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Salinity Tolerance — Mechanisms, Models and the Metabolic Engineering of Complex Traits

  • Chapter
Genetic Engineering

Part of the book series: Genetic Engineering ((GEPM,volume 20))

Abstract

Soil salinity reduces plant productivity in many farming areas world-wide. Salinity affects dry-land farming and is found in irrigated areas where sodium accumulates over time. Reports have appeared about rising water tables, a result of deforestation, moving saline groundwater to the surface, and about intruding seawater in coastal areas, following increased removal of fresh water for human consumption. The United Nations Environment Program estimates approximately 20% of the world’s agricultural land s as salt-stressed (1– 3). While the extent of salt-affected land is highly variable on a local scale, salinity is a considerable problem in countries such as Pakistan, India, sub-Saharan Africa and Australia where as much as one-third of the land may be affected. Estimates of losses due to salinity in irrigated areas world-wide vary considerably (4, 5). Prohibitively high salinity already forces aband onment of about 10 × 106 ha. of irrigated land every year (4), and one-third to one-half of the land presently irrigated may to be heading towards this fate. Salt build-up in irrigated areas is particularly significant considering that the production capacity of irrigated crops is approximately three times that of dryland farming (3). Breeding programs are ongoing for generating varieties that could tolerate higher soil salinity while maintaining productivity, but the success of such programs has been marginal. Flowers and Yeo (3) have discussed the impact of various breeding strategies: (a) improving halophytes, (b) incorporation of genes from halophilic relatives of crop species, (c) selection within the species’ range of phenotypes, (d) generation, through mutation, of new phenotypes followed by selection for salt tolerance, and (e) selection based on yield potential only, disregarding salt resistance. The authors, summarizing a search for salt-tolerant varieties which have been released to farmers, conclude that the research and breeding efforts have not resulted in new varieties in the field in a substantial way. As the preferred strategy for future breeding, they suggested the “pyramiding” of established beneficial physiological traits by multiple crosses.

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Abbreviations

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

BLAST:

sequence comparison program

MIP:

major intrinsic protein

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

HOG:

high osmolarity glycerol (signaling pathway)

MTLDH:

mannitol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences West, The University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, AZ, 85721-0088, USA

    Donald E. Nelson, Bo Shen & Hans J. Bohnert

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  1. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA

    Jane K. Setlow

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Nelson, D.E., Shen, B., Bohnert, H.J. (1998). Salinity Tolerance — Mechanisms, Models and the Metabolic Engineering of Complex Traits. In: Setlow, J.K. (eds) Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering, vol 20. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1739-3_9

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