Abstract
The California Supreme Court rendered two decisions (Tarasoff I, 1974, and Tarasoff II, 1976) in Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California whose repercussions are far-reaching. Until that time, mental health professionals did not much concern themselves with the potential liability from the harm inflicted on others by their outpatients. The Tarasoff decisions and numerous subsequent cases have made the duty to protect members of the public a realistic concern for all practitioners, one they must fully understand.
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References
A. Cases 1. Outpatient Duty to Protect
Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California (“Tarasoff I”), 529 P.2d 553 (Cal.Sup.Ct. 1974); (“Tar- soff 11”), 551 P.2d 334 (Cal.Sup.Ct. 1976).
Mcintosh v. Milano, 403 A.2d 500 (N.J.Super. 1979).
Lipari v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., and United States, 497 F.Supp. 185 (D.Neb. 1980).
Mavroudis v. Superior Court for San Mateo County, 162 Cal.Rptr. 724 (App. 1980).
Shaw v. Glickman, 415 A.2d 625 (Md.App. 1980).
Thompson v. County of Alameda, 614 P.2d 728 (Cal.Sup.Ct. 1980).
Case v. United States, 523 F.Supp. 317 (S.D.Ohio 1981).
Hopewell v. Adebimpe, No. GD78–28756, Civil Division, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny ounty, Pennsylvania, June 1, 1981. Reported in Pittsburgh Legal Journal 130:107–109, 1982.
Cairl v. State, 323 N.W.2d 20 (Minn.Sup.Ct. 1982).
Hedlund v. Superior Court of Orange County, 669 P.2d 41 (Cal.Sup.Ct. 1983).
Jablonski by Pahls v. United States, 712 F.2d 391 (9th Cir. 1983).
Brady v. Hopper, 751 F.2d 329 (10th Cir. 1984).
Clark v. State, 472 N.Y.S.2d 170 (A.D. 1984).
Edwards v. Clinton Valley Center, 360 N.W.2d 606 (Mich.App. 1984).
Bauer v. Southwest Denver Mental Health Center, 701 P.2d 114 (Colo.App. 1985).
Peck v. Counseling Service of Addison County, 499 A.2d 422 (Sup.Ct.Vt. 1985).
Bardoni v. Kim, 390 N.W.2d 218 (Mich.App. 1986).
Karash v. County of San Diego, 228 Cal.Rptr. 139 (App. 1986).
McGrady v. United States, 650 F.Supp. 379 (S.C. 1986).
Cooke v. Berlin, 735 P.2d 830 (Ariz.App. 1987).
Hewett v. Kennebec Valley Mental Health Association, 529 A.2d 802 (Sup.Jud.Ct.Me. 1987).
Hinkelman v. Borgess Medical Center, 403 N.W.2d 547 (Mich.App. 1987).
Jackson v. New Center Community Mental Health Services, 404 N.W.2d 688 (Mich.App. 1987).
Paul v. Plymouth General Hospital, 408 N.W.2d 492 (Mich.App. 1987).
Wood on Behalf of Doe v. Astleford, 412 N.W.2d 753 (Minn.App. 1987).
Cantrell v. United States, 735 F.Supp 670 (E.D.N.C. 1988).
Lindsey v. United States, 693 F.Supp. 1012 (W.D.Okl. 1988).
McHale v. Cole, 547 A.2d 485 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1988).
Schuster v. Altenberg, 424 N.W.2d 159 (Sup.Ct.Wis. 1988).
Armijo v. Department of Health and Human Environment, 775 P.2d 1333 (N.M.App. 1989)
Eckhardt v. Kirts, 534 N.E.2d 1339 (111.App. 1989).
Hamman v. County of Maricopa, 775 P.2d 1122 (Sup.Ct.Ariz. 1989).
Jenks v. City of West Carrollton, 567 N.E.2d 1338 (Ohio App. 1989).
King v. Smith, 539 So.2d 262 (Sup.Ct.Ala. 1989).
Rogers v. South Carolina Department of Mental Health, 377 S.E.2d 125 (S.C.App. 1989).
Wagshall v. Wagshall, 538 N.Y.S.2d 597 (A.D. 1989).
Barry v. Turek, 267 Cal.Rptr. 553 (Cal.App. 1990).
Dunkel v. Food Service East, Inc. 582 A.2d 1342 (Pa.Super. 1990).
Moye v. United States, 735 F.Supp. 179 (E.D.N.C. 1990).
Onofrio v. Department of Mental Health, 562 N.E.2d 1341 (Mass.Sup.Jud.Ct. 1990).
Boynton v. Burglass, 590 So.2d 446 (Fla.App. 1991).
Smith v. Fishkill Health-Related Center, 572 N.Y.S.2d 762 (A.D. 1991).
Santa Cruz v. Northwest Dade Community Health Center, 590 So.2d 444 (Fla.App. 1991).
Webb v. Jarvis, 575 N.E.2d 922 (Ind.Sup.Ct. 1991).
Ms. B. v. Montgomery County Emergency Service, Inc, 799 F. Supp. 534 (E.D. Pa. 1992). n re Stilinovich, 479 N.W2d 731 (Minn.App. 1992). [commitment of HIV-infected man]
Annotation: Liability of one treating mentally afflicted patient for failure to warn or protect third persons threatened by patient, 83 A.L.R.3d 1201.
A. Cases 2. Negligent Release
St. George v. State of New York, 127 N.Y.S.2d 147 (A.D. 1954).
Fair v. United States, 234 F.2d 288 (5th Cir. 1956).
Taig v. State of New York, 241 N.YS.2d 495 (A.D. 1963).
Underwood v. United States, 356 F.2d 92 (5th Cir. 1966).
Merchants National Bank and Trust Company v. United States, 272 F.Supp. 409 (D.N.D. 1967).
Eanes v. United States, 407 F.2d 823 (4th Cir. 1969).
Greenberg v. Barbour, 322 F.Supp. 745 (E.D.Pa. 1971).
Hicks v. United States, 511 F.2d 407 (D.D.C. 1975).
Homere v. State of New York, 370 N.YS.2d 246 (A.D. 1975).
Harris v. State of Ohio, 358 N.E.2d 639 (Ohio 1976).
Semler v. Psychiatric Institute of Washington, D.C., 538 F.2d 121 (4th Cir. 1976).
Ellis v. United States, 484 F.Supp. 4 (D.S.C. 1978).
Johnson v. United States, 576 F.2d 606 (5th Cir. 1978).
Leverett v. State, 399 N.E.2d 106 (Ohio App. 1978).
Williams v. United States, 450 F.Supp. 1040 (D.S.D. 1978).
Burroughs v. Board of Trustees, 377 So.2d 801 (Fla.App. 1979).
Januszko v. State, 391 N.E.2d 297 (Ct.App.N.Y. 1979).
Bellavance v. State, 390 So.2d 422 (Fla.App. 1980).
Knight v. State, 297 N.W.2d 889 (Mich.App. 1980).
Ross v. Central Louisiana State Hospital, 392 So.2d 698 (La.App. 1980).
Thompson v. County of Alameda, 614 P.2d 728 (Cal.Sup.Ct. 1980).
Estate of Mathes v. Ireland, 419 N.E.2d 782 (Ind.App. 1981).
Fuhrmann v. Hattaway, 311 N.W.2d 379 (Mich.App. 1981).
Leedy v. Hartnett, 510 F.Supp. 1125 (M.D.Pa. 1981).
State of Indiana, Department of Mental Health v. Allen, 427 N.E.2d 2 (Ind.App. 1981).
Bowers v. De Vito, 686 F.2d 616 (7th Cir. 1982).
Bradley Center v. Wessner, 296 S.E.2d 693 (Sup.Ct.Ga. 1982).
Cairl v. State, 323 N.W.2d 20 (Minn.Sup.Ct. 1982).
Doyle v. United States, 530 F.Supp. 1278 (C.D.Cal. 1982).
Holmes v. Wampler, 546 F.Supp. 500 (E.D.Va. 1982).
Chiite v. United States, 564 F.Supp. 341 (E.D.Mich. 1983).
Durflinger v. Artiles, 673 P.2d 86 (Sup.Ct.Kan. 1983).
Furr v. Spring Grove State Hospital, 454 A.2d 414 (Md.App. 1983).
Petersen v. State, 671 P.2d 230 (Sup.Ct. Wash. 1983).
Sherrill v. Wilson, 653 S.W2d 661 (Mo.Sup.Ct. 1983).
Larkins v. Department of Mental Health, 358 N.W.2d 7 (Mich.App. 1984).
Sharpe v. South Carolina Department of Mental Health, 315 S.E.2d 112 (S.C.Sup.Ct. 1984).
Allentown State Hospital v. Gill, 488 A.2d 1211 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1985).
Pangburn v. Saad, 326 S.E.2d 365 (N.C.App. 1985).
Roberts v. Grigsby, 339 S.E.2d 633 (Ga.App. 1985).
Schrempf v. State, 487 N.E.2d 883 (N.Y.Ct.App. 1985).
Bader v. State, 716 P.2d 925 (Wash.App. 1986).
Phillips v. Roy, 494 So.2d 1342 (La.App. 1986).
Soutear v. United States, 646 F.Supp. 524 (E.D.Mich. 1986).
Sanchez v. State of Louisiana Department of Health and Human Resources, 506 So.2d 777 (La.App. 987).
Swofford v. Cooper, 360 S.E.2d 624 (Ga.App. 1987).
Hinkelman v. Borgess Medical Center, 403 N.W.2d 547 (Mich.App. 1987).
Barnes v. Dale, 530 So.2d 770 (Ala.Sup.Ct. 1988).
Cross v. Lakeview Center, 529 So.2d 307 (Fla.App. 1988).
Cross v. Lakeview Center, 529 So.2d 307 (Fla.App. 1988).
Laird v. Buckley, 539 A.2d 1076 (Sup.Ct.Del. 1988).
Littleton v. Good Samaritan Hospital, 529 N.E.2d 449 (Ohio Sup.Ct. 1988).
Mohan v. Westchester County Medical Center, 535 N.Y.S.2d 431 (A.D. 1988).
Naidu v. Laird, 539 A.2d 1064 (Sup.Ct.Del. 1988).
Weston v. State, 758 P.2d 534 (Wash.App. 1988).
Baldwin v. Hospital Authority of Fulton County, 383 S.E.2d 154 (Ga.App. 1989).
Hokansen v. United States, 868 F.2d 372 (10th Cir. 1989).
Jacobs v. Taylor, 379 S.E.2d 563 (Ga.App. 1989).
Midtown Community Mental Health Center v. Estate of Gahl, 540 N.E.2d 1259 (Ind.App. 1989).
Morton v. Jackson Hospital and Clinic, 548 So.2d 1015 (Ala.Sup.Ct. 1989).
Perreira v. State, 768 P.2d 1198 (Sup.Ct.Colo. 1989).
Sellers v. United States, 870 F.2d 1098 (6th Cir. 1989).
Thomas v. State, 545 So.2d 632 (La.App. 1989).
Goryeb v. Commonwealth, 575 A.2d 545 (Pa.Sup.Ct. 1990).
Hines v. Bick, 566 So.2d 455 (La.App. 1990).
Mahomes-Vinson v. United States, 751 F.Supp. 913 (D.Kan. 1990).
McMillian v. Wallis, 567 So.2d 1199 (Sup.Ct.Ala. 1990).
Morton v. Jackson Hospital and Clinic, Inc., 548 So.2d 1015 (Sup.Ct.Ala. 1990).
Nguyen v. State, 788 P.2d 962 (Sup.Ct.Okl. 1990).
Wofford v. Eastern State Hospital, 795 P.2d 516 (Sup.Ct.Okl. 1990).
Mayer v. United States, 774 F.Supp. 1114 (N.D. 111. 1991).
Walker v. State, 806 P.2d 249 (Wash.App. 1991).
Annotation: Governmental tort liability for injuries caused by negligently released individual, 6 .L.R.4th 1155.
Annotation: Liability of governmental officer or entity for failure to warn or notify of release of otentially dangerous individual from custody, 12 A.L.R.4th 722.
A. Cases 3. Motor Vehicle Injuries
Kaiser v. Suburban Transportation System, 401 P.2d 350, 398 P.2d 14 (Sup.Ct.Wash. 1965).
Hammontree v. Jenner, 97 Cal.Rptr. 739 (App. 1971).
Freese v. Lemmon, 267 N.W.2d 680 (Sup.Ct.Iowa 1978).
Burroughs v. Board of Trustees, 377 So.2d 801 (Fla.App. 1979).
Watkins v. United States, 589 F.2d 214 (5th Cir. 1979).
Wharton Transport Corporation v. Bridges, 606 S.W2d 521 (Sup.Ct.Tenn. 1980).
Lopez v. Hudgeons, 171 Cal.Rptr. 527 (App. 1981).
Hasenei v. United States, 541 F.Supp. 999 (D.Md. 1982).
Matter of Estate of Votteler, 327 N.W.2d 759 (Sup.Ct.Iowa 1982).
Davis v. Mangelsdorf, 673 P.2d 951 (Ariz.App. 1983).
Gooden v. Tips, 651 S.W.2d 364 (Tex.App. 1983).
Myers v. Quesenberry, 193 Cal.Rptr. 733 (App. 1983).
Petersen v. State of Washington, 671 P.2d 230 (Sup.Ct.Wash. 1983).
Duvall v. Goldin, 362 N.W.2d 275 (Mich.App. 1984).
Forlaw v. Fitzer, 456 So.2d 432 (Sup.Ct.Fla. 1984).
Anthony v. United States, 616 F.Supp. 156 (S.D.Iowa 1985).
Cartier v. Long Island College Hospital, 490 N.Y.S.2d 602 (A.D. 1985).
Garrison Retirement Home Corp. v. Hancock, 484 So.2d 1257 (Fla.App. 1985).
Welke v. Kuzilla, 375 N.W.2d 403 (Mich.App. 1985).
Cain v. Rijken, 717 P.2d 140 (Sup.Ct.Or. 1986).
Tumelson v. Todhunter, 716 P.2d 890 (Sup.Ct.Wash. 1986).
Joy v. Eastern Maine Medical Center, 529 A.2d 1364 (Sup.Jud.Ct. Me. 1987).
Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital, 513 N.E.2d 387 (Sup.Ct.Ill. 1987).
Krejci v. Akron Pediatric Neurology, 511 N.E.2d 129 (Ohio App. 1987).
Stebbins v. Concord Wrigley Drugs, 416 N.W.2d 381 (Mich.App. 1987).
Willis v. United States, 666 F.Supp. 892 (W.D.La. 1987).
Johnson Estate v. Condell Memorial Hospital, 520 N.E.2d 37 (Sup.Ct.Ill. 1988).
Laird v. Buckley, 539 A.2d 1076 (Sup.Ct.Del. 1988).
Naidu v. Laird, 539 A.2d 1064 (Sup.Ct.Del. 1988).
Purdy v. Public Administrator of County of Westchester, 526 N.E.2d 4 (Ct.App.N.Y. 1988).
Rebollal v. Payne, 536 N.Y.S.2d 147 (A.D. 1988).
Schuster v. Altenberg, 424 N.W2d 159 (Sup.Ct.Wis. 1988).
Wilschinsky v. Medina, 775 P.2d 713 (Sup.Ct.N.M. 1989).
Crosby by Crosby v. Sultz, 592 A.2d 1337 (Pa.Super. 1991).
Rollins v. Petersen, 813 P.2d 1156 (Utah S.C. 1991).
Ermutlu v. McCorkle, 416 S.E. 2d 792 (Ga.App. 1992).
Annotation: Liability of physician, for injury to or death of third party, due to failure to disclose driving-related impediment, 43 A.L.R.4th 153.
A. Cases 4. Managed Care
O’Neill v. Montefiore Hospital, 202 N.Y.S.2d 436 (A.D. 1960).
Wickline v. State, 228 Cal.Rptr. 661 (App. 1986).
Schleier v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, 876 F.2d 174 (D.C.Cir. 1989).
Varol v. Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Michigan, 708 F.Supp. 826 (E.D. Mich. 1989).
Wilson v. Blue Cross of Southern California, 271 Cal.Rptr. 876 (App. 1990).
B. Articles and Books 1. Duty to Protect and Negligent Release
Appelbaum, P. S. (1985). Tarasoff and the clinician: Problems in fulfilling the duty to protect. American ournal of Psychiatry, 142, 425–429.
Appelbaum, P. S. (1988). The new preventive detention: Psychiatry’s problematic responsibility for he control of violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 779–785.
Appelbaum, P. S., & Rosenbaum, A. (1989). Tarasoff and the researcher: Does the duty to protect pply in the research setting? American Psychologist, 44, 885–894.
Appelbaum, P. S., Zonana, H., Bonnie, R., & Roth, L. H. (1989). Statutory approaches to limiting sychiatrists’ liability for their patients’ violent acts. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 821–828.
Avins, A. L., & Lo, B. (1989). To tell or not to tell: The ethical dilemmas of HIV test notification in pidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 1544–1548.
Beck, J. C. (Ed.). (1985). The potentially violent patient and the Tarasoff decision in psychiatric practice. ashington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Beck, J. C. (1987). The psychotherapist’s duty to protect third parties from harm. Mental and Physical isability Law Reporter, 11, 141–148.
Beck, J. C. (Ed.). (1990). Confidentiality versus the duty to protect: The risk of foreseeable harm in the practice f psychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Bobele, M. (1987). Therapeutic interventions in life-threatening situations. Journal of Marital and amily Therapy, 13, 225–239.
Brown, J., & Rayne, J. T. (1989). Some ethical considerations in defensive psychiatry: A case study. merican Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59, 534–541.
Carlson, G. A., Greeman, M., & McClellan, T. A. (1989). Management of HIV-positive psychiatric atients who fail to reduce high-risk behaviors. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 511–514
Dickens, B. M. (1986). Legal issues in medical management of violent and threatening patients. anadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 772–780.
Feldman, W. S. (1979). Some legal implications of “passes” and “visits.” Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 7, 93–103.
Felthous, A. R. (1989). The psychotherapist’s duty to warn or protect. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Fleming, J. G., & Maximov, B. (1974). The patient or his victim: The therapist’s dilemma. California Law Review, 62, 1025–1068.
Geske, M. R. (1989). Statutes limiting mental health professionals’ liability for the violent acts of their patients. Indiana Law Journal, 64, 391–422.
Givelber, D., Bowers, W. J., & Blitch, C. L. (1984). Tarasoff, myth and reality: An empirical study of private law in action. Wisconsin Law Review, 1984, 443–497.
Goodman, T. A. (1985). From Tarasoff to Hopper: The evolution of the therapist’s duty to protect third parties. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 3, 195–225.
Gostin, L. O. (1990). AIDS and the health care system. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kermani, E. J., & Drob, S. L. (1987). Tarasoff decision: A decade later dilemma still faces psychotherapists. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 41, 271–285.
Knapp, S., & VandeCreek, L. (1990). Application of the duty to protect to HIV-positive patients. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 161–166.
Knapp, S., VandeCreek, L., & Shapiro, D. (1990). Statutory remedies to the duty to protect: A reconsideration. Psychotherapy, 27, 291–295.
Kroll, J., & Mackenzie, T. B. (1983). When psychiatrists are liable: Risk management and violent patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34, 29–37.
Leonard, J. B. (1977). A therapist’s duty to potential victims. Law and Human Behavior, 1, 309–317.
Leong, G. B., Eth, S., & Silva, J. A. (1992). The psychotherapist as witness for the prosecution: The criminalization of Tarasoff. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1011–1015.
McCarty, C. B. (1989). Patient threats against third parties: The psychotherapist’s duty of reasonable care. Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy, 5, 119–140.
McClarren, G. M. (1987). The psychiatric duty to warn: Walking a tightrope of uncertainty. Cincinnati Law Review, 56, 269–293.
Melella, J., Travin, S., & Cullen, K. (1987). The psychotherapist’s third-party liability for sexual assaults committed by his patient. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 15, 3–116.
Merton, V. (1982). Confidentiality and the “dangerous” patient: Implications of Tarasoff for psychiatrists and lawyers. Emory Law Journal, 31, 263–343.
Mills, M. J., Sullivan, G., & Eth, S. (1987). Protecting third parties: A decade after Tarasoff. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 68–74.
Monahan, J. (in press). Limiting therapist exposure to Tarasoff liability: Guidelines for risk containment. American Psychologist.
Murphy, J. R., III (1985). In the wake of Tarasoff: Mediation and the duty to disclose. Catholic University Law Review, 35, 209–243.
Newman, R. S. (1986). The Tarasoff progeny : Creating a weaponless policeman with a “deep pocket.” Capital University Law Review, 15, 699–724.
Perlin, M. L. (1992). Tarasoff and the dilemma of the dangerous patient: New directions for the 1990’s. Law and Psychology Review, 16, 29–63.
Perry, S. (1989). Warning third parties at risk of AIDS: APA’s policy is a barrier to treatment. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 158–161.
Poythress, N. G. (1987). Avoiding negligent release: A risk-management strategy. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38, 1051–1052.
Poythress, N. G. (1990). Avoiding negligent release: Contemporary clinical and risk management strategies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 994–997.
Poythress, N. G., & Brodsky, S. L. (1992). In the wake of a negligent release law suit. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 155–173.
Price, D. P. T. (1990). Between Scylla and Charybdis: Charting a course to reconcile the duty of confidentiality and the duty to warn in the AIDS context. Dickinson Law Review, 94, 435–487.
Roth, L. H., & Meisel, A. (1977). Dangerousness, confidentiality, and the duty to warn. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 508–511.
Rubin, J. (1987). Mental health professionals and the duty to warn: An economic analysis. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 10, 311–337.
Schopp, R. F. (1991). The psychotherapist’s duty to protect the public: The appropriate standard and the foundation in legal theory and empirical premises. Nebraska Law Review, 70, 327–360.
Schwartzbaum, J. A., Wheat, J. R., & Norton, R. W. (1990). Physician breach of patient confidentiality among individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Patterns of decision. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 829–834.
Slovenko, R. (1988). The therapist’s duty to warn or protect third persons. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 16, 139–209.
Sonkin, D. J., & Ellison, J. E. (1986). The therapist’s duty to protect victims of domestic violence: Where we have been and where we are going. Victims and Violence, 1, 205–214.
Stone, A. A. (1976). The Tarasoff decisions: Suing psychotherapists to safeguard society. Harvard Law Review, 90, 358–378.
Stone, A. A. (1986). Vermont adopts Tarasoff: A real barn-burner. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 352–355.
Taylor, L., & Adelman, H. S. (1989). Reframing the confidentiality dilemma to work in children’s best interests. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 79–83.
Travin, S., & Bluestone, H. (1987). Discharging the violent psychiatric inpatient. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 32, 999–1008.
Treadway, J. (1990). Tarasoff in the therapeutic setting. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 88–89.
Turkington, R. C. (1989). Confidentiality policy for HIV-related information: An analytical framework for sorting out hard and easy cases. Villanova Law Review, 34, 871–908.
VandeCreek, L., Knapp, S., & Herzog, C. (1987). Malpractice risks in the treatment of dangerous patients. Psychotherapy, 24, 145–153.
Weinstock, R. (1988). Confidentiality and the new duty to protect: The therapist’s dilemma. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39, 607–609.
Wettstein, R. M. (1984). The prediction of violent behavior and the duty to protect third parties. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 2, 291–317.
Wexler, D. B. (1979). Patients, therapists, and third parties: The victimological virtues of Tarasoff. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 2, 1–28.
Winslade, W. J. (1981). Psychotherapeutic discretion and judicial decision: A case of enigmatic justice. In S. F. Spicker, J. M. Healey, & H. T. Engerlhardt (Eds.), The law-medicine relation: A philosophical exploration. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Wise, T. P. (1978). Where the public peril begins: A survey of psychotherapists to determine the effects of Tarasoff. Stanford Law Review, 31, 165–190.
Wulsin, L. R., Bursztajn, H., & Gutheil, T. G. (1983). Unexpected clinical features of the Tarasoff decision: The therapeutic alliance and the “duty to warn.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 601–603.
Zonana, H. (1989). Warning third parties at risk of AIDS: APA’s policy is a reasonable approach. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 162–164.
B. Articles and Books 2. Psychiatric Aspects of Motor Vehicle Accidents
Carr, D., Jackson, T, & Alquire, P. (1990). Characteristics of an elderly driving population referred to a geriatric assessment center. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38, 1145–1150.
Carr, D., Schmader, K., Bergman, C, Simon, T. C., Jackson, T. W, Haviland, S., & O’Brien, J. (1991). A multidisciplinary approach in the evaluation of demented drivers referred to geriatric assessment centers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 39, 1132–1136.
Cushman, L. A., Good, R. G., & States, J. D. (1990). Psychiatric disorders and motor vehicle accidents. Psychological Reports, 67, 483–489.
Dubinsky, R. M., Gray, C, Husted, D., Busenbark, K., Vetere-Overfield, B., Wiltfong, D., Parrish, D., & Koller, W C. (1991). Driving in Parkinson’s Disease. Neurology, 41, 517–520.
Gilley, D. W, Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Stebbins, G. T., Bernard, B. A., Whalen, M. E., & Fox, J. H. (1991). Cessation of driving and unsafe motor vehicle operation by dementia patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151, 941–946.
Hansotia, P., & Broste, S. K. (1991). The effect of epilepsy or diabetes mellitus on the risk of automobile accidents. New England Journal of Medicine, 324, 22–26.
Krumholz, A., Fisher, R. S., Lesser, R. P., & Häuser, W. A. (1991). Driving and epilepsy: A review and reappraisal. Journal of the American Medical Association, 265, 622–626.
Oster, G., Huse, D. M., Adams, S. F., Imbibo, J., & Russell, M. W (1990). Benzodiazepine tranquilizers and the risk of accidental injury. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 1467–1470.
Reuben, D. B., Silliman, R. A., & Traines, M. (1988). The aging driver: Medicine, policy, and ethics. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 36, 1135–1142.
Simel, D. L., & Feussner, J. R. (1990). Driving-impaired patients leaving the emergency department. Annals of Internal Medicine, 112, 365–370.
Tsuang, M. T, Boor, M., & Fleming, J. A. (1985). Psychiatric aspects of traffic accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 538–546.
Underwood, M. (1992). The older driver: Clinical assessment and injury prevention. Archives of Internal Medicine, 152, 735–740.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. (1991). Conference on psychiatric disorders and commercial drivers (Pub. No. FHWA-MC-91–006). Washington, DC.
B. Articles and Books 3. Managed Care
Chittenden, W. A. (1991). Malpractice liability and managed health care: History and prognosis. Tort and Insurance Law Journal, 26, 451–496.
Hinden, R. A., & Eiden, D. L. (1990). Liability issues for managed care entities. Seton Hall Legislative Journal, 14, 1–63.
Hirshfeld, E. B. (1990). Economic considerations in treatment decisions and the standard of care in medical malpractice litigation. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 2004–2012.
Morreim, E. H. (1992). Whodunit? Causal responsibility of utilization review for physicians’ decisions, patients’ outcomes. Law, Medicine, and Health Care, 20, 40–56.
Newman, N., & Bricklin, P. M. (1991). Parameters of managed mental health care: Legal, ethical, and professional guidelines. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 26–35.
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See “Risk Assessments of Violence” in Bibliography of Chapter 3, pp. 77–78.
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Weiner, B.A., Wettstein, R.M. (1993). The Duty to Protect Third Parties and Negligent Release. In: Legal Issues in Mental Health Care. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1654-9_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1654-9_8
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