Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Positron Emission Tomography Neuroimaging in Dementia

  • Chapter
Neuroimaging II

Part of the book series: Human Brain Function ((HBFA))

  • 93 Accesses

Abstract

Positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging is an advanced nuclear medicine technology that allows visualization of functional brain activity in vivo. The current advances in the technology have allowed a high degree of temporal and spatial resolution, permitting the measurement of transient brain events (seconds) over relatively small brain regions. As such, the method has been a valuable tool for neuropsychological investigations of human cognition. In addition, PET imaging has been used clinically to facilitate the diagnosis of suspected brain dysfunction (Friedland, 1989; Workshop Panel, 1990). The method has been clinically useful, particularly in cases where the diagnosis is unclear, such as in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The purpose of this chapter is to review the use of PET imaging in dementia. Within this chapter we explore the uses of PET imaging in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias of late life. The text of this chapter is divided into six sections. The first section provides an overview of the fundamental principles of PET neuroimaging. The next section discusses the contribution of PET imaging to the understanding of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease, the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. The functional imaging changes observed in other common forms of dementia are discussed in the next three sections. We start by considering the vascular dementias, move to discussion of the subcortical dementias (Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy), and conclude with a description of the PET findings in less common cortical dementias, namely, Pick’s disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. In the final section, the limitations of the PET method alone in the diagnosis of dementia are discussed and the future directions of PET imaging in the clinical arena are considered. Within this last section of the text, we entertain the relative utility of combining methodologies, neuropsychological evaluation, and functional brain imaging-PET as clinical predictors of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Absher, J. R., & Benson, D. F. (1993). Disconnection syndromes: An overview of Geschwind’s contributions. Neurology, 43, 862–867.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, S. E., Hyman, B. T., Flory, J., Damasio, A. R., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1991). The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neuroflbrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cerebral Cortex, 1, 103–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arriagada, P. V., Marzloff, K., & Hyman, B. T. (1992). Distribution of Alzheimer-type pathologic changes in nondemented elderly individuals matches the pattern in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 42, 1681–1688.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azari, N. P., Pettigrew, K. D., Schapiro, M. B., Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Pietrini, P., Salerno, J. A., Heston, L. L., Rapoport, S. I., & Horwitz, B. (1993). Early detection of Alzheimer’s disease: A statistical approach using positron emission tomographic data. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 13, 438–447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. C., Bousser, M. G., Comar, D., & Castaigne, P. (1980). Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in human supratentorial brain infarction. Annals of Neurology, 8, 128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. C., D’Antona, R., Pantano, P., Serdaru, M., Samson, Y., & Bousser, M. G. (1986). Effects of thalamic stroke on energy metabolism of the cerebral cortex: A positron emission tomography study in man. Brain, 109, 1243–1259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, J. C., Maziere, B., Lo’ch, C., Sgouropoulos, P., Bonnet, A. W., & Agid, Y. (1985). Progressive supranuclear palsy: Loss of striatal dopamine receptors demonstrated by positron tomography. Lancet, 1, 1163–1164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Gilley, D. W., & Fox, J. H. (1990). Clinical diagnosis of Binswanger’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 53, 961–965.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benson, D. F., Kuhl, D. E., Hawkins, R. A., Phelps, M. E., Cummings, J. L., & Tsai, S. Y. (1983). The fluorodeoxyglucose 18F scan in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. Archives of Neurology, 40, 711–714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernheimer, H., Birkmeyer, W., Hornykiewicz, O., Mellinger, K., & Seitelberger, F. (1973). Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 20, 415–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatt, M. H., Snow, B. J., Martin, W. R. W., Peppard, R., & Calne, D. B. (1991). Positron emission tomography in progressive supranuclear palsy. Archives of Neurology, 48, 389–391.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blessed, D. G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral gray matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Lesser, I. M., Mehringer, M., Hill-Gutierrez, E., Goldberg, M. A., & Berman, N. G. (1992). Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects: A threshold effect. Archives of Neurology, 49, 549–554.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradshaw, J. L., Phillips, J. G., Dennis, C., Mattingley, J. B., Andrewes, D., Chiu, E., Pierson, J. M., & Bradshaw, J. A. (1992). Initiation and execution of movement sequences in those suffering from and at risk of developing Huntington’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 179–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, D. J., Playford, E. D., Ibanez, V., Sawle, G. V., Thompson, P. D., Findley, L. J., & Marsden, C. D. (1992). Isolated tremor and disruption of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system: An 18F-dopa PET study. Neurology, 42, 1554–1560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers, P., Cox, C., Martin, A., Chase, T., & Fedio, P. (1984). Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s dementias. Archives of Neurology, 41, 1073–1076.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., Goldfarb, L. G., McCombie, W. R., Nieto, A., Squillacote, D., Sheremata, W., Little, B. W., Godec, M. S., Gibbs, C. J., & Gajdusek, D. C. (1992). Atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in an American family with an insert mutation in the PRNP amyloid precursor gene. Neurology, 42, 422–427.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., Granholm, E., Salmon, D. P., Grant, I., & Wolfe, J. (1987). Episodic and semantic memory: A comparison of amnesic and demented patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9, 479–497.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., Sax, D., Montgomery, K., & Tarlow, S. (1978). Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 35, 585–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., Wolfe, J., Martone, M., Granholm, E., & Cermak, L. S. (1985). Memory disorders associated with Huntington’s disease: Verbal recall, verbal recognition, and procedural memory. Neuropsychologia, 23, 729–743.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, B. J., Feinberg, M., Greden, J. F., Tarika, J., Albala, A. A., Haskett, R. F., James, N. M., Kronfol, Z., Lohr, N., Steiner, M., deVigne, J. P., & Young, E. (1981). A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia: Standardization, validation, and clinical utility. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 15–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, T. N., Burrows, H., & Mohr, E. (1987). Cortical glucose utilization patterns in primary degenerative dementias of the anterior and posterior type. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 6, 289–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, T. N., Fedio, P., Foster, N. L., Brooks, R., Di Chiro, G., & Mansi, L. (1984a). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale performance: Cortical localization by fluorodeoxyglucose F18-positron emission tomography. Archives of Neurology, 41, 1244–1247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chase, T. N., Foster, N. L., Fedio, P., Brooks, R., Mansi, L., & Di Chiro, G. (1984b). Regional cortical dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease as determined by positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology, 15 (Suppl), S170–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chawluk, J. B., Dann, R., Alavi, A., Hurtig, H. I., Gur, R. E., Resnick, S., Zimmersman, R. A., & Reivick, M. (1990). The effect of focal cerebral atrophy in position emission tomography studies of aging and dementia. Nuclear Medicine and Biology, 17, 797–804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chawluk, J. B., Mesulam, M. M., Hurtig, H., Kushner, M., Weintraub, S., Saykin, A., Rubin, N., Alavi, A., & Reivich, M. (1986). Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia: Studies with positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology, 19, 68–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chui, H. C., Victoroff, J. I., Margolin, D., Jagust, W., Shankle, R., & Katzman, R. (1992). Criteria for the diagnosis of ischemic vascular dementia proposed by the State of California Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostic and Treatment Centers. Neurology, 42, 473–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. M., Carson, R., Kesseler, R., Margolin, R., Buchsbaum, M., Delisi, L., King, C., & Cohen, R. (1985). Alternative statistical models for the examination of clinical positron emission tomography/fluorodeoxyglucose data. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 5, 142–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crapper-McLachlan, D. R., Dalton, A. J., Galin, H., Schlotterer, G., & Dakar, E. (1984). Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical course and cognitive disturbances. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 99, 83–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L. (1990). Subcortical dementia. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, N. (1988). Utility of biological markers in the evaluation and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Dysfunction, 1, 12–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, N. R., Haxby, J. V., Duara, R., Grady, C. L., Moore, A. M., Parisi, J. E., White, J., Heston, L., Margolin, R. M., & Rapoport, S. I. (1985). Brain metabolism as measured with positron emission tomography: Serial assessment in a patient with familial Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 35, 1556–1561.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dannals, R. F. (1989). Synthesis of radiotracers. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 1 (Suppl), S14–S18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Antona, R., Baron, J. C., Samson, Y., Serdaru, M., Viader, F., Agid, Y, & Cambier, J. (1985). Subcortical dementia. Frontal cortex hypometabolism detected by positron emission tomography in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Brain, 108, 785–799.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. H., Bergeron, C., & McLachlan, D. R. (1985). Atypical presentation of progressive supra-nuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology, 17, 343–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon, M. J., Ferris, S. H., George, A. E., Reisberg, B., Christman, D. R., Kricheff, I. I., & Wolf, A. P. (1983). Computed tomography and positron emission transaxial tomography evaluations of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 3, 391–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Leon, M. J., George, A. E., Ferris, S. H., Christman, D. R., Fowler, J. S., Gentes, C. I., Brodie, J., Reisberg, B., & Wolf, A. P. (1984). Positron emission tomography and computed tomography assessments of the aging human brain. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 8, 88–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Barker, W. W., Chang, J., Yoshii, F., Loewenstein, D. A., & Pascal, S. (1992). Viability of neocortical function shown in behavioral activation state PET studies in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 927–934.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Barker, W, Loewenstein, D., Pascal, S., & Bowen, B. (1989). Sensitivity and specificity of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies in Alzheimer’s disease and multi-infarct dementia. European Neurology, 29, 9–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Grady, C., Haxby, J., Ingvar, D., Sokoloff, L., Margolin, R., Manning, R. G., Cutler, N. R., & Rapoport, S. I. (1984). Human brain glucose utilization and cognitive function in relation to age. Annals of Neurology, 16, 702–713.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Grady, C., Haxby, J., Sundaram, M., Cutler, N. R., Heston, L., Moore, A., Schlageter, N., Larson, S., & Rapoport, S. I. (1986). Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 36, 879–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Loewenstein, D. A., & Barker, W. W. (1990). Utilization of behavioral activation paradigms for positron emission tomography studies in normal young and elderly subjects and in dementia. In R. Duara (Ed.), Positron emission tomography in dementia. Frontiers of clinical neuroscience: Vol. 10 (pp. 131–148). New York: Wiley-Liss.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duara, R., Margolin, R. A., Roberson-Tchabo, E. A., London, E. D., Schwartz, M., Renfrew, J. W, Koziarz, B. J., Sundaram, M., Grady, C., Moore, A. M., Ingvar, D. H., Sokoloff, L., Weingartner, H., Kessler, R. M., Manning, R. G., Channing, M. A., Cutler, N. R., & Rapoport, S. I. (1983). Cerebral glucose utilization as measured with positron emission tomography in 21 resting healthy men between the ages of 21 and 83 years. Brain, 106, 761–775.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L., & Benson, D. F. (1984). Subcortical dementia: Review of an emerging concept. Archives of Neurology, 41, 874–879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvoisin, R. C., Golbe, L.L, & Lepore, F. E. (1987). Progressive supranuclear palsy. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 14, 547–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. A., Funkenstein, H. H., Albert, M. S., Scherr, P. A., Cook, N. R., Chown, M. J., Hebert, L. E., Hennekens, C. H., & Taylor, J. O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community sample of older persons: Higher than previously reported. Journal of the American Medical Association, 262, 2251–2556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio, F., Perani, D., Gilardi, M. C., Colombo, F., Cappa, S. F., Vallar, G., Bettinardi, V., Paulesu, E., Alberoni, M., Bressi, S., Franceschi, M., & Lenzi, G. L. (1992). Metabolic impairment in human amnesia: A PET study of memory networks. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 353–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, P., Jellinger, K., Gatterbi, G., & Danielcyzk, W. (1991). Prospective neuropathological validation of Hachinski’s ischaemic score in dementias. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 54, 580–583.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, S. E., Abbott, M. H., Chase, G. A. Jensen, B. A., & Folstein, M. F. (1983). The association of affective disorder with Huntington’s disease in a case series and in families. Psychological Medicine, 13, 537–542.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, S. E., Brandt, J., & Folstein, M. R. (1990). Huntington’s disease. In J. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 87–107). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, N. L., Chase, T. N., Mansi, L., Brooks, R., Fedio, P., Patronas, N. J., & DiChiro, G. (1984). Cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 16, 649–654.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, N. L., Chase, T. N., Patronas, N.J., Gillespie, M. M., & Fedio, P. (1986). Cerebral mapping of apraxia in Alzheimer’s disease by positron emission tomography. Annals of Neurology, 19, 139–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P. T., Miezin, F. M., Allman, J. M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (1987). Retinotopic organization of the human visual cortex mapped with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience, 7, 913–922.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Raichle, M. E., Miezin, R. M., Allman, J. M., & Van Essen, D. C. (1986). Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography. Nature, 323, 806–809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frackowiak, R. S. J., Lenzi, G. L., Jones, T., & Heather, J. D. (1980). Quantitative measurement of regional cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in man using 15O and positron emission tomography: Theory, procedure, and normal values. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 4, 727–736.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frackowiak, R. S. J., Pozzili, C., Legg, N. N.J., Du Boulay, G. H., Marshall, J., Lenzi, G. L., & Jones, T. (1981). Regional cerebral ozygen supply and utilization in dementia: A clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron emission tomography. Brain, 104, 753–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, M. (1990). Parkinson’s disease. InJ. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 108–122). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey, K. A., Koeppe, R. A., Mulholland, G. K., Jewett, D., Hichwa, R., Ehrenkaufer, R. L. E., Carey, J. E., Wieland, D. M., Kuhl, D. E., & Agranoff, B. W. (1992). In vivo muscarinic cholinergic receptor imaging in human brain with [11C] scopolamine and positron emission tomography. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 12, 147–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, R. P. (1989). Positron emission tomography in dementia. Seminars in Neurology, 150, 735–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, R. P., Budinger, T. F., Ganz, E., Yano, Y, Maathid, C. A., Koss, E., Ober, B. A., Huesman, R. H., & Derenzo, S. E. (1983). Regional cerebral metabolic alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type: Positron emission tomography with [18F]-fluoro-deoxyglucose. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 7, 590–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedland, R. P., Pruisner, S. B., Jagust, W. J., Budinger, T. F., & Davis, R. L. (1984). Bitemporal hypometabolism in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease measured by positron emission tomography with [18F]-2-fluorodeoxyglucose. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 8, 978–981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuld, P. A., Masur, D. M., Blau, A. D., Crystal, H., & Aronson, M. K. (1990). Object-memory evaluation for prospective detection of dementia in normal functioning elderly: Predictive and normative data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 539–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garnett, E. S., Firnau, G., Nahmias, C., Carbotte, R., & Bartolucci, G. (1984). Reduced striatal glucose consumption and prolonged reaction time are early features in Huntington’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 65, 231–237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N. (1965). Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man, Parts I and II. Brain, 88, 237–294, 585-644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, W. R. G. (1986). Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease and the Lewy body disorders. Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 12, 223–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goffinet, A. M., De Voider, A. G., Gullain, C., Rectem, D., Bol, A., Michel, C., Cogneau, M., Labar, D., & Laterre, C. (1989). Positron tomography demonstrated frontal lobe hypometabolism in progressive supranuclear palsy. Annals of Neurology, 25, 131–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Horwitz, B., Sundaram, M., Berg, G., Schapiro, M., Friedland, R. P., & Rapoport, S. I. (1988). Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 579–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Schapiro, M. B., Gonzalez-Aviles, A., Kumar, A., Ball, M. J., Heston, L., & Rapoport, S. I. (1990). Subgroups in dementia of the Alzheimer type identified using positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2, 373–384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graff-Radford, N. R., Damasio, A. R., Hyman, B. T., Hart, M. N., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Van Hoesen, G. W., & Rezai, K. (1990). Progressive aphasia in a patient with Pick’s disease: A neuropsychological, radiologic, and anatomic study. Neurology, 40, 620–626.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafton, S. T., Mazziotta, J. C., Pahl, J. J., St.George-Hyslop, P., Haines, J. L., Gusella, J., Hoffman, J. M., Baxter, L. R., & Phelps, M. E. (1990). A comparison of neurological, metabolic structural, and genetic evaluations in persons at risk for Huntington’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 28, 614–621.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grafton, S. T., Mazziotta, J. C., Pahl, J. J., St.George-Hyslop, P., Haines, J. L., Gusella, J., Hoffman, J. M., Baxter, L. R., & Phelps, M. E. (1992). Serial changes of cerebral glucose metabolism and caudate size in persons at risk for Huntington’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1161–1167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, J. H., Reivich, M., Alavi, A., Hand, P., Rosenquist, A., Rintelmann, W., Stein, A., Tusa, R., Dann, R., Christman, D., Fowler, J., MacGregor, B., & Wolf, A. (1981). Metabolic mapping of functional activity in human subjects the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose technique. Science, 212, 678–680.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Rosen, A. D., Warach, S., Alavi, A., Greenberg, J., Reivich, M. (1983). A cognitive-motor network demonstrated by positron emission tomography. Neurospychologia, 21, 601–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gusella, J. F., Wexler, N. S., Conneally, P. M., Nayler, S. L., Anderson, M. A., Tanki, R. E., Watkins, P. C., Ottina, Wallace, M. R., Sakaguchi, A. Y., Young, A. B., Shoulson, I., Bonilla, E., & Martin, J. B. (1983). A polymorphic DNA marker genetically linked to Huntington’s disease. Nature, 306, 234–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guze, B. H., Hoffman, J. M., Baxter Jr., L. R., Mazziota, J. C., & Phelps, M. E. (1991). Functional brain imaging in Alzheimer-type dementia. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 5, 215–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski, V. C., Lassen, N. A., & Marshall, J. (1974). Multi-infarct dementia. A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet, 2, 207–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagglund, J., Aquilonius, S.-M., Eckernas, S.-A., Hartvig, P., Lundquist, H., Gullberg, P., & Lang-strom, B. (1987). Dopamine receptor properties in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s chorea evaluated by positron emission tomography using 11C-N-methyl-spiperone. Acta Neurologia Scandinavica, 75, 87–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakim, A. M., & Mathieson, G. (1979). Dementia in Parkinson’s disease: A neuropathologic study. Neurology, 29, 1209–1214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, L. A., DeTeresa, R., Davies, P., & Terry, R. D. (1988). Neocortical morphometry, lesion counts, and choline acetyltransferase levels in the age spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 38, 48–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. J., & Roberts, G. W. (1991). “Life Jim, but not as we know it?” Transmissible dementias and the prion protein. British Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 457–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Duara, R., Grady, C. L., Cutler, N. R., & Rapoport, S. I. (1985). Relations between neuropsychological and cerebral metabolism asymmetries in early Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, 5, 193–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Duara, R., Schlageter, N., Berg, G., & Rapoport, S. I. (1986). Neocortical metabolic abnormalities precede nonmemory cognitive deficits in early Alzheimer’s type dementia. Archives of Neurology, 43, 882–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Koss, E., Horowitz, B., Heston, L., Schapiro, M., Friedland, R. P., & Rapoport, S. I. (1990). Longitudinal study of cerebral metabolic asymmetries and associated neuropsychological patterns in early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 47, 753–760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Koss, E., Horowitz, B., Schapiro, M., Friedland, R. P., & Rapoport, S. I. (1988). Heterogenous anterior-posterior metabolic patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 38, 1853–1863.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, J. V., Grady, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G., & Horwitz, B. (1991). Mapping the functional neuroanatomy of the intact human brain with brain work imaging. Neuropsychologia, 29, 539–555.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, M. R., Hewitt, J., Stoessl, A. J., Clark, C., Ammann, W, & Martin, W. R. W. (1987). The combined use of positron emission tomography and DNA polymorphisms for preclinical detection of Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 37, 1441–1447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, M. R., Martin, W. R. W., Stoessl, A. J., Clark, C., Hollenberg, S., Adam, M. J., Ammann, W., Harrop, R., Rogers, J., Ruth, T., Sayre, C., & Pate, B. D. (1986). Positron emission tomography in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 36, 888–894.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hefter, J., Hamberg, V., Lange, H. W., & Freud, H.-J. (1987). Impairment of rapid movement in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 110, 585–612.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heiss, W.-D., Vyska, K., Kloster, G., Traupe, H., Freundlieb, C., Hoeck, A., Feinendegen, L. E., & Stoecklin, G. (1982). Demonstration of decreasaed functional activity of visual cortex by 11C-methylglucose and positron emission tomography. Neuroradiology, 23, 45–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heston, L. L., & Mastri, A. R. (1982). Age at onset of Pick’s and Alzheimer’s dementia: Implications for diagnosis and research. Journal of Gerontology, 4, 422–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. M., Guze, B. H., Baxter, L. R., Mazziotta, J. C., & Phelps, M. E. (1989). [18F]-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) in aging and dementia: A decade of studies. European Neurology, 29 (Suppl. 3), 16–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. M., Hanson, M. W., & Coleman, R. E. (1993). Clinical positron emission tomography imaging. Radiological Clinics of North America, 31, 935–959.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. M., Welsh, K. A., Hanson, M. W., Earl, N., & Coleman, R. E. (1992). FDG-PET is useful in early detection and confirmation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Neurology, 42 (Suppl. 3), 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, A. J., McBurney, D. H., Moossy, J., & Reinmuth, O. M. (1985). The dissolution of language in Pick’s disease with neuroflbrillary tangles: A case study. Brain and Language, 24, 36–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, S., Benson, D. F., Kuhl, D. E., & Cummings, J. L. (1992). FDG scan to confirm Creutzfeldt-Jakob diagnosis (abstract). Neurology, 32, A167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, A. J. (1981). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its association with dementia, parkinsonism, and other neurological disorders: A review. Brain, 104, 217–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group. (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosome. Cell, 72, 971–983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, B. T., Van Hoesen, G. W., Damaisio, A. R., & Barnes, C. L. (1984). Alzheimer’s disease: Cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science, 225, 1168–1170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jagust, W. J., & Eberling, J. L. (1991). MRI, CT., SPECT., PET: Their use in diagnosing dementia. Geriatrics, 46, 28–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jellinger, K., Riederer, P., & Tomonga, M. (1980). Progressive supranuclear palsy: Clinicopathological and biochemical studies. Journal of Neural Transactions Supplement, 16, 111–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joachim, C. L., Morris, J. H., & Selkoe, D. J. (1988). Clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: Autopsy rersults in 150 cases. Annals of Neurology, 24, 50–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jolles, P. R., Chapman, P. R., & Alavi, A. (1989). PET., CT., and MRI in the evaluation of neuropsychiatric disorders: Current applications. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 30, 1589–1606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josiassen, R. C., Curry, L. M., & Mancall, E. L. (1983). Development of neuropsychological deficits in Huntington’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 40, 791–796.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamo, H., McGeer, P. L., Harrop, R., McGeer, E. G., Calne, D. B., Martin, W. R. W., & Pate, B. D. (1987). Positron emission tomography and histopathology in Pick’s disease. Neurology, 37, 439–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W. B., Dawber, T. R., Sorlie, P., & Wolf, P. A. (1976). Component blood pressure and risk of atherothrombotic brain infarct: The Framingham study. Stroke, 7, 327–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karbe, H., Holthoff, V., Huber, H., Herholz, K., Wienhard, K., Wagner, R., & Heiss, W.-D. (1992). Positron emission tomography in degenerative disorders of the dopaminergic system. Journal of Neural Transmission, 4, 121–130.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R. (1986). Alzheimer’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 314, 217–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., Aronson, M., Fuld, P. A., Kawas, C., Brown, T., Morgenstern, H., Frishman, W, Gidez, L., Eder, H., & Ooi, W. L. (1989). Development of dementing illness in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort. Annals of Neurology, 25, 317–324.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, I. I. (1978). Parkinson’s disease in epidemiological perspective. In B. S. Schoenberg (Ed.), Advances in neurology: Vol. 19 (pp. 355–384). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, J., Herholz, K., Grond, M., & Heiss, W.-D. (1991). Impaired metabolic activation in Alzheimer’s disease: A PET study during continuous visual recognition. Neuropsychologia, 29, 229–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khachaturian, Z. S. (1985). Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 42, 1097–1105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman, D. S., Christensen, K. J., Schut, L. J., Harbaugh, R. E., Reeder, T., Ngo, T., & Frey, W (1989). The spectrum of imaging and neuropsychological findings in Pick’s disease. Neurology, 39, 362–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman, D. S., & Ryberg, S. (1989). A verbal memory test with high predictive accuracy for dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 46, 141–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kooistra, C. A., & Heilman, K. M. (1988). Memory loss from a subcortical white matter infarct. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 51, 866–869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosaka, K., Yoshimira, M., Ikeda, K., & Budka, H. (1984). Diffuse type of Lewy body disease: Progressive dementia with abundant cortical Lewy bodies and senile changes of varying degree: A new disease? Clinical Neuropathology, 3, 185–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koss, E., Freidland, R. P., Ober, B. A., & Jagust, W. J. (1985). Differences in lateral hemispheric asymmetries of glucose utilization between early and late onset Alzheimer-type dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 638–640.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, D. E., Metter, E. J., & Riege, W. H. (1985). Patterns of cerebral glucose utilization in depression, multiple infarct dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. In L. Sokoloff (Ed.), Brain imaging and brain function: Vol. 63 (pp. 211–226). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, D. E., Metter, E. J., Riege, W. H., & Markham, C. H. (1984). Patterns of cerebral glucose utilization in Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 15(Suppl.), S119–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, D. E., Metter, E. J., Riege, W, H., & Phelps, M. E. (1982). Effects of human aging on patterns of local cerebral glucose utilization determined by (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose method. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, 2, 163–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, D. E., Phelps, M. E., Kowell, A. P., Metter, E. J., Selin, C., & Winter, J. (1980). Effect of stroke on local cerebral metabolism and perfusion: Mapping by emission computed tomography of 18FDG and 13NH3. Annals of Neurology, 8, 47–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl, D. E., Small, G. W., Riege, W. H., Fujikawa, D. G., Metter, E. J., Benson, D. F., Ashford, J. W., Mazziotta, J. C., Maltese, A., & Dorsey, D. A. (1987). Cerebral metabolic patterns before the diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 7, S406.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuwert, T., Lange, H. W., Langen, K.-J., Herzog, H., Aulick, A., & Feinendegen, L. E. (1990). Cortical and subcortical glucose consumption measured by PET in patients with Huntington’s disease. Brain, 113, 1405–1423.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chester, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weissfoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., Turner, R., Cheng, H.-M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1992). Dyanmic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 89, 5675–5679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, D. B., Lyons, J. S., Bareta, J. C., Burns, B. J., Blazer, D. G., & Goldstrom, I. D. (1988). The construct validity of the ischemic score of Hachinski for the detection of dementias. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1, 181–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leenders, K. L., Palmer, A. J., Quinn, N., Clark, J. C., Firnau, G., Garnett, E. S., Nahmias, C., Jones, T., & Marsden, C. D. (1986). Brain dopamine metabolism in patients with Parkinson’s diseasae measured with positron emission tomography. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 49, 853–860.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leuchter, A. F., Newton, T. F., Cook, I. A., Walter, D. O., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., & Lachenbruch, P. A. (1992). Changes in brain functional connectivity in Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Brain, 115, 1543–1561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Links, J. M. (1989). Data acquisition, display, and quantification. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 1 (Suppl.), S7–S13.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, D. A., Barker, W. W., Chang, J.-Y, Apicella, A., Yoshii, F., Kothari, P., Levin, B., & Duara, R. (1989). Predominant left hemisphere metabolic dysfunction in dementia. Archives of Neurology, 46, 142–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. E., & Cummings, J. L. (1990). Alzheimer disease and the dementia of Parkinson’s disease: Comparative investigations. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 14, 133–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A., Brouwers, P., Lalonde, F., Cox, C., Teleska, P., Fedio, P., Foster, N. L., & Chase, T. N. (1986). Towards a behavioral typology of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 594–610.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. M., Wilson, R. S., Penn, R. D., Foss, J. H., Clasen, R. A., & Jaroy, S. M. (1987). Cortical biopsy results in Alzheimer’s disease: Correlation with cognitive deficits. Neurology, 37, 1201–1204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. R. W, Beckman, J. H., Calne, D. B., Adam, M. J., Harrop, R., Rogers, J. G., Ruth, T. J., Sayre, C. I., & Pate, B. D. (1984). Cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson’s disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Science, 11, 169–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. R. W., Clark, C., Ammann, W., Stoessl, A. J., Shtybel, W., & Hayden, M. R. (1992). Cortical glucose metabolism in Huntington’s disease. Neurology, 42, 223–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, C. L., & Richardson, E. P. (1978). Subacute spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease). Brain, 101, 333–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masur, D. M., Fuld, P. A., Blau, A. D., Crystal, H., & Aronson, M. K. (1990). Predicting development of dementia in the elderly with the selective reminding test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 529–538.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J., & Phelps, M. (1986). Positron emission tomography studies of the brain. In M. Phelps, J. Mazziotta, & H. R. Schelbert (Eds.), Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: Principles and applications for the brain and heart (pp. 493–579). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., & Carson, R. E. (1982). Topographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Sensory deprivation. Annals of Neurology, 12, 435–444.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., Miller, J., & Kuhl, D. E. (1981). Tomographic mapping of human cerebral metabolism: Normal unstimulated state. Neurology, 31, 503–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazziotta, J. C., Phelps, M. E., Pahl, J. J., Huang, S.-C., Baxter, L. R., Riege, W. H., Hoffman, J. M., Kuhl, D. E., Lanto, A. B., Wapenski, J. A., & Markham, C. H. (1987). Reduced cerebral glucose metabolism in asymptomatic subjects at risk for Huntington’s disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 316, 357–362.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCrory, S. J., & Ford, I. (1991). Multivariate analysis of SPECT images with illustrations in Alzheimer’s diseases. Statistics in Medicine, 10, 1711–1718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, E. G., McGeer, P. L., Harrop, R., Akiyama, H., & Kamo, H. (1990). Correlates with regional postmortem enzyme activities with premortem local glucose metabolic rates in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 27, 612–619.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology, 34, 939–944.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez, M. F., Adams, N. L., & Lewandowski, S. K. (1989). Neurobehavioral changes associated with caudate lesions. Neurology, 39, 349–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metter, E. J., Kuhl, D. E., & Riege, W. H. (1990). Brain glucose metabolism in Parkinson’s disease. In M. B. Streifler, A. D. Korczyn, E. Melamed, & M. B. H. Youdim (Eds.), Advances in neurology: Vol. 53. Anatomy, pathology, and therapy (pp. 135–139). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metter, E. J., Riege, W. H., Kuhl, D. E., & Phelps, M. E. (1983). Differences in regional glucose metabolic intercorrelations with aging. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 4, 500–506.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. D., de Leon, M. J., Ferris, S. H., Kluger, A., George, A. E., Reisberg, B., Sachs, H. J., & Wolf, A. P. (1987). Abnormal temporal lobe response in Alzheimer’s diseasae during cognitive processing as measured by nC-2-deoxy-D-glucose and PET. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 7, 248–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirra, S. S., Hart, M. N., & Terry, R. D. (1993). Making the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: A primer for practicing pathologists. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 117, 132–144.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller, J. R., & Strother, S. C. (1991). A regional covariance approach to the analysis of functional patterns in positron emission tomographic data. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 11, A121–A135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, M. B., & Albert, M. S. (1988). Alzheimer’s disease and other dementing disorders. In M. S. Albert & M. B. Moss (Eds.), Geriatric neuropsychology. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naugle, R.L, & Bigler, E. D. (1989). Brain imaging and neuropsychological identification of dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. In E. D. Bigler, R. A. Yeo, & E. Turkheimer (Eds.), Neuropsychological function and brain imaging (pp. 185–218). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Navia, B. A. (1990). The AIDS dementia complex. In J. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 181–198). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Northen, B., & Goulding, P. (1988). Dementia of the frontal lobe type. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 353–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg, A. A., & Feinstein, A. R. (1988). How to evaluate a diagnostic marker test: Lessons from the rise and fall of the dexamethasone suppression test. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259, 1699–1702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palella, T. D., Hichwa, R. D., Ehrenkaufer, R. L., Rothley, J. M., McQuillan, M. A., Young, A. B., & Kelley, W. N. (1985). 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET scanning in HPRT deficiency. American Journal of Human Genetics, 37, A70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pantano, P., Baron, J. C., Samson, Y., Bousser, M. G., Derouesne, C., & Comar, D. (1986). Crossed cerebellar diaschisis: Further studies. Brain, 109, 677–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pappata, S., Tran Dinh, S., Baron, J. C., Cambon, H., & Syrota, A. (1987). Remote metabolic effects of cerebrovascular lesions: Magnetic resonance and positron tomography imaging. Neuroradiology, 29, 1–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, R. W., Loewenstein, D. A., & Chang, J. Y. (1988). Brain imaging: Positron emission tomography and cognitive functioning. In J. M. Williams, & C. J. Long (Eds.), Cognitive approaches to neuropsychology (pp. 189–210). New York: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pawlik, G., & Heiss, W. D. (1989). Positron emission tomography and neuropsychological function. In E. D. Bigler, R. A. Yeo, & E. Turkheimer (Eds.), Neuropsychological function and brain imaging (pp. 65–138). New York, London: Plenum Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, R. C. A., Esiri, M. M., Hjorns, R. W., Wilcock, G. K., & Powell, T. P. S. (1985). Anatomical correlates of the distribution of pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, 82, 4531–4534.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelizzari, C. A., Chen, G. T., Spelbring, D. R., Weischselbaum, R. R., & Chen, C. T. (1989). Accurate three-dimensional registration of CT., PET., and/or MRI images of the brain. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 13, 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penney, J. B., & Young, A. B. (1988). Huntington’s diseasae. In J. Jankovic & E. Toloso (Eds.), Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders, (pp. 167–178). Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peppard, R. F., Martin, W. R. W., Carr, G. D., Grochowski, E., Schulzer, M., Guttman, M., McGeer, P. L., Phillips, A. G., Tsui, J. K. C., & Calne, D. B. (1992). Cerebral glucose metabolism in Parkinson’s disease with and without dementia. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1262–1268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, J. S. (1988). New insights into the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease: The challenge of positron emission tomography. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 203–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, E. K., Tomlinson, B. E., Blessed, G., Bergmann, K., Gibson, P. H., & Perry, R. H. (1978). Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. British Medical Journal, 2, 1457–1459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature, 331, 585–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M., & Raichle, M. E. (1989). Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 153–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, M. E., Kuhl, D. E., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1981). Metabolic mapping of the brain’s response to visual stimulation: Studies in man. Science, 211, 1445–1448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pietrini, P., Grady, C. L., Haxby, J. V., Heston, L., Salerno, J. A., Gonzales-Aviles, A., & Shapiro, M. B. (1991). Resting cerebral glucose metabolism (CMRglc) does not identify subjects “at risk” for familial Alzheimer disease. Annals of Neurology, 30, 287–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Podoll, K., Caspary, P., Lange, H. W., & Noth, J. (1988). Language functions in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 111, 1475–1503.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1989). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neurosciences, 13, 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powers, W. J., Perlmutter, J. S., Videen, T. O., Herscovitch, P., Griffeth, L. K., Royal, H. D., Siegel, B. A., Morris, J. C., & Berg, L. (1992). Blinded clinical evaluation of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 42, 765–770.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prusiner, S. B. (1982). Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science, 216, 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E. (1979). Quantitative in vivo autoradiography with positron emission tomography. Brain Research Reviews, 1, 47–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E. (1982). Positron emission tomography. In R. A. Thompson & J. R. Green (Eds.), New perspectives in cerebral localization. New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M. (1990). Multiple sclerosis. In J. Cummings (Ed.), Subcortical dementia (pp. 164–180). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, S. I. (1991). Positron emission tomography in Alzheimer’s disease in relation to disease pathogenesis: A critical review. Cerebrovascular and Brain Metablism Reviews, 3, 297–335.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebok, G., Brandt, J., & Folstein, M. (1990). Longitudinal cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 3, 91–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichman, W. E., & Cummings, J. L. (1990). Diagnosis of rate dementia syndromes: An algorithmic approach. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 3, 73–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. C., Steele, J., & Olszewski, J. (1963). Supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, pseudobulbar palsy, nuchal dystonia and dementia: A clinical report on eight cases of “heterogenous system degeneration.” Transactions of the American Neurological Association, 88, 25–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riege, W. H., & Metter, E. J. (1988). Cognitive and brain imaging measures of Alzheimer’s disease: Review. Neurobiology of Aging, 9, 69–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinne, J. O., Rummukainen, J., Paljarvi, L., & Rinne, U. K. (1989). Dementia in Parkinson’s disease is related to neuronal loss in the medial substantia nigra. Annals of Neurology, 26, 47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, G. C. (1991). The epidemiology of vascular dementia. In A. Hartmann, W. Kuschinsky, & S. Hoyer (Eds.), Cerebral ischemia and dementia (pp. 9–15). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Roman, G. C., Tatemichi, T. K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J. L., Masdeu, J. C., Garcia, J. H., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., Moody, D. M., Obrien, M. D., Yamaguchi, T., Grafman, J., Drayer, B. P., Bennett, D. A., Fisher, M., Ogata, J., Kokmen, E., Bermego, F., Wolf, P. A., Gorelick, P. B., Bick, K. L., Pajeau, A. D., Bell, M. A., DeCarli, C., Culebras, A., Korczyn, A. D., Bogousslavsky, J., Hartmann, A., & Scheinberg, P. (1993). Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology, 43, 250–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roos, R., Gajdusek, D. C., & Gibbs, C. J. (1973). The clinical characteristics of transmissible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain, 96, 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, W. G., Terry, R. D., Fuld, P. A., Katzman, R., & Peck, A. (1980). Pathological verficiation of ischemic score in differentiation of dementias. Annals of Neurology, 7, 486–488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblum, W. I., & Ghatak, N. R. (1979). Lewy bodies in the presence of Alzheimer’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 36, 170–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rougemont, D., Baron, J. C., Collard, P., Bustany, P., Comar, D., & Agid, Y. (1984). Local cerebral glucose utilization in treated and untreated patients with Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 824–830.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutgers, A. W. F., Lakke, J. P. W. F., Panns, A. M. J., Vaalburg, W, & Korf, J. (1987). Tracing of dopamine receptors in hemiparkinsonism with positron emission tomography (PET). Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 80, 237–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, D. P., Kwoon Yuen, P. R., Heindel, W. C., Butters, N., & Thal, L. J. (1989). Differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease with the dementia rating scale. Archives of Neurology, 46, 1204–1208.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, E., & Franck, G. (1989). Positron emission tomographic study in Alzheimer’s diseasae and Pick’s disease. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 1 (Suppl.), 241–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satz, P. (1993). Brain reserve capacity on symptom onset after brain injury: A formulation and review of evidence for threshold theory. Neuropsychology, 7, 273–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinberg, P. (1988). Dementia due to vascular disease-A multifactorial disorder. Stroke, 19, 1291–1299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schellenberg, G. D., Bird, T. D., Wijsman, E. M., Orr, H. T., Anderson, L., Nemens, E., White, J. A., Bonnycastel, L., Weber, J. L., Alonso, M. E., Potter, H., Heston, L. L., & Martin, G. M. (1992). Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimer’s disease locus on chromosome 14. Science, 258, 668–671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schonfeld, S. M., Golbe, L. I., Sage, J. I., Safer, J. N., & Duvoisin, R. C. (1987). Computed tomographic findings in progressive supranuclear palsy: Correlation with clinical grade. Movement Disorders, 2, 263–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, I. C., Welsh, K. A., Dawson, D. V, Fillenbaum, G. G., Earl, N. L., Kaplan, E. B., & Clark, C. M. (1991). Ratings of personality change in patients being evaluated for memory disorders. Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders, 3, 240–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. S., de Leon, M. J., George, A. E., Kluger, A., Volkow, N. D., McGrae, T., Golomb, J., Ferris, S. H., Reisberg, B., Ciaravino, J., & La Regina, M. E. (1992). Topography of cross-sectional and longitudinal glucose metabolic deficits in Alzheimer’s disease: Pathopohysiologic implications. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1142–1150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokoloff, L., Reivich, M., Kennedy, C., Des Rosiers, M. H., Patlak, C. S., Pettigrew, K. D., Sakurada, O., & Shinohara, M. (1977). The [14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: Theory, procedure, and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. Journal of Neurochemistry, 28, 897–916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Starkstein, S. E., Folstein, S. E., Brandt, J., Pearlson, G. D., McDonnell, A., & Folstein, M. (1989). Brain atrophy in Huntington’s disease. A CT-scan study. Neuroradiology, 31, 156–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Turnera, R., & Mansfield, P. (1991). Echo-planar imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging in a fraction of a second. Science, 254, 43–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, Y., Alexander, G. E., Prohovnik, I., & Mayeux, R. (1992). Inverse relationship between education and parietotemporal perfusion deficit in Alzheimer’s disease. Annals of Neurology, 32, 371–373.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • St. George-Hyslop, G., Tanzi, R., Polinsky, R., Haines, J. L., Nee, L., Watkins, P. C., Myers, R. H., Feldman, R. G., Pilleri, A., Drachman, D., Growdon, J., Bruni, A., Foncin, J. F., Salvion, D., Frannelt, P., Amaducci, L., Sorbi, S., Piacentino, S., Steward, G. D., Hobbs, W., Conneally, P. M., & Gusella, J. F. (1987). The genetic defect causing familial Alzheimer’s disease maps on chromosome 21. Science, 235, 885–889.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storandt, M., Botwinick, R. J., Danziger, W. L., Berg, L., & Hughes, C. P. (1984). Psychometric differentiation of mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 41, 497–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter, W. J., Saunders, A. M., Schmechel, D., Pericak-Vance, M., Enghild, J., Salvesen, G. S., & Roses, A. D. (1993). Apolipoprotein E: High affinity binding to beta amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late onset familial Alzheimer’s. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90, 1977–1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchowersky, O., Hayden, M. R., Martin, M. R. W., Stoessl, A. J., Hildebrand, A. M., & Pate, B. D. (1986). Cerebral metabolism of glucose in benign hereidtary chorea. Movement Disorders, 1, 33–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatemichi, T. K. (1990). How acute brain failure becomes chronic: A view of the mechanisms of dementia related to stroke. Neurology, 40, 1652–1659.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tedroff, J., Aquilonius, S.-M., Hartvig, P., Lundqvist, H., Gee, A. G., Uhlin, J., & Långström, B. (1988). Monoamine re-uptake sites in the human brain evaluated by means of 11C-nomifensine and positron emission tomography: The effects of age and Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 77, 192–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, P. D., Berardelli, A., Rothwell, J. C., Day, B. L., Dick, J. P. R., Benecke, R., & Marsden, C. D. (1988). The coexistence of bradykinesia and chorea in Huntington’s disease and its implications for theories of basal ganglia control of movement. Brain, 111, 223–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, M. C., Fisher, R. H., Lewis, A. J., Zorzitto, M. L., Snow, W. G., Reid, D. W., & Nieuwstraten, P. (1988). The NINCDS-ADRDA work group criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable AD: A clinicopathologic study of 57 cases. Neurology, 38, 359–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, B. E., Blessed, G., & Roth, M. (1968). Observations on the brains of nondemented old people. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 7, 331–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, B. E., Blessed, G., & Roth, M. (1970). Observations on the brains of demented old people. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 11, 205–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, B. E., & Henderson, G. (1976). Some quantitative cerebral findings in normal and demented old people. In R. D. Terry & S. Gershon (Eds.), Neurobiology of aging (pp. 183–204). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Sattel, J. P., Myers, R. H., Stevens, T. J., Ferrante, R. J., Bird, E. D., & Richardson, E. P. (1985). Neuropathological classification of Huntington’s disease. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology, 44, 557–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R. C., & Heyman, A. (1991). Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Archives of Neurology, 48, 278–281.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R. C., & Heyman, A. (1992). Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease: Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease. Archives of Neurology, 49, 448–452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Hoffman, J. M., & Beam, C. (1994). Positron emission tomography and neuropsychological assessment in the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychological Society: Program & Abstracts, 1, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Hoffman, J. M., Earl, N. L., & Hanson, M. W. (1994). Neural correlates of dementia: Regional brain metabolism and the CERAD neuropsychological battery. Archives of Clinical Neu-ropsychology, 9, 395–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K. A., Hoffman, J. M., McDonald, W. M., Earl, N. L., & Breitner, J. C. S. (1993). Concordant but different: Cognitive function, cerebral anatomy, and metabolism in monozygotic twins with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychology, 7, 158–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Workshop Panel. (1990). National Cancer Institute workshop statement: Advances in clinical imaging using positron emission tomography. Archives of Internal Medicine, 150, 735–739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuereb, J. H., Tomlinson, B. E., Irving, D., Perry, R. H., Blessed, G., & Perry, E. K. (1990). Cortical and subcortical pathology in Parkinson’s disease: Relationship to parkinsonian dementia. In M. B. Streifler, A. D. Korczyn, E. Melamed, & M. B. H. Youdin (Eds.), Advances in neurobiology: Vol. 53. Parkinson’s disease: Anatomy, pathology, and therapy (pp. 35–40). New York: Raven Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshii, F., Barker, W. W., Chang, J. Y., Loewenstein, D., Apicella, A., Smith, D., Boothe, T., Ginsberg, M. D., Pascal, S., & Duara, R. (1988). Sensitivity of glucose metabolism to age, gender, brain volume, brain atrophy, and cerebrovascular risk factors. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 8, 654–661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. (1983). Cortical changes in the parkinsonian brain: A contribution to the delineation of “diffuse Lewy body disease.” Journal of Neurology, 229, 17–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A. B., Penney, J. B., Starosta-Rubinstein, S., Markel, D., Berent, S., Rothley, J., Betley, A., & Hichwa, R. (1987). Normal caudate glucose metabolism in persons at risk for Huntington’s disease. Archives of Neurology, 44, 254–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Joseph & Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, and Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA

    Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer

  2. Department of Radiology and Medicine, Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA

    John M. Hoffman

Authors
  1. Kathleen A. Welsh-Bohmer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. John M. Hoffman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA

    Erin D. Bigler

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Welsh-Bohmer, K.A., Hoffman, J.M. (1996). Positron Emission Tomography Neuroimaging in Dementia. In: Bigler, E.D. (eds) Neuroimaging II. Human Brain Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1769-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1769-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1771-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1769-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation