Abstract
Retroviruses contain a limited genetic repertoire. Though a number of these viruses contain transactivator proteins that increase their level of gene expression, they all require host cell transcription factors that bind to their long terminal repeat (LTR) in order to modulate basal level gene expression. Following retrovirus integration into the host-cell genome, proviral gene regulation occurs in a manner similar to that of endogenous cellular genes. The integrated provirus is flanked by two LTRs with the 5′ LTR element serving as the binding site for the cellular transcription factors and transcription initiation. A variety of modulators of different cellular signal transduction pathways are able to directly alter the binding or activity of cellular transcription factors that attach to both viral and cellular promoters. Activation of these specific transcription factors have profound effects on retroviral gene expression as will be discussed in this chapter. Unique features in the DNA and RNA regulatory regions of the 5′ proviral LTR also render it a target for various viral transactivator proteins such as the Tat proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 (see Chapters 1 and 3, this volume); the Tax proteins of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) types I and II (Green and Chen, 1994); and the Bel protein of human foamy virus (HFV) or the human spuma retrovirus (HSRV) (see Chapter 4, this volume). In addition to the direct effects of transactivators on viral gene expression, other virally encoded regulatory proteins such as the Rev protein of HIV and the Rex protein of HTLV-I and -II also act in concert with cellular factors to affect the differential splicing and nuclear transport of the viral mRNAs, thereby indirectly modulating the level of viral expression.
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Ou, SH.I., Gaynor, R.B. (1995). Intracellular Factors Involved in Gene Expression of Human Retroviruses. In: Levy, J.A. (eds) The Retroviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1721-8_2
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