaker, M., Szekeres, S. F., & Hartwick, P. (1991). Cognitive rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury in children. In M. Tramontana & S. Hooper (Eds.), Advances in child neuropsychology (Vol. 1, pp. 168–218). New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuropsychology Consulting, Potomac, Maryland, 20854, USA

    Ida Sue Baron

  2. Pediatric Psychology/Neuropsychology, Mt. Washington Pediatric Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21209, USA

    Gerard A. Gioia

Authors
  1. Ida Sue Baron
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gerard A. Gioia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Gerald Goldstein

  2. Lutheran Affiliated Services, Aging Research and Education Center, Mars, Pennsylvania, USA

    Paul David Nussbaum

  3. School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Sue R. Beers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baron, I.S., Gioia, G.A. (1998). Neuropsychology of Infants and Young Children. In: Goldstein, G., Nussbaum, P.D., Beers, S.R. (eds) Neuropsychology. Human Brain Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1950-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1952-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1950-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation