Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Drugs, Alcohol, and Aging

  • Chapter
Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems

Abstract

Although developmental psychology used to stop abruptly after infancy, childhood, and adolescence had been described, there has been, for some decades now, increasing awareness and increasing research activity in the biological, psychological, and social aspects of adult life: young adults, middle-aged adults, elderly adults. The last group, defined here as 65 and older, is one stage (obviously the last stage) in the lifespan, and demographic data have pointed up the fact that this group represents an increasing proportion of the population of developed nations. In the early 1980s, this age group constituted 9.3% of the Canadian population (Fact Book on Aging in Canada, 1983) and 11–12% of the U.S. population (A Profile of Older Americans, 1986). Demographers predict an increasing proportion of elderly in the population, projecting their speculations into the early decades of the 21st century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aizenberg, R., and Treas, J., 1985, The family in late life: Psychosocial and demographic considerations, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, Eds.), pp. 169–189, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alcohol and the Elderly: A Special Report, 1982, National Clearinghouse for Alcohol Information of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism IFS No. 103, (Dec. 31, 1982), pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, F., and Duff, R. W., 1988, Drinking in retirement communities, Generations, XII:58.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Association of Retired Persons, 1984, Prescription Drugs: A Survey of Consumer Use, Attitudes and Behavior, 64 pp., AARP, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arden, E., 1987, Ready, willing, able and retired, Michigan Alumnus 93(6):32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atchley, R. C., 1976, Selected social and psychological differences among men and women in later life, J. Gerontol 24:42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. M., ed., 1984a, Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Old Age, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. M., 1984b, Substance use and abuse in late life, in: Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Old Age, R. M. Atkinson, ed., pp. 1–22, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, R. M., Turner, J. A., Kofoed, L. L., and Toison, R. L., 1985, Early versus late onset alcoholism in older persons: Preliminary findings, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 9:513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, H. M., and Caplow, T., 1974, Old Men Drunk and Sober, New York University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, M. P., Haberman, P. W., and Alksne, H., 1965, The epidemiology of alcoholism in an urban residential area, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 26:19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., and Nesselroade, J. R., 1973, The developmental analysis of individual differences on multiple measures, in: Life-Span Developmental Psychology Methodological Issues (J. R. Nesselroade and H. W. Reese, eds.), pp. 219–251, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., and Schaie, K. W., 1976, On the plasticity of adult and gerontological intelligence: Where Horn and Donaldson fail, Am. Psychologist 31:720.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., and Willis, S. I., 1977, Toward psychological theories of aging and development, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. W. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 128–154, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltes, P. B., and Willis, S. I., 1981, Enhancement (plasticity) of intellectual functioning: Penn State’s Adult Development and Enrichment Project (ADEPT), in: Aging and Cognitive Processes (F. I. M. Craik and S. E. Trehub, eds.), Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, G. M., 1979, Alcohol use among older persons: Findings from a western New York State survey, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 24:244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berardo, F. M., 1970, Survivorship and social isolation: The case of the aged widower, Family Coordinator 19:11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, T. P., Blow, F. C., Brower, K. J., Adams, K. M., and Hall, R. C. W., 1988, Alcoholism and aging in the general hospital. Psychosomatics, 29:61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., 1985, Stress, social networks and aging, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 14–35, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkman, L. F., and Syme, S. L., 1979, Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents, Am. J. Epidemiol. 109:186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binstock, R. H., Levin, M. A., and Weatherley, R., 1985, Political dilemma of social intervention, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 589–618, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., and Williams, C. D., 1980, Epidemiology of dysphoria and depression in the elderly population, Am. J. Psychiatry 137:439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blazer, D., George, L. Woodbury, M., Manton, K., and Jordan, K., 1984, The elderly alcoholic: A profile, in: Nature and Extent of Alcohol Problems among the Elderly (G. Maddox, L. N. Robins and N. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 275–297, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blow, F. C., Beresford, T. P., Singer, K. M., Brower, K. J., and Stickney, S. K., forthcoming, Screening for alcohol abuse among hospitalized elderly patients.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blusewicz, M. D., Dustman, R. E., Schenkenberg, T., and Beck, E. C., 1977, Neuropsychological correlates of chronic alcoholism and aging, J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 165:349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botwinick, J., 1977, Intellectual abilities, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 580–605, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, E. L., Shimp, L. A., and Hackney, M. J., 1984, Home Remedies and the Black Elderly, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, L. G., 1977, Understanding the Health and Social Service Needs of People over Age65, Center for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts, M.I.T., and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branch, L. G., and Jette, A. M., 1984, Personal health practices and mortality among the elderly, Am. J. Public Health 74:1126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J., Butters, N., Ryan, C., and Bayog, R., 1983, Cognitive loss and recovery in long-term alcohol abusers, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 40:435.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, J. A., 1982, Aging and alcohol abuse, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 30:123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burger, M. C., Botwinick, J., and Storandt, M., 1987, Aging, alcoholism and performance on the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, J. Gerontol. 42:69.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burrus-Bammel, L. L., and Bammel, G., 1985, Leisure and recreation, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 848–863, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahalan, D., Cisin, I. G., and Crossley, H. M., 1969, American Drinking Practices, College and University Press, New Haven, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, P., 1975, Mood as an indicant of happiness: Age, sex, social class and situational differences, J. Gerontol. 30:216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., and Rodgers, W. L., 1976, The Quality of American Life, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capel, W. C., and Peppers, L. G., 1978, The aging addict: A longitudinal study of known abusers, Addictive Dis. 3:289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capel, W. C., Goldsmith, B. M., and Waddell, K. J., 1972, The aging narcotic addict: An increasing problem for the next decades. J. Gerontol. 27:102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carle, C. E., 1980, Letters to Elderly Alcoholics, Hazelden Foundation, Center City, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlen, P. L., 1982, Reversible effects of chronic alcoholism in the human nervous system: Possible biological mechanisms, in: Cerebral Deficits in Alcoholism (D. A. Wilkinson, ed.), pp. 107–122, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlen, P. L., Penn, R. D., Fornazzi, L., Bennett, J., Wilkinson, D. A., and Wortzman, G., 1986, Computerized tomographic scan assessment of alcoholic brain damage and its potential reversibility, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 10:226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carruth, B., Williams, E. P., Mysak, P., and Boudreaux, L., 1973, Alcoholism and Drinking Problems among Older Persons: Community Care Providers and the Older Problem Drinker, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevan, A., and Korson, J. H., 1972, The widowed who live alone: An examination of the social and demographic factors, Social Forces 51:45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chien, C. P., Townsend, E. J., and Ross-Townsend, A., 1978, Substance use and abuse among the community elderly: The medical aspect, Addictive Dis. 3:357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciompi, L., and Eisert, M., 1971, Etudes catamnestiques de longue durée sur le vieillissement des alcooliques, Social Psychiatry 6:129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, W., and Midanik, L., 1982, Alcohol use and alcohol problems among U.S. adults: Results of the 1979 national survey, in: Alcohol Consumption and Related Problems, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 1, ADM 82–1193, pp. 3–54, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. I., and Sokolovsky, J., 1989, Old Men of the Bowery. Guilford Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, S., 1985, The aging social drinker, in: The Substance Abuse Problems, Volume 2 (S. Cohen, ed.), pp. 144–148, Haworth Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. W., 1986, Drug-related problems in a geriatric long term care facility, Journal of Geriatric Drug Therapy, 1:47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. W., 1988, Medication misuse in nursing homes, Generations, XII:56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooperstock, R., 1976, Psychotropic drug use among women, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 115:760.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, E. M., 1974, Problem Drinkers Seeking Treatment, Monograph No. 8, Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, P. T., Jr., and McCrae, R. R., 1980, Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age, in: Life-Span Development and Behavior, Volume 3 (P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, eds.) Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crook T., and Cohen, G. D. (eds.), 1981, Physicians’ Handbook on Psychotherapeutic Drug Use in the Aged, Mark Powley Associates, New Canaan, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, E., and Henry, W. E., 1961, Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Health and Human Services, 1981, Toward a National Plan for the Chronically Mentally Ill, (ADM) 81–1077, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • DesJarlais, D. C., Joseph, H., and Courtwright, D. T., 1985, Old age and addiction: A study of elderly patients in methadone maintenance treatment, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 201–209, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., 1980, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., 1980, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. revised, 1987, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbie, J., 1977, Substance Abuse among the Elderly, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drew, L. R. H., 1968, Alcoholism as a self-limiting disease, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 29:956.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droller, H., 1964, Some aspects of alcoholism in the elderly, Lancet 2:137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, G., and Ross, H., 1975, Diagnostic differences in psychogeriatric patients in Toronto, New York, and London, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 112:847.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. C., and Waterton, J. J., 1984, Under-reporting of alcohol consumption in sample surveys: The effect of computer interviewing in fieldwork, Br. J. Addiction 79:303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunham, R. G., 1981, Aging and changing patterns of alcohol use, J. Psychoactive Drugs 13:143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunham, R. G., 1986, Noticing alcoholism in the elderly and women: A nationwide examination of referral behavior, J. Drug Issues 16:397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, M. J., and Martin, P. R., 1986, Clinical assessment of cognition in alcoholism, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 10:123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckian, A. H., 1985, Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs, in: Geriatric Drug Use—Clinical and Social Perspectives (S. R. Moore and T. W. Teal, eds.), pp. 39–46, Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein L. J., 1976, Symposium on age differentiation in depressive illness. Depression in the elderly, J. Gerontol 31:278.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, L. J., Mills, C., and Simon, A., 1970, Antisocial behavior of the elderly, Compr. Psychiatry 11:36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., 1980, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exploding the Myths: Caregiving in America, 1987, Study of the Subcommittee on Human Services of the Select Committee on Aging, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, Pub. No. 99–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed., 1980, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fact Book on Aging in Canada, 2nd Canadian Conference on Aging, 1983, Minister of Supply and Services Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fann, W. E., and Whelass, J. C., 1975, Depression in elderly patients, South. Med. J. 68:468.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, R. E., 1984, Prescription drug abuse in older persons, in: Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Old Age (R. M. Atkinson, ed.), pp. 61–70, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finlayson, R. E., Hurt, R. D., and Morse, R. M., 1985, Clinical and outcome data in 224 elderly alcoholics, Presented at the Research Society on Alcoholism Conference, April 19, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinn, G. A., Reisberg, B., and Ferris, S. H., 1984, neuropsychological models of cerebral dysfunction in chronic alcoholics, in: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Social and Biomedical issues (J. T. Hartford and T. Samorajski, eds.), pp. 193–200, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, J. H., 1985, Effects of retirement and former work life on women’s adaptation, in: Normal Aging III (E. Palmore, E. W. Busse, G. L. Maddox, J. B. Nowlin, and I. G. Siegler, eds.), pp. 404–415, Duke University Press, Durham, NC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, G., 1984, Neurotransmitter function in relation to aging and alcoholism, in: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Social and Biomedical Issues (J. T. Hartford and T. Samorajski, eds.), pp. 65–84, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freund, G., and Butters, N., 1982, Alcohol and aging: Challenges for the future, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 6:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaeta, M. J., and Gaetano, R. J., 1977, The Elderly, Their Health and the Drugs in Their Lives, Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaitz, C. M., and Baer, P. E., 1971, Characteristics of elderly patients with alcoholism, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 24:372.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gambert, S. R., Newton, M., and Duthrie, E. H. Jr., 1984, Medical issues in alcoholism in the elderly, in: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Social and Biomedical Issues (J. T. Hartford and T. Samorajski, eds.), pp. 175–191, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaguli, R., 1983, The rational use of psychotropic drugs, Urban Health 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garver, D. L., 1984, Age effects on alcohol metabolism, in: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Social and Biomedical Issues (J. T. Hartford and T. Samorajski, eds.), pp. 153–159, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, D. E., 1982, Aging: The Ethnic Factor, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, D. E., and Barresi, C. M. (eds.) Ethnic Dimensions of Aging, Springer, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glantz, M. D., 1985, The detection, identification and differentiation of elderly drug misuse and abuse in a research survey, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 113–139, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassock, J. A., 1982, Older alcoholics: An underserved population, Generations VI:23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glatt, M. M., and Rosin, A. J., 1964, Aspects of alcoholism in the elderly, Lancet 2:472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glenn, N. D., 1981, Age, birth cohorts, and drinking: An illustration of the hazards of inferring effects from cohort data, J. Gerontol. 36:362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn, R. J., Bouchard, G. R., LoCastro, J. S., and Hermos, J. A., 1984, Changes in alcohol consumption behaviors among men in the normative aging study, in: Nature and Extent of Alcohol Problems among the Elderly (G. Maddox, L. N. Robins, and N. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 101–116, Monograph 14, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Research, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, P. B., and Roberts, J., 1983, Pharmacologic basis for developing rational drug regimens for elderly patients, Med. Clin. North Am. 67:315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. S., 1986, Neuropsychological recovery in alcoholics: Endogenous and exogenous processes, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 10:136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, E., and Grant, A., 1974, The psychogeriatric patient in hospital, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 111: 329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goleman, D., 1987, Personality: Major traits found stable through life, New York Times, June 9, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1979, Psychological survivorship: Sex differences in aging (unpublished manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1980, Drinking and Problem Drinking Among the Elderly, Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1981, Women, sex roles, and alcohol problems, Professional Psychol. 12:146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1982, Alcohol Use and Problems among the Elderly, Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 4, Special Population Issues, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, pp. 263–290, DHHS (ADM) 82–1193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1985, Gerontology and alcohol studies, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 51–73, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1986, Women and alcoholism: Psychological issues, in: Women and Alcohol: Health-Related Issues, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, pp. 78–120, DHHS (ADM) 86–1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., 1987, Drug and alcohol problems of elderly persons, in: Developments in the Assessment and Treatment of Addictive Behavior (T. D. Nirenberg and S. A. Maisto, eds.), pp. 319–337), Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomberg, E. S. L., Hsieh, G., and Adams, K. M., 1988, Patterns of drug use in a general medical care clinic for veterans: A pilot study. American Medical Association National Symposium on Medicine and Public Policy: Balancing the Response to Prescription Drug Abuse, Washington, DC, Proceedings (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, J. S., Sanchez, C. J., Thomas, P., Hunt, C., Garry, P. J., and Goodwin, J. M., 1987, Alcohol intake in a health elderly population, Am. J. Public health 77:173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottheil, E., Druley, K. A., Skoloda, T. E., and Waxman, H. M., 1985, The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gove, W. C., 1975, Sex, marital status and mortality, Am. J. Sociol. 79:45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., 1985, Identifying and measuring alcohol abuse among the elderly: Serious problems with existing instrumentation, Presented at the Ontario Psychogeriatric Association, Toronto, Oct. 6–8, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, K., and Timney, C., 1986, Evaluation of the COPA project (unpublished manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, I., Adams, K. M., and Reed, R., 1984, Aging, abstinence, and medical risk factors in the prediction of neuropsychologic deficit among long-term alcoholics, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 120: 710.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R. F., 1969, Age-intelligence relationships between ages sixteen and sixty-four: A rising trend, Dev. Psychol. 1:618.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt, D. J., 1981, Sedative-hypnotics: Sleep disorders in the elderly, in: Physicians’ Handbook on Psychotherapeutic Drug Use in the Aged (T. Crook and G. Cohen, eds.), pp. 58–65, Mark Powley Associates, New Canaan, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, D., and Capuzzi, D., 1981, The elderly alcoholic: The Counselor’s dilemma, Counselor Education Supervision 20:183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttman, D., 1976, The cross-cultural perspective: Notes toward a comparative psychology of age, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 302–326, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann, D., 1977a, A Study of Legal Drug Use by Older Americans, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttman, D., 1977b, A Survey of Drug-Taking Behavior of the Elderly, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guttmann, D., 1978, Patterns of legal drug use by older Americans, Addictive Dis. 3:337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. R. P., 1986, Drug interactions in geriatric patients, in: Drugs and Aging (D. Platt, ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, M. S., 1985, Survey of drug use and mental disorders in nursing homes, in: Geriatric Drug Use—Clinical and Social Perspectives (S. R. Moore and T. W. Teal, eds.), pp. 101–114, Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartford, J. T., and Samorajski, T., eds., 1984, Alcoholism in the Elderly, Social and Biomedical Issues, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzog, A. R., and Dielman, L., 1985, Age differences in response accuracy for factual survey questions, J. Gerontol. 40:350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, M. E., 1987, Drinking patterns and drinking problems in 1984: Results from a general population survey, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 11:167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodkinson, H. M., 1975, Psychological medicine—The elderly mind, Br. Med. J. 2:23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, H., 1976, Referral sources, prehospital events, and after-care of young and old alcoholics, Willmar State Hospital, Willmar, MN (unpublished manuscript).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, C. E., III, Robins, L. N., Myers, J. K., Weissman, M. M., Tischler, G. L., Leaf, P. J., Anthony, J., and Bednarski, P. B., 1984, Antecedents and correlates of alcohol abuse and dependence in the elderly, in: Nature and Extent of Alcohol Problems among the Elderly (G. Maddox, L. N. Robins, and N. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 217–244, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., 1976, Human abilities: A review of research and theory in the early 1970’s, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 27:437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, J. L., and Donaldson, G., 1976, On the myth of intellectual decline in adulthood, Am. Psychologist 31:701.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, J. S., Robbins, C., and Metzner, H. L., 1982, The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study, Am. J. Epidemiol. 116:123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, R. W., Santos, J. F., and Santos, M. A., 1979, Alcohol and older adults: Overt and covert influences, Social Casework 60:166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffine, C., Folkman, S., and Lazarus, R. S., 1989, Psychoactive drugs, alcohol, and stress and coping processes in older adults. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 15:101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, M. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Gurioli, C., and Helrich, A., 1980, Drinkers, Drinking and Alcohol-Related Mortality and Hospitalizations, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Issa, F. G., and Sullivan, C. E., 1982, Alcohol, snoring and sleep apnea, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 45:353.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J. J., 1985, Race, national origin, ethnicity, and aging, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences, 2nd ed. (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 264–303, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobsohn, D., 1972, Willingness to retire in relation to job strain and type of work, J. Indust. Geront. 13:65.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, O. F. W., 1983, Alcoholism in the elderly, in: Alcohol-Related Problems: Room for Maneuver (N. Krasner, S. Madin, and R. Walker, eds.), pp. 147–157, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik, S. W., and Dunham, R. G., 1983, A nationwide examination of the need for specific alcoholism treatment programs for the elderly, J. Stud. Alcohol 44:307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. A., and Goodrich, C. H., 1974, Use of Alcohol by Persons 65 Years and Over, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones-Witters, P., and Witters, W. L., 1983, Drugs and Society, a Biological Perspective, Wadworth Health Sciences, Monterey, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasl, S. W., and Berkman, L., 1981, Psychosocial influences on health status of the elderly: The perspective of social epidemiology, in: Aging: Biology and Behavior (J. L. McGaugh and S. B. Kiesler, eds.), pp. 345–385, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, M., and Gurioli, C., 1976, Statistics on consumption of alcohol and on alcoholism, 1976 ed., 18 pp., Journal of Studies on Alcohol, New Brunswick, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendrick, R., and Bayne, J. R. D., 1982, Compliance with prescribed medication for elderly patients, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 127:961.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingston, E. R., Hirshorn, B. A., and Cornman, J. M., 1986, Ties That Bind, the Interdependence of Generations, Gerontological Society of America, Seven Locks Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinknecht, R. A., and Goldstein, S. G., 1972, Neuropsychological deficits associated with alcoholism, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 33:999.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klerman, G. L., 1976, Age and clinical depression, J. Gerontol. 31:318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kofoed, L. L., Toison, R. L., Atkingson, R. M., Turner, J. A., and Toth, R. F., 1984, Elderly groups in an alcoholism clinic, in: Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Old Age (R. M. Atkinson, ed.), pp. 35–48, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kofoed, L. L., Toison, R. L., Atkinson, R. M., Toth, R. L., and Turner, J. A., 1987, Treatment compliance of older alcoholics: An elderly-specific approach is superior to “mainstreaming,” J. Stud. Alcohol 48:47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, M., Taube, C., and Starr, S., 1968, Patterns of use of psychiatric facilities by the aged: Current status, trends, and implications, in: Aging and Modern Society (A. Simon and L. J. Epstein, eds.), Psychiatric Research Report No. 23, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Labouvie-Vief, G., 1985, Intelligence and cognition, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 500–530, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lampe, K. L., 1985, Physician instructions to the patient, in: Geriatric Drug Use—Clinical and Social Perspectives (S. R. Moore and T. W. Teal, eds.), pp. 34–38, Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamy, P. P., 1988, Actions of alcohol and drugs in older people, Generations, XII:9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamy, P. P., 1987, Introduction to the aging process, in: Therapeutics in the Elderly (J. C. Delafuente and R. B. Steward, eds.), Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langner, T. S., and Michael, W. T., 1963, Life Stress and Mental Health, Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRue, A., Dessonville, C., and Jarvik, L. F., 1985, Aging and mental disorders, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 664–702, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leighton, D. C., Harding, J. S., Macklin, D. B., Macmillan, A. M., and Leighton, A. N., 1963, The Character of Danger: Psychiatric Symptoms in Selected Communities, The Stirling County Study of Psychiatric Disorder and Sociocultural Environment, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesage, J. and Zwygart-Stauffacher, M., 1988, Detection of medication misuse in elders, Generations XII:32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levenson, A. J., 1981, Psychotropic drug use in the elderly: An overview, Am. Family Physician 24: 194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, G., Robins, L. N., and Rosenberg, N., eds., 1984, Nature and Extent of Alcohol Problems among the Elderly, Research Monograph No. 14, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, DHHS (ADM) 84–1321, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäkelä, K., and Simpura, J., 1984, Experiences Related to Drinking in Finland as a Function of Annual Intake of Alcohol by Sex and Age, Presented at the meeting of the Epidemiology Section of the International Council of Addictions and Alcoholism, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormack, P., and O’Malley, K., 1986, Biological and medical aspects of drug treatment in the elderly, in: Food, Drugs and Aging (R. E. Dunkle, G. J. Petot, and A. B. Ford, eds.), pp. 19–27, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCrady, B. S., and Smith, D. E., 1986, Implications of cognitive impairment for the treatment of alcoholism, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 10:145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellinger, G. D., Balter, M. B., Parry, H. R., Manheimer, D. I., and Cisin, I. H., 1974, An overview of psychotherapeutic drug use in the United States, in: Drug Use: Epidemiological and Sociological Approaches (E. Josephson and E. E. Carroll, eds.), pp. 340–359, Hemisphere, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendels, J., 1981, Antidepressants, in: Physicians’ Handbook on Psychotherapeutic Drug Use in the Aged (T. Crook and G. Cohen, eds.), pp. 26–37, Mark Powley Associates, New Canaan, CT.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merry, J., 1980, Alcoholism in the aged, Br. J. Alcohol Alcoholism 15:56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, A., Goldman, E., Hingson, R., and Scotch, N., 1981–1982, Evidence for cohort or generational differences in the drinking behavior of older adults, Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev. 14:31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, A. R., Hingson, R., Mucatel, M., and Goldman, E., 1982, Social and psychological correlates of problem drinking in old age, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 30:452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minkler, M., 1985, Social support and health of the elderly, in: Social Support and Health (S. Cohen and S. L. Syme, eds.), pp. 199–216, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishara, B. L., and Kastenbaum, R., 1980, Alcohol and Old Age, Grune & Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monk, A., Cryns, A. G., and Cabrai, R., 1977, Alcohol consumption and alcoholism as a function of adult age, Gerontologist 17:101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R., and Finney, J. W., 1984, A systems perspective on problem drinking among older adults, in: Nature and Extent of Alcohol Problems among the Elderly (G. Maddox, L. N. Robins, and N. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 151–172, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrant, J. C. A., 1983, Use and abuse of psychoactive drugs in the elderly, Can. Med. Assoc. J. 129: 245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979, The Aging Process and Psychoactive Drug Use, DHEW 79–815, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noonberg, A., Goldstein, G., and Page, H. A. 1985, Premature aging in male alcoholics: “Accelerated aging” or “increased vulnerability”? Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 9:334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Old, Alone and Poor: A Plan for Reducing Poverty among Elderly People Living Alone, 1987, The Commonwealth Fund Commission on Elderly People Living Alone, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, K., Judge, T. G., and Crooks, J., 1980, Geriatric clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, in: Drug Treatment, 2nd ed. (G. Avery, ed.), pp. 158–181, Adis Press, Sydney and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott, J. F., Hunter, B. E., and Walker, D. W., 1985, The effect of age on ethanol metabolism and on the hypothermic and hypnotic responses to ethanol in the Fischer 344 rat, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 9:59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouslander, J. G., 1986, Polypharmacy and the elderly, in: Food, Drugs, and Aging (R. E. Dunkle, G. J. Petot, and A. B. Ford, eds.), pp. 29–40, Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, J. H., Balter, M. B., Mellinger, G. D., Cisin, I. H., and Manheimer, D. I., 1973, National patterns of psychotherapeutic drug use, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28:769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascarelli, E. F., 1985, The elderly in methadone maintenance, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 210–214, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, R. D., Abrahams, R., and Baker, F., 1974, Preventing self-destructive behavior, Geriatrics 29:115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peplau, L. A., and Perlman, D., 1982, Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, D. M., 1988, Substance Abuse, criminal behavior and older people. Generations, XII:63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, D. M., and Whittington, F. J., 1977, Drug use among the elderly: A review, J. Psychodelic Drugs 9:25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pishkin, V., Lovallo, W. R., and Bourne, L. E., 1985, Chronic alcoholism in males: Cognitive deficit as a function of age at onset, age, and duration, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 9:400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poon, L. W., 1985, Differences in human memory with aging: Nature, causes and clinical implications, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 427–462, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • A Profile of Older Americans, 1986, Program Resources Department, American Association of Retired Persons and the Administration on Aging, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. PF3049(1086) D996, 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prentice, R., 1979, Patterns of psychotherapeutic drug use among the elderly, in: The Aging Process and Psychoactive Drug Use, National Institute of Drug Abuse, pp. 17–41, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffoul, P. R., Cooper, J. K., and Love, D. W., 1981, Drug misuse in older people, Gerontologist 21: 146.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathbone-McCuan, E., and Roberds, L. A., 1980, Treatment of the older female alcoholic, Focus on Women 1:104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathbone-McCuan, E., and Triegaardt, J., 1979, The older alcoholic and the family, Alcohol Health Res. World 3:7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathbone-McCuan, E., Lohn, H., Levenson, J., and Hsu, J., 1976, Community Survey of Aged Alcoholics and Problem Drinker, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Levine Geriatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Revue de l’alcoolisme, 1969, 15 (Gaillard and Perrin, Pequignot et al., Fresneau, etc.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Riccitelli, M. L., 1967, Alcoholism in the aged—Modern concepts, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 15:142.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C., Hudig, D., Lod, P. et al., 1983, Ethanol activation of human natural cytotoxicity, Immuno-pharmacology 6:303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, J. W., Jr., and Marden, C. F., 1947, The social pattern of alcoholic drinking, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 8:265.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, C., and Clayton, R. R., submitted for publication, Gender-related difference in psychoactive drug use among older adults.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, P. K., Coberly, S., and Paul, C. E., 1985, Work and retirement, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 503–527, Van Nostran Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, W. L., and Herzog, A. R., 1987, Interviewing older adults: The accuracy of factual information, J. Gerontol. 42:387.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosin, A.. J., and Glatt, M. M., 1971, Alcohol excess in the elderly, Q. J. Stud. Alcohol 32:53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosow, I., 1985, Status and role change through the life cycle, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 62–93, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. W., and Kahn, R. L., 1987, Human aging: Usual and successful, Science 237:143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubington, D., 1982, The chronic drunkenness offender on Skid Row, in: Alcohol, Science and Society Revisited (E. L. Gomberg, H. R. White, and J. A. Carpenter, eds.), pp. 332–336, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, J., 1987, Art born in the fullness of age, New York Times, Aug. 23, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salthouse, T. A., 1985, Speed of behavior and its implications for cognition, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. B irren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 400–426, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, 1977, Medication and the elderly, Care 2:5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, S. J., 1976, Second annual report re reducing drinking problems in a home for the aged, Substudy 745, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, S. J., Graham, K., Flower, M. C., and Shea, J. P., 1985, Community older personal alcohol project: Assessment form, ARF Internal Document 58, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaie, K. W., and Willis, S. L, 1986, Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed? Dev. Psychol. 22:223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmucker, D. L., 1984, Drug disposition in the elderly: A review of critical factors, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 32:144.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A., 1977, Geriatric alcoholism and drug abuse, Gerontologist 17:168.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuckit, M. A., Morrissey, E. R., and O’Leary, M. R., 1978, Alcohol problems in elderly men and women, Addictive Dis. 3:405.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R., 1985, Emotion and affect, in: Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie, eds.), pp. 531–543, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers, E. M., Frecker, R. C., and Romach, M. L., 1982, Drug metabolism in the elderly: Confounding of age, smoking and ethanol effects, Substudy 1219, Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanas, E., and Maddox, G. L., 1985, Health, health resources, and the utilization of care, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 697–726, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shelton, M. D., Parson, O. A., and Leber, W. R., 1984, Verbal and visuospatial performance in male alcoholics: A test of the premature-aging hypothesis, J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 52:200.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, H. L., 1976, Work and retirement, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds., pp. 286–309, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherouse, D. L., 1983, Professional s Handbook on Geriatric Alcoholism, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, G. B., 1982, Drugs and the aging, Regulatory Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2:287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons-Tropea, D., Osborn, R. W., and Schwenger, C. W., 1986, Health status and health services for elderly Canadians, Research Paper 8, Programme in Gerontology, University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, A., Lowenthal, M. F., and Epstein, L., 1970, Crisis Intervention: The Fate of the Elderly Mental Patient, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonson, W., 1984, Medications and the Elderly: A Guide for Promoting Proper Use, Aspen Systems Corporation, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smoking, Tobacco and Health, 1987, Public Health Service, DHHS Publication (CDC) 87–8397.

    Google Scholar 

  • A Socio-Demographic Profile of the Elderly, 1984, Metropolitan Toronto District Health Council (February 1984), 46 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, D. K., Baumgartner, R. P., Weissman, A. M., Briscoe, M. E., Smith, R. M., and McCormick, W. C., 1978, Pharmaceutical services to improve drug therapy for home health care patients, Am. J. Hosp. Pharm. 35:553.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Special report, access to health care in the United States: Results of a 1986 survey, 1987, 11 pp., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Princeton, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. O., and Fletcher, S., 1981, Aspects of Population Aging in Canada, a Chartbook, National Advisory Council on Aging, Ministry of Supply and Services, Ottawa, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sussman, M. B., 1985, The family life of old people, in: Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (R. H. Binstock and E. Shanas, eds.), pp. 218–243, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamkin, A. S., 1983, Impairment of cognitive functioning in alcoholics, Military Med. 148:793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R., 1976, Empirical investigations of psychological deficit, in: Alcoholism, Interdisciplinary Approaches to an Enduring Problem (R. E. Tarter and A. A. Sugerman, eds.), pp. 359–394, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarter, R. E., and Edwards, K. L., 1986, Multifactorial etiology of neuropsychological impairment in alcoholics, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 10:128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terman, L. M., and Merrill, M. A., 1937, Measuring Intelligence, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, W. C., 1959, Alcoholism in a home for the aged, Geriatrics 14:391.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van De Vyvere, B., Hughes, M., and Fish, D. G., 1976, Elderly chronic alcoholics: A practical approach, Can. Welfare 52:9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verbrugge, L., 1979, Marital status and health, J. Marriage Family 41:267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veroff, J., Douvan, E., and Kulka, R., 1981, The Inner American and Mental Health in America, Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verwoerdt, A., 1981, Clinical Geropsychiatry, 2nd ed., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vestal, R. F., 1982, Pharmacology and aging, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 30:191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vestal, R. E., and Dawson, G. W., 1985, Pharmacology and aging, in: Handbook of the Biology of Aging (C. E. Finch and E. L. Schneider, eds.), pp. 744–819, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vestal, R. E., McGuire, E. A., Tobin, J. D., Andres, R., Norris, A. H., and Mezey, E., 1977, Aging and ethanol metabolism, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 31:343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidojkovic, P., Grbesa, B., Miljkovic, S., and Sreckovic, M., 1970, Alcoholism in the aged, Alkoholizam (Belgrad) 10:52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinick, B. H., 1983, Loneliness among elderly widowers, Presented at the Gerontological Society of America meeting, San Francisco, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel-Sprott, M., and Barrett, B., 1984, Age, drinking habits and the effects of alcohol, J. Stud. Alcohol 45:517.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warheit, G. J., Arey, S.A., and Swanson, E., 1976, Patterns of drug use: An epidemiologic overview, J. Drug Issues 6:223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wattis, J. P., 1981, Alcohol problems in the elderly, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 29:131.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wattis, J. P., 1983, Alcohol and old people, Br. J. Psychiatry 143:306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, H. M., Klein, M., Kennedy, R., Randels, P., and Carner, E. A., 1985, Institutional drug abuse: The overprescribing of psychoactive medications in nursing homes, in: The Combined Problems of Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Aging (E. Gottheil, K. A. Druley, T. E. Skoloda, and H. M. Waxman, eds.), pp. 179–190, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D., 1958, The Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 4th ed., Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinstein, W. S., and Khanna, P., 1986, Depression in the Elderly, Philosophical Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells-Parker, E., Miles, S., and Spencer, B., 1983, Stress experiences and drinking histories of elderly drunken-driving offenders, J. Stud. Alcohol 44:429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westie, K. S., and McBride, D. C., 1979, The effects of ethnicity, age and sex upon processing through an emergency alcohol health care delivery system, Br. J. Addictions 74:21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittier, J. R., and Korenyi, C., 1961, Selected characteristics of aged patients: A study of mental hospital admissions, Compr. Psychiatry 2:113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittington, F. J., 1988, Making it better: drinking and drugging in old age. Generations, XII:5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D. A., and Sanchez-Craig, M., 1981, Relevance of brain dysfunction to treatment objectives: Should alcohol-related cognitive deficits influence the way we think about treatment? Addictive Behav. 6:253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, P., 1971, Alcoholism in the aged, J. Geriatr. 34:59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willenbring, M., and Spring, W. D., Jr. 1988, Evaluating alcohol use in elders, Generations, XII:27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilsnack, R. W., and Cheloha, R., 1987, Women’s roles and problem drinking across the lifespan, Social Problems 34:231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, W. G., and Armbrecht, H. J., 1982, Behavioral effects of ethanol in animals: Age differences and age changes, Alcoholism: Clin. Exp. Res. 6:3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woods, R. T., and Britton, P. G., 1985, Clinical Psychology with the Elderly, Aspen, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolley, B. H., 1983, Personal communication (Bad medicine—An American Habit, Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, CA, April 10, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • York, J. L., 1982, The influence of age upon the physiological response to ethanol, in: Alcoholism & Aging: Advances in Research (W. G. Wood and M. F. Elias, eds.), pp. 99–113, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fl.

    Google Scholar 

  • York, J. L., 1983, Increased responsiveness to ethanol with advancing age in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 19:687.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zborowski, M., 1962, Aging and recreation, J. Gerontol. 7:302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimberg, S., 1974a, The elderly alcoholic, Gerontologist 14:221.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimberg, S., 1974b, Two types of problem drinkers: Both can be managed, Geriatrics 29:135.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimberg, S., 1984, Diagnosis and management of the elderly alcoholic, in: Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Old Age (R. M. Atkinson, ed.), pp. 23–33, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Social Work, and Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104, USA

    Edith S. Lisansky Gomberg

Authors
  1. Edith S. Lisansky Gomberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Addiction Research Foundation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Lynn T. Kozlowski , Helen M. Annis , Howard D. Cappell , Frederick B. Glaser , Michael S. Goodstadt , Yedi Israel , Harold Kalant , Edward M. Sellers  & Evelyn R. Vingilis , , , , , , ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gomberg, E.S.L. (1990). Drugs, Alcohol, and Aging. In: Kozlowski, L.T., et al. Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1669-3_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1669-3_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1671-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1669-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation