Skip to main content

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Studies of Memory

  • Chapter
Neuroimaging II

Abstract

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an exciting new technique that permits mapping of subtle changes in local blood oxygenation in the brain with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, thus improving on the resolution of other functional imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), rCBF, and SPECT. Functional MRI is also noninvasive and repeatable, and it does not require radioisotopes. Substantially more accurate mapping of brain structure to function is made possible at the individual subject level because there is intrinsic coregistration of anatomic and functional images with resolution on the order of millimeters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andreasen, N. C., O’Leary, D. S., Arndt, S., Cizadlo, T., Hurtig, R., Rezai, K., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. B., & Hichwa, R. D. (1995). Short-term and long-term verbal memory: A positron emission tomography study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 92(11), 5111–5115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. D. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandettini, P. A., Jesmanowicz, A., Wong, E. C., & Hyde, J. S. (1993). Processing strategies for time-course data sets in fMRI of the human brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 30(2), 161–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Hinks, R. S., Tikofsky, R. S., & Hyde, J. S. (1992). Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 25, 390–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J. T., Mintun, M. A., Diehl, D. J., Dobkin, J., Martidis, A., Madoff, D. C., & DeKosky, S. T. (1994). Functional neuroanatomy of verbal free recall: A replication study. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 284–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W, Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1991). Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science, 254, 716–719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W, Kwong, K. K., Kennedy, D. N., Baker, J. R., Stern, C. E., Benson, R., Chesler, D. A., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Tootell, R. B. H., Fox, P. T., Brady, T. J., & Rosen, B. R. (1992). Magnetic resonance imaging mapping of brain function: Human visual cortex. Investigative Radiology, 27, S59–S65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binder, J. R., Rao, S. M., Hammeke, T. A., Yetkin, F. Z., Jesmanowicz, A., Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Estkowski, L. D., Goldstein, M. D., & Haughton, V. M. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human auditory cortex. Annals of Neurology, 35(6), 662–672.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. M., Kessler, R., Buchbaum, M. S., Margolin, R., & Holcomb, H. H. (1984). Correlational methods for determining regional coupling of cerebral glucose metabolism: A pilot study. Biological Psychology, 19, 663–678.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. D., Forman, S. D., Braver, T. S., Casey, B. J., Servan-Schreiber, D., & Noll, D. C. (1994). Activation of the prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 293–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. S., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (1994). Localization of brain function using magnetic resonance imaging. Trends in Neurosciences, 17, (7) 268–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, A. Jackson, G. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Belliveau, J. W, Varga-Kladem, F. & Gadian, D. G. (1993). Functional mapping of activated human primary cortex with a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system. Radiology, 188, 125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duvernoy, H. M. (1988). The human hippocampus: An atlas of applied anatomy. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, R. R. (1992). Basic principles of magnetic resonance angiography. Cardiovascular Intervention Radiology, 15, 3–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, I., McColl, J. H., McCormack, A. G., & McCrory, S. J. (1991). Statistical issues in the analysis of neuroimages. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 11, A89–A95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P. T. (1991). Physiological ROI definition by image subtraction. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 11, A79–A82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, P. T., Mintun, M. A., Reiman, E. M., & Raichle, M. E. (1988). Enhanced detection of focal brain responses using intersubject averaging and change-distribution analysis of subtracted PET images. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 8, 642–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frahm, J., Bruhn, H., Merboldt, K., & Hanicke, W. (1992). Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2, 501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frahm, J., Merboldt, K. D., & Hancke, W. (1993). Functional MRI of human brain activation at high spatial resolution. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 29, 139–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, W. N., & Kucera, H. (1982). Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P. F., Dolan, R. J., Lammertsma, A. A., & Frackowiak, R. J. J. (1990). The relationship between global and local changes in PET scans. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 10, 458–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friston, K.J., Frith, C. D., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). Plastic transformations of PET images. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 15, 634–639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friston, K. J., Jezzard, P., & Turner, R. (1994). The analysis of functional MRI time series. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 153–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frostig, R. D., Lieke, E. E., Tso, D. Y., & Grinvald, A. (1990). Cortical functional architecture and local coupling between neuronal activity and the microcirculation revealed by in vivo high-resolution optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 87, 6082–6086.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Gill, D. S., Haxby, J. V., Ungerleider, L. G., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1993). Brain regions involved in recognizing facial emotion or identity: An oxygen-15 PET study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5(4), 384–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Bench, C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993). Functional mapping in brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function. Brain, 116, 116–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grasby, P. M., Frith, C. D., Friston, K.J., Simpson, J., Fletcher, P. C., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1994). A graded task approach to the functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory. Brain, 117, 1271–1282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Erwin, R. J., & Gur, R. E. (1992). Neurobehavioral probes for physiologic neuroimaging studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 409–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Saykin, A. J., Benton, A., Kaplan, E., Levin, H., Kester, D. B., & Gur, R. E. (1990). Behavioral imaging: III. Inter-rater agreement and reliability of weightings. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 3, 113–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (1991). Principles of neural science (3rd ed.). New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S., Ashe, J., Georgopoulos, A. P., Merkle, H., Ellermann, J. M., Menon, R. S., Ogawa, S., et al. (1993). Functional imaging of human motor cortex at high magnetic field. Journal of Neurophysiology, 69(1), 297–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., & Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., et al. (1992). Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, S., Hopkins, A. L., Haacke, E. M., Li, D., Wasserman, B. A., Buckley, P., Friedman, L., et al. (1993). Identification of vascular structures as a major source of signal contrast in high resolution 2D and 3D functional activation imaging of the motor cortex at 1.5T: Preliminary results. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 30, 387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, G., Blamire, A. M., Puce, A., Nobre, A. C., Bloch, G., Hyder, F., Goldman-Rakic, P., & Shulman, R. G. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91(18), 8690–8694.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., & Lee, T. M. (1990). Magnetic resonance imaging of blood vessels at high fields: In vivo and in vitro measurements and image stimulation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 16, 9–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., & Barrere, B. (1993). The sensitivity of magnetic resonance image signals of a rat brain to changes in the cerebral venous blood oxygenation. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 29, 205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., Ellermann, J. M., Kim, S. A., Merkle, H., et al. (1992). Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: Functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 5951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Press, G. A., Amaral, D. G., & Squire, L. R. (1989). Hippocampal abnormalities in amnesic patients revealed by high-resolution MRI. Nature, 341, 54–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A. M., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cerebral Cortex, 4(1), 8–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M., Binder, J. R., Bandettini, P. A., Hammeke, T. A., Yetkin, F. Z., Jesmanowicz, A., Lisk, L. M., Morris, G. L., Mueller, W. M., & Estkowski, L. D. (1993). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of complex human movements. Neurology, 43(11), 2311–2318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roland, P. E. (1993). Brain activation. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland, E., Gulyas, B., Seitz, R. J., Bohm, C., & Stone-Elander, S. (1990). Functional anatomy of storage, recall, and recognition of a visual pattern in man. NeuroReport, 1(1), 53–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy, C. S., & Sherrington, C. S. (1890). On the regulation of the blood-supply of the brain. Journal of Physiology, 11, 85–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saykin, A. J., Burr, R. B., Riordan, H. J., Maerlander, A. C., & Weaver, J. B. (1995). Temporal neocortical and hippocampal memory activation as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saykin, A. J., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Mozley, D., Mozley, L. H., Resnick, S. M., Kester, D. B., & Stafiniak, P. (1991). Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia: Selective impairment in memory and learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 618–624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saykin, A. J., Riordan, H. J., Weaver, J. B., Manschreck, T., Flashman, L. A., Kahn, E. M., Flannery, K. A., Mamourian, A., & McAllister, T. W. (1995). Memory activation in schizophrenia: Preliminary observations using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Schizophrenia Research, 15, 97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saykin, A. J., Robinson, L. J., Stafiniak, P., Kester, B., Gur, R., O’Connor, M. J., & Sperling, M. (1992). Neuropsychological changes after anterior temporal lobectomy: Acute effects on memory, language, and music. In T. L. Bennett (Ed.), The neuropsychology of epilepsy. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saykin, A. J., Weaver, J. B., Burr, R. B., Riordan, H. J., Roberts, D. W, Williamson, P. D., Thadani, V. M., Darcey, T. M., & Cromwell, L. D. (1995). Functional magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of epilepsy surgery patients: A memory activation study. Epilepsia, 35, 86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (1994). Memory systems 1994. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957). Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 20, 11–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R. (1987). Memory and brain. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., & Butters, N. (1992). Neuropsychology of memory (2nd ed.). New York: Guildford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squire, L. R., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Petersen, S. E., Videen, T. O., & Raichle, M. E. (1992). Activation of the hippocampus in normal humans: A functional anatomical study of memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89(5), 1837–1841.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, C. E., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W, Baker, J. R., & Rosen, B. R. (1992). MR tracking of physiological mechanisms underlying brain activity. In Book of Abstracts, 11th Annual Meeting, Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (p. 1821). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Markowitsch, H. J., Craik, F., Habib, R., & Houle, S. (1994). Neuroanatomical correlates of retrieval in episodic memory: Auditory sentence recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91(6), 2012–2015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R., Jezzard, P., Wen, H., Kwong, K., Le Bihan, D., & Balaban, R. (1992). Functional mapping of the human cortex at 4 tesla using deoxygenation contrast EPI. In Book of Abstracts, 11th Annual Meeting, Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (p. 304). Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Saykin, A.J. et al. (1996). Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In: Bigler, E.D. (eds) Neuroimaging II. Human Brain Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1769-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1769-0_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1771-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1769-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics