Skip to main content

The Analysis of Emotions

Dimensions of Variation

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy ((EPPS))

Abstract

Emotional development implies that some things in emotions can differ from one age period to another. Which could these things be? To answer that question, it may be useful to look at emotions from the point of view of individual or cultural variation. The aspects of emotion that vary between individuals or groups may also be among the aspects that vary in an individual between different moments of its life span.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, K. S., & Campos, J. J. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development II: A functionalist approach to emotions. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development ( 2nd ed., pp. 555–578 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Escaping the self: Alcoholism, spirituality, masochism, and other flights from the burden of selfhood. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, R. M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 497–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, L., & Beckwith, R. (1989). Talking with feeling: Integrating affective and linguistic expression in early language development. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 313–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J. D., & Brandt, M. E. (1981). Judgment of emotion: American and Malay antecedents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 12, 272–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, J. L. (1970). Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cacioppo, J. T., Klein, D. J., Berntson, G. G., & Hatfield, E. (1993). The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 119–143 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation: Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 284–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davitz, J. R. (1969). The language of emotion. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diener, E., & Larsen, R. (1993). The experience of emotional well-being. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 405–416 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1994). Strong evidence for universals in facial expression: A reply to Russell’s mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 268–287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage and coding. Semiotica, 1, 49–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984). Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General Section, 113, 464–486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Dols, J. M., & Ruiz-Belda, M. A. (1997). Spontaneous facial behavior during intense emotional episodes: Artistic truth and optical truth. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 255–274 ). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Dols, J. M., & Carroll, J. M. (1997). Is the meaning perceived in facial expression independent of its context? In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), The psychology of facial expression (pp. 275–294 ). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 357–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H. (1995). Passions: Emotions and socially consequential behavior. In R. D. Kavanaugh, B. Zimmerberg, & S. Fein (Eds.), Emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 1–28 ). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P., & Terschure, E. (1989). Relations between emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 212–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H., Markam, S., Sato, K., & Wiers, R. (1995). Emotion and emotion words. In J. A. Russell, J.-M. Fernandez-Dols, A. S. R. Manstead, & J. Wellenkamp (Eds.), Everyday conceptions of emotion (pp. 121–144 ). Dordrecht: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J., & Van Goozen, S. (1991). The duration of affective phenomena, or emotions, sentiments and passions. In K. Strongman (Ed.), International review of emotion and motivation (pp. 187–225 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frijda, N. H., & Tcherkassof, A. (1997). Facial expression and modes of action readiness. In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), Facial expression: New directions in theory and method (pp. 78–102 ). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Granet, M. (1922). Le langage de la douleur en Chine [The language of mourning in China]. Journal de Psychologie, 19, 97–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harburg, E., Erfurt J. C., Hauenstein, L. S., Chape, C., Schull, W. J., & Schork, M. A. (1973). Socio-ecological stress, suppressed hostility, skin-color and black-white male blood pressure. Detroit Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 276–296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hupka, R. B., Buunk, B., Falus, G., Fulgosi, A., Ortega, E., Swain, R., & Tarabrina, N. V. (1985). Romantic jealousy and romantic envy: A seven nation study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 423–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1971). The face of emotion. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E. (1994). Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from development and Cros.,-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development ( 2nd ed., pp. 494–554 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellman, P. J., Spelke, E. S., & Short, K. R. (1986). Infant perception of object unity from translatory motion in depth and vertical translation. Child Development, 57, 72–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, A. (1963). Action, emotion and will. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J. (1977). Physiological assessment of anxiety and fear. In J. D. Cone & R. P. Hawkins (Eds.), Behavioral assessment: New directions in clinical psychology (pp. 178–195 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990). Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review, 97, 377–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebra, T. S. (1983). Shame and guilt: A psychocultural view of the Japanese self. Ethos, 11, 192–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. (1973). Tahitians: Mind and experience in the Society Islands. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lienhardt, G. (1961). Divinity and experience: The religion of the Dinka. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutz, C. (1988). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandler, J. M. (1992). How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives. Psychological Review, 99, 587–604.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, R., Sato, K., & Tucker, J. (1992). The role of appraisal in human emotions: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 301–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1979). Interpreting “imitative” responses in early infancy. Science, 205, 217–219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merkelbach, H. L. G. J. (1989). Preparedness and classical conditioning of fear: A critical inquiry. Maastricht: University of Limburg, Ph.D. Thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, B. (1993). Cultural variations in emotions. A comparative study of Dutch, Surinamese and Turkish people in the Netherlands. Ph.D. thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotion: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H., & Scherer, K. R. (1997). Culture and emotion. In P. R Dasen & T. S. Saraswathi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 255–298 ). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michotte, A. E. (1946). La perception de la causalité. Louvain: Editions de l’Institut Supérieur de Philosophie.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. I. (1993). Humiliation. Ithaca: NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatley, K. (1993). Best-laid schemes. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511–536 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ortony, A., & Turner, T. (1990). What’s basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effects of exposure to violence on young children. American Psychologist, 50, 782–788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parrott, W. G., & Gleitman, H. (1989). Infants’ expectations in play: The joy of peek-a-boo. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 291–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piaget, J. (1935). La naissance de l’intelligence. [The origins of intelligence in the child.] Neuchatel: Delachaux & Nietslé. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rimé, B., Phillipot, P., & Cisamolo, D. (1990). Social schemata of peripheral changes in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 38–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robarchek, C. (1977). Frustration, aggression, and the nonviolent Semai. American Ethnologist, 4, 762–779.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A., & Jose, P. E. (1996). Appraisal determinants of emotions: Construct- ing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion, 10, 241–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roseman, I. J., Wiest, C., & Swartz, T. S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 206–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1993). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 575–594 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J. A. (1994). Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R. (1984). Emotion as a multicomponent process: A model and some cross-cultural data. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 37–63 ). Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R. (1988). Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower, & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp. 89–126 ). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R. (1992). What does facial expression express? In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International review of studies of emotion (Vol. 2, pp. 139–165 ). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R., & Walbott, H. G. (1994). Evidence for universality and cultural variation of differential emotional response patterning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 310–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R., Walbott, H. G., Matsumoto, D., & Kudoh, T. (1988). Emotional experience in cultural context: A comparison between Europe, Japan, and the United States. In K. R. Scherer (Ed.), Facets of emotions (pp. 5–30 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R., Walbott, H. G., & Summerfield, A. B. (1986). Experiencing emotions: A cross-cultural study. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schieffelin, E. D. (1983). Anger and shame in the tropical forest: An affect as a cultural system in Papua New Guinea. Ethos, /1,181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, S. H., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 92–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shweder, R. A. (1993). The cultural psychology of the emotions. In M. Lewis & J. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 417–433 ). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A. (1997). In J. A. Russell & J. M. Fernandez-Dols (Eds.), Facial expression: New directions in theory and method. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stemmler, D. G. (1989). The autonomic differentiation of emotions revisited: Convergent and discriminant validation. Psychophysiology, 26, 617–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. (1995). The motherhood constellation: A unified view of parent—infant psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Towards a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfgang, M. E., & Ferracuti, F. (1967). The subculture of violence. New York: Barnes and Noble.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wooding, C. (1979). Winti: Een Afroamerikaanse godsdient in Suriname [Winti: An Afro-American religion in Surinam]. Meppel, The Netherlands: Krips Repro.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Frijda, N.H., Mesquita, B. (1998). The Analysis of Emotions. In: Mascolo, M.F., Griffin, S. (eds) What Develops in Emotional Development?. Emotions, Personality, and Psychotherapy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1939-7_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1941-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1939-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics