Abstract
Major advances in understanding the complex processes that regulate the immune system have been achieved. Elucidating the causes of human diseases characterized by inappropriate activation of the immune system, however, remains an elusive goal. Chronic inflammatory diseases or autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), appear to involve multifactorial pathogenic mechanisms. A genetic basis for susceptibility is established by the observation that occurrence of autoimmune diseases is substantially increased among family members of patients and is often related to inheritance of various genes in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). For example, the incidence of SLE is elevated in individuals that express certain haplotypes of the D-regulated (DR) and class III (complement, C) regions of the MHC (Doherty et al., 1992; Reveille, 1992). Other factors are also involved since only a fraction of SLE patients have the common haplotypes, and the concordance rate for SLE in identical twins is only about 30% (Christian et al., 1975; Imamura et al., 1975; Arnett and Shulman, 1976; Block et al., 1976). Many autoimmune diseases afflict predomi-nantly women, suggesting that hormonal factors may contribute to disease development and progression (Alarcon, 1993; Carlsten and Tarkowski, 1993). Furthermore, Afro-Americans are afflicted with SLE approximately three times as frequently as Americans of European descent, but blacks living in Africa do not appear to develop the disease with the same prevalence as their European or American counterparts (Clark et al., 1993).
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References
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Garry, R.F. et al. (1995). Retroviruses and Their Roles in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Autoimmunity. In: Levy, J.A. (eds) The Retroviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1721-8_7
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