Abstract
Concern about professional liability is an issue facing every professional. National attention has been drawn to the “ malpractice crisis” and its potential effect on patient care. This increased attention on liability has made it a real issue for most professionals. The thought of being sued for negligence in our professional work frightens most of us. Yet the reality is that mental health professionals are infrequently sued, although the number and types of liability actions are increasing.
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Bibliography
A. Cases 1. General
Hammer v. Rosen, 165 N.E.2d 756 (N.Y. 1960).
Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 211 N.E.2d 253 (111. 1965).
McDonnell v. County of Nassau, 492 N.Y.S.2d 699 (1985).
Rudy v. Meshorer, 706 P.2d 1234 (Ariz. 1985).
Watts v. Cumberland County, 330 S.E.2d 242 (N.Carol. 1985).
A. Cases 2. Psychopharmacology
Chasse v. Banas, 399 A.2d 608 (N.H. 1979).
Naughton v. Bevilacqua, 605 F.2d 586 (1st Cir. 1979).
Speer v. U.S., 512 F.2d 670 (Tex. 1981).
Clites v. Iowa, 322 N.W.2d 917 (Iowa 1982).
Karasik v. Bird, 470 N.Y.S.2d 605 (A.D. 1984).
Lundgren v. Eustermann, 370 N.W.2d 877 (Minn. 1985).
Barclay v. Campbell, 704 S.W.2d 8 (Tex. 1986).
Hyde v. University, 393 N.W.2d 847 (Mich. 1986).
Bell v. Hart, 516 So.2d 562 (Sup.Ct.Ala. 1987).
Crooks v. Greene, 736 P.2d 78 (Kan. 1987).
Hendricks v. Charity Hospital, 519 So.2d 163 (La.App. 1987).
McManus v. St. Joseph Hospital, 423 N.W.2d 217 (Mich.App. 1987).
Molkenbur v. Hart, 411 N.W.2d 249 (Minn.App. 1987).
U.S. v. Jones, 816 F.2d 1483 (10th Cir. 1987).
Whittle v. U.S., 669 F.Supp. 501 (D.D.C. 1987).
Bellardini v. Krikorian, 537 A.2d 700 (N.J.Sup. 1988).
Dooley v. Skodnek, 529 N.Y.S.2d 569 (A.D. 1988).
Bolen v. U.S., 727 F.Supp. 1346 (Idaho 1989).
Leal v. Simon, 542 N.Y.S.2d 328 (A.D. 1989).
Edwards v. U.S., 749 F.Supp. 1070 (Kan. 1990).
Hardwick v. Reddy, 459 N.W.2d 13 (Mich.App. 1990).
Webb v. Jarvis, 575 N.E.2d 992 (Ind.Sup.Ct. 1991).
A. Cases 3. Abandonment
Brandt v. Grubin, 329 A.2d 82 (N.J. 1974).
Williams v. Bennett, 582 S.W.2d 577 (Tex. 1979).
Cranford Insurance Co., v. Allwest Insurance Co., 645 F.Supp. 1440 (Cal. 1986).
Clements v. Hendi, 354 S.E.2d 700 (Ga. 1987).
A. Cases 4. Sexual Contact
Roy v. Hartogs, 381 N.Y.S.2d 587 (A.D. 1976).
Mazza v. Huffaker, 300 S.E.2d 833 (N.Carol.App. 1983).
Dennis v. Allison, S.W.2d 94 (Tex.Sup.Ct. 1985).
Horak v. Biris, 474 N.E.2d 13 (Dl.App. 1985).
Thelen by Thelen v. St. Cloud Hospital, 379 N.W.2d 189 (Minn.App. 1985).
Yero v. Department of Professional Regulation, 481 So.2d 61 (Fla.App. 1985).
Atienza v. Taub, 239 Cal.Rptr. 454 (App. 1987).
Cosgrove v. Lawrence, 522 A.2d 483 (N.J.Super.A.D. 1987).
Torgeson v. Connor, 738 P.2d 994 (Or.App. 1987).
Dockweiler v. Wentzell, 425 N.W.2d 468 (Mich.App. 1988).
Noto v. St. Vincent’s Hospital and Medical Center of New York, 537 N.Y.S.2d 446 (Sup. 1988).
Richard H. v. Larry D., 243 Cal.Rptr. 807 (App. 1988).
Spiess v. Johnson, 748 P.2d 1020 (Or.App. 1988).
Block v. Ambach, 540 N.YS.2d 6 (Ct.App. 1989).
Marlene F. v. Affiliated Psychiatric Medical Clinic, 257 Cal.Rptr. 98 (Sup.Ct. Cal. 1989).
Morris v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 539 N.E.2d 50 (Mass.Sup.Jud.Ct. 1989).
Sprague v. Whitenack, 564 A.2d 829 (Sup.Ct. N.H. 1989).
Weaver v. Union Carbide Corporation, 378 S.E.2d 105 (W.Va. 1989).
Doe. v. Samaritan Counseling Center, 791 P.2d 344 (Sup.Ct. Alaska 1990).
Faulk v. Ludwig, 732 F.Supp. 591 (W.D.Pa. 1990).
Orozco v. Sobol, 557 N.Y.S.2d 738 (A.D. 1990).
Perkins v. Dean, 570 So.2d 1217 (Ala.Sup.Ct. 1990).
St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co. v. Love, 459 N.W.2d 698 (Minn.Sup.Ct. 1990).
State v. Dutton, 450 N.W.2d 189 (Minn.App. 1990).
Carmichael v. Carmichael, 597 A.2d 1326 (D.C.App. 1991).
Corgan v. Muehling, 574 N.E.2d 602 (Ill.Sup.Ct. 1991).
DiLeo v. Nugent, 592 A.2d 1126 (Md.App. 1991).
Figueiredo-Torres v. Nickel, 584 A.2d 69 (Md.App. 1991).
MacClements v. LaFone, 408 S.E.2d 878 (N.C.App. 1991).
Pundy v. Dept. of Professional Regulation, 570 N.E.2d 458 (Ill.App. 1991).
Riley v. Presnell, 565 N.E.2d 780 (Mass.Sup.Jud.Ct. 1991).
Sisson v. Seneca Mental Health Council, 404 S.E.2d 425 (Sup.Ct. W.Va. 1991).
Homer v. Long, 599 A.2d 1193 (Md.App. 1992).
St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co., v. Mori, 486 N.W.2d 803 (Minn. App. 1992)
Annotation: Improper or immoral sexually related conduct toward patient as ground for disciplinary
action again physician, dentist, or other licensed healer, 59 A.L.R.4th 1104.
A. Cases 5. Suicide
Fernandez v. Baruch, 244 A.2d 109 (Sup.Ct.NJ. 1968).
Bellah v. Greenson, 146 Cal.Rptr. 535 (App. 1978).
Comiskey v. New York, 418 N.Y.S.2d 233 (1979).
Abille v. U.S.A., 482 F.Supp. 703 (N.D.Cal. 1980).
Ray v. Ameri-Care Hospital, 400 So.2d 1127 (La. App. 1981).
Topel v. Long Island Jewish Medical Center, 431 N.E.2d 293 (N.Y. Ct.app. 1981).
Bell v. New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, 456 N.YS.2d 787 (A.D. 1982).
Stokes v. Leung, 651 S.W.2d 704 (Tenn.App. 1983).
Speer v. State of Connecticut, 495 A.2d 733 (Conn.App. 1985).
Krapivka v. Maimonides Medical Center, 501 N.Y.S.2d 429 (A.D. 1986).
Psychiatric Institute v. Allen, 509 A.2d 619 (D.C.App. 1986).
Getty v. Abbott Laboratories, 235 Cal.Rptr. 48 (App. 1987).
Guilbault v. Department of Mental Health, 408 N.W.2d 558 (Mich.App. 1987).
Werner v. Pennsylvania, 530 A.2d 1004 (Pa.Cmwlth. 1987).
Brandvain v. Ridgeview Institute, 372 S.E.2d 265 (Ga.App. 1988).
Cowan v. Doering et al, 545 A.2d 159 (N.J.Sup.Ct. 1988).
Porter v. Maunnangi, 764 S.W.2d 699 (Mo.App. 1988).
Weathers v. Pilkinton, 754 S.W.2d 75 (Tenn.App. 1988).
Bourne v. Seventh Ward General Hospital, 546 So.2d 197 (La.App. 1989).
Clark v. Maine Medical Center, 559 A.2d 358 (Sup.Jud.Ct. Me. 1989).
DeSanchez v. Genoves-Andrews, 446 N.W.2d 538 (Mich.App. 1989).
King v. Smith, 539 So.2d 262 (Sup.Ct.Ala. 1989).
McNamara v. Honeyman, 546 N.E.2d 139 (Mass.Sup.Ct.Jud. 1989).
McNesby v. New Jersey Department of Human Services, 555 A.2d 1186 (N.J.Super.A.D. 1989).
Paddock v. Chacko, 533 So.2d 168 (Fla.Sup.Ct. 1989).
Vinchiarello v. Kathuria, 558 A.2d 262 (Conn.App. 1989).
Davitt v. State, 549 N.Y.S. 803 (A.D. 1990).
Farwell v. Un, 902 F.2d 282 (4th Cir. 1990).
Jensen v. Augusta Mental Health Institute, 574 A.2d 885 (Sup.Jud.Ct. Me. 1990).
Mahoney v. Lensink, 569 A.2d 518 (Sup.Ct. Conn. 1990).
Pelermo v. NME Hospitals, 558 So.2d 1342 (La.App. 1990).
Pessagno v. U.S., 751 F.Supp. 149 (S.D. Iowa 1990).
Tomfohr v. Mayo Foundation, 450 N.W.2d 121 (Minn.Sup.Ct. 1990).
Weeks v. Harris County Hospital District, 785 S.W.2d 169 (Tex. App. 1990).
Bloom v. Dubois Regional Medical Center, 597 A.2d 671 (Pa.Super. 1991).
Ex parte AMI West Alabama General Hospital, 582 So.2d 485 (Ala.Sup.Ct. 1991).
Peoples Bank of Bloomington v. Damera, 581 N.E.2d 426 (Ill.App. 1991).
Rogers v. Marrow by Marrow, 413 S.E.2d 344 (Va.Sup.Ct. 1992).
Annotation: Liability of doctor, psychiatrist, or psychologist for failure to take steps to prevent patient’s suicide, 17 A.L.R.4th 1128.
Annotation: Liability of mental care facility for suicide of patient or former patient, 19 A.L.R.4th 7.
Annotation: Hospital’s liability for mentally deranged patient’s self-inflicted injuries, 36 A.L.R.4th 117.
Annotation: Hospital’s liability for patient’s injury or death resulting from escape or attempted escape, 37 A.L.R.4th 200.
A. Cases 6. Supervision and Consultation
Weinstock v. Ott, 444 N.E.2d 1227 (Ind. 1983). Andrews v. U.S., 732 F.2d 366 (4th Cir. 1984).
Gitlin v. Cassell, 484 N.Y.S.2d 19 (1985).
McGhee v. Bhama, 363 N.W.2d 293 (Mich. 1985).
Sangiuolo v. Leventhal, 505 N.Y.S.2d 507 (1986).
Doe v. Samaritan Counseling Center, 791 P.2d 344 (Sup.Ct. Alaska 1990).
Hill by Burston v. Kokosky, 463 N.W.2d 265 (Mich.App. 1990).
A. Cases 7. Record Keeping
Gotkin v. Miller, 514 F.2d 125 (2nd Cir. 1975).
Pisel v. Stamford Hospital, 430 A.2d 1 (Conn. 1980).
Bondu v. Gurvich, 473 So.2d 1307 (Fla. 1984). [negligent loss of records]
Haley v. U.S.A., 739 F.2d 1502 (10th Cir. 1984). [failure to review past treatment records]
Ehredt v. Forest Hospital, 492 N.E.2d 532 (111. 1986).
Breesmen v. Department of Professional Regulation, 567 So.2d 469 (Fla.App. 1990).
Pharr v. Cortese, 559 N.Y.S.2d 780 (Sup.Ct. 1990). [physician falsified records]
Jimenez v. Department of Professional Regulation, 556 So.2d 1219 (Fla. App. 1990). [physician falsified records]
Suslovich v. New York State Education Department, 571 N.Y.S.2d 123 (A.D. 1991). [psychologist failed to maintain records]
A. Cases 8. Electroconvulsive Therapy
Woods v. Brumlop, 377 R2d 520 (N.Mex 1962).
Stone v. Proctor, 131 S.E.2d 297 (N.Carol. 1963).
Collins v. Hand, 246 A.2d 398 (Pa. 1968).
Kapp v. Ballantine, 402 N.E.2d 463 (Sup.Jud.Ct.Mass. 1980).
Lillian F. v. Superior Court (Santa Clara Val. M.C.), 206 Cal.Rptr. 603 (Cal.App. 1984).
Gowan, conservator for Gowan v. U.S., 601 F.Supp. 1297 (Or. 1985).
Lojuk v. Johnson, 853 F.2d 560 (7th Cir. 1988).
Annotation: Malpractice in connection with electroshock treatment, 94 A.L.R.3d 317.
A. Cases 9. Informed Consent
See “Informed Consent” in Bibliography of Chapter 5, pp. 142–145.
A. Cases 10. Breach of Confidentiality
See “Liability for Breach of Confidentiality” in Bibliography of Chapter 7, pp. 230–231.
B. Articles and Books
B. Articles and Books 1. General
Abraham, K. S. (1988). Medical liability reform: A conceptual framework, Journal of the American Medical Association, 260, 68–72.
American Medical Association. (1991). The guide to medical professional liability insurance. Chicago: American Medical Association.
Appelbaum, P. S., & Gutheil, T. G. (1991). Current handbook of psychiatry and the law (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
Bennett, B. E., Bryant, B. K., VandenBos, G. R., & Greenwood, A. (1990). Professional liability and risk management. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Beresford, H. R. (1972). Professional liability of psychiatrists. Defense Law Journal, 21, 123–167.
Besharov, D. J. (1985). The vulnerable social worker: Liability for serving children and families. Silver Spring, MD: National Association of Social Workers.
Busch, K. A., & Cavanaugh, J. L. (1985). Physical examination of psychiatric outpatients: Medicaland legal issues. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 36, 958–961.
Charles, S. C. (1989). Stress associated with medical malpractice litigation. In A. Tasman, R. E. Hales, & A. J. Frances (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry, Vol. 8. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Charles, S. C, & Kennedy, E. (1985). Defendant: A psychiatrist on trial for medical malpractice. New York: Free Press.
Dorken, H. (1990). Malpractice claims experience for psychologists: Policy issues, cost comparisons with psychiatrists, and prescription privilege implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 150–152.
Fish, F. M., Ehrhardt, M. E., & Fish, B. (1989). Malpractice: Managing your defense (2nd ed.). Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics Books.
Fishalow, S. E. (1975). The tort liability of the psychiatrist. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 3, 191–230.
Furrow, B. (1980). Malpractice in psychotherapy. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Gutheil, T. G., Bursztajn, H. J., Brodsky, A., & Alexander, V. (Eds.)(1991). Decision making in psychiatry and the law. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Hampton, L. P. (1984). Malpractice in psychotherapy: Is there a relevant standard of care? Case Western Reserve Law Review, 35, 251–281.
Hogan, D. B. (1979). The regulation of psychotherapists. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Johnson, K. B., Hirshfeld, E. B., Le, M. L., Kelly, J. T., Bierig, J. R., Raskin, R. D., & Fleisher, L. D. (1990). Legal implications of practice parameters. Chicago: Author.
Jones, J. A., & Alcabes, A. (1989). Clients don’t sue: The invulnerable social worker. Social Casework, 70, 414–420.
Kahn, M., & Taft, G. (1983). The application of the standard of care doctrine to psychological testing. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, I, 71–84.
King, J. (1986). The law of medical malpractice (2nd ed.) St. Paul: West.
Klerman, G. L. (1990). The psychiatric patient’s right to effective treatment:Jmplications of Osheroffv. Chestnut Lodge. American journal of Psychiatry, 147, 409–418.
La Puma, J., Schiedermayer, D. L., Toulmin, S., Miles, S. H., & McAtee, J. A. (1990). The standard of care: A case report and ethical analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 108, 121–124.
Malcolm, J. G. (1988). Treatment choices and informed consent: Current controversies in psychiatric malpractice litigation. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Margolin, G. (1982). Ethical and legal considerations in marital and family therapy. American Psychologist, 37, 788–801.
Mullan, F., Politzer, R. M., Lewis, C. T., Bastacky, S., Rodak, J., & Harmon, R. G. (1992). The National Practitioner Data Bank. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268, 73–79.
Paquin, G. W. (1988). The malpractice of family therapy: An analysis of two “schools.” Law and Psychology Review, 12, 21–59.
Rheingold, P. (1984). How to know a good medical malpractice case. American Bar Association Journal, 70, 71–74.
Shapiro, R. S., Simpson, D. E., Lawrence, S. L., Talsky, A. M., Sobocinski, K. A., & Schiedermayer, D. L. (1989). A survey of sued and nonsued physicians and suing patients. Archives Internal Medicine, 149, 2190–2196.
Simon, R., & Sadoff, R. L. (1992). Psychiatric malpractice: Cases and comments for clinicians. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Slawson, P. F. (1979). Psychiatric malpractice: The California experience. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 651–654.
Slawson, P. F. (1984). The clinical dimension of psychiatric malpractice. Psychiatric Annals, 14, 358–364.
Slawson, P. F. (1989). Psychiatric malpractice: Ten years’ loss experience. Medicine and Law, 8, 415–427.
Slawson, P. F., & Guggenheim, F. G. (1984). Psychiatric malpractice: A review of the national loss experience. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 979–981.
Smith, J. T. (1986). Medical malpractice: Psychiatric care. Colorado Springs: Shepard’s, McGraw-Hill.
Stone, A. A. (1990). Law, science, and psychiatric malpractice: A response to Klerman’s indictment of psychoanalytic psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 419–427.
Sugarman, S. D. (1990). The need to reform personal injury law leaving scientific disputes to scientists. Science, 248, 823–827.
Tancredi, L. R., & Weisstub, D. N. (1986). Malpractice in American psychiatry: Toward a restructuring of the psychiatrist-patient relationship. In D. Weisstub (Ed.), Law and mental health, Vol. 2, pp. 83–139. New York: Pergamon Press.
Watkins, S., & Watkins, J. (1983). Malpractice in clinical social work: A perspective on civil liability in the 1980s. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1, 55–70.
Wettstein, R. M. (1989). Psychiatric malpractice. In A. Tasman, R. E. Hales, & A. J. Frances (Eds.), American Psychiatric Press Annual Review, Vol8. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Widiger, T. A., & Rorer, L. G. (1984). The responsible psychotherapist. American Psychologist, 39, 503–515.
Wilbert, J. R., & Fulero, S. M. (1988). Impact of malpractice litigation on professional psychology: Survey of practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 379–382.
B. Articles and Books 2. Psychopharmacology
American Psychiatric Association, Task Force. (1990). Benzodiazepine dependence, toxicity, abuse. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association, Task Force. (1992). Tardive dyskinesia. Washington, DC: Author.
Appelbaum, P. S., Schaffner, K., & Meisel, A. (1985). Responsibility and compensation for tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 806–810.
Ayd, F. J. (1985). Problems with orders for medication as needed. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 939–942.
Brackins, L. W. (1985). The liability of physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals for adverse drug reactions. Defense Law Journal, 34, 273–344.
Brown, P., & Funk, S. C. (1986). Tardive dyskinesia: Barriers to the professional recognition of an iatrogenic disease. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 116–132.
Brushwood, D. B., & Simonsmeier, L. M. (1986). Drug information for patients. Journal of Legal Medicine, 7, 279–340.
Deveaugh-Geiss, J. (1979). Informed consent for neuroleptic therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 959–962.
Drugs in litigation (1992). Charlottesville, VA: Michie.
Dukes, M. N. G., & Swartz, B. (1988). Responsibility for drug-induced injury. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Gilhooley, M (1986). Learned intermediaries, prescription drugs, and patient information. St. Louis University Law Journal, 30, 633–702.
Howe, E. G. (1984). Legal aspects of psychopharmacology. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 887–900.
Junewicz, J. J. (1979). Physicians7 liability for failure to anticipate and control reactions and interactions precipitated by prescribed or administered drugs. Medical Trial Technique Quarterly, 26, 8–41.
Kapp, M. B. (1981). Prescribing approved drugs for non-approved uses: Physicians’ disclosure obligations to their patients. Law Medicine and Health Care, 9, 20–23.
Kleinman, I., Schachter, D., & Koritar, E. (1989). Informed consent and tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 902–904.
Kofoed, L., Bloom, J. D., Williams, M. H., Rhyne, C, & Resnick, M. (1989). Physicians investigated for inappropriate prescribing by the Oregon Board of Medical Examiners. Western Journal of Medicine, 150, 597–601.
Mills, M. J., Norquist, G. S., Shelton, R. C, Gelenberg, A. J., & Van Putten, T. (1986). Consent and liability with neuroleptics: The problem of tardive dyskinesia. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8, 243–252.
Munetz, M. R., & Benjamin, S. (1990). Who should perform the AIMS examination? Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 41, 912–915.
Munetz, M. R., & Roth, L. H. (1985). Informing patients about tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 866–871.
Sovner, R., Dimascio, A., Berkowitz, D., & Randolph, P. (1978). Tardive dyskinesia and informed consent. Psychosomatics, 19, 172–177.
Stone, A. A. (1978). The history and future of litigation in psychopharmacologic research and treatment. In D. M. Gallant & R. Force (Eds.), Legal and ethical issues in human research and treatment. New York: Medical and Scientific Books.
Tancredi, L. R. (1988). Malpractice and tardive dyskinesia: A conceptual dilemma. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology (Suppl. 8), 71S-76S.
Taub, S. (1986). Tardive dyskinesia: Medical facts and legal fictions. St. Louis University Law Journal, 30, 833–873.
Tietz, G. F. (1986). Informed consent in the prescription drug context: The special case. Washington Law Review, 61, 367–417.
Tozer, F. L., & Kasik, J. E. (1967). The medical-legal aspects of adverse drug reactions. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8, 637–646.
Wettstein, R. M. (1983). Tardive dyskinesia and malpractice. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1, 85–107.
Wettstein, R. M. (1985). Legal aspects of neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. In C. H. Wecht (Ed.), Legal medicine1985. New York: Praeger.
Wettstein, R. M. (1988). Informed consent and tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8, 65S-70S.
B. Articles and Books 3. Abandonment
Hirsh, H. L. (1984). Abandonment: Actual or constructive premature termination of the physician-patient relationship. Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 6, 207–222.
Bernstein, R. M., Feldberg, C, & Brown, R. (1991). After-hours coverage in psychology training clinics. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 22, 204–208.
B. Articles and Books 4. Sexual Contact
Akamatsu, T. J. (1988). Intimate relationships with former clients: National survey of attitudes and behavior among practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 454–458.
Appelbaum, P. S., & Jorgenson, L. (1991). Psychotherapist-patient sexual contact after termination of treatment: An analysis and a proposal. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1466–1473.
Bates, C. M., & Brodsky, A. M. (1989). Sex in the therapy hour: A case of professional incest. New York: Guilford Press.
Borys, D. S., & Pope, K. S. (1989). Dual relationships between therapist and client: A national survey of psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 283–293.
Bouhoutsos, J., Holroyd, J., Lerman, H., et al. (1983). Sexual intimacy between psychotherapists and patients. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14, 185–196.
Coleman, P. (1988). Sex between psychiatrist and former patient: A proposal for a “no harm, no foul” rule. Oklahoma Law Review, 41, 1–52.
Coleman, P. (1988). Sexual relationships between therapist and patient—Different countries, different treatment. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 16, 577–623.
Committee on Women in Psychology. (1989). If sex enters into the psychotherapy relationship. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 112–115.
Conte, H. R., Plutchik, R., Picard, S., & Karasu, T. B. (1989). Ethics in the practice of psychotherapy: A survey. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43, 32–42.
Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, American Medical Association. (1991). Sexual misconduct in the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 266, 2741–2745.
Gabbard, G. O. (1989). Sexual exploitation in professional relationships. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Gartrell, N., Herman, J. L., Olarte, S., Feldstein, M., & Localio, R. (1986). Psychiatrist-patient sexual contact: Results of a national survey: 1. Prevalence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 1126–1131.
Gartrell, N., Herman, J. L., Olarte, S., Feldstein, M., & Localio, R. (1987). Reporting practices of psychiatrists who knew of sexual misconduct by colleagues. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, 287–295.
Gartrell, N., Herman, J. L., Olarte, S., Feldstein, M., & Localio, R. (1988). Management and rehabilitation of sexually exploitive therapists. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39, 1070–1074.
Gunnells, S. L. (1990). Patient-therapist sexual relations: Professional services rendered? Law and Psychology Review, 14, 87–105.
Gutheil, T. G. (1989). Borderline personality disorder, boundary violations, and patient-therapist sex: Medicolegal pitfalls. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 597–602.
Herman, J. L., Gartrell, N., Olarte, S., Feldstein, M., & Localio, R. (1987). Psychiatrist-patient sexual contact: Results of a national survey: 2. Psychiatrists’ attitudes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 164–169.
Jorgenson, L., Randies, R., & Strasburger, L. (1991). The furor over psychotherapist-patient sexual contact: New solutions to an old problem. William and Mary Law Review, 32, 645–732.
Kluft, R. P. (1989). Treating the patient who has been sexually exploited by a previous therapist. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 12, 483–500.
Mikkelsen, E. J., Gutheil, T. G., & Emens, M. (1992). False sexual-abuse allegations by children and adolescents: Contextual factors and clinical subtypes. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 556–570.
Pope, K. S. (1990). Therapist-patient sex as sex abuse: Six scientific, professional, and practical dilemmas in addressing victimization and rehabilitation. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 227–239.
Pope, K. S., Tabachnick, B. G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 41, 993–1006.
Pope, K. S., Tabachnick, B. G., & Keith-Spiegel, P. (1988). Good and poor practices in psychotherapy: National survey of beliefs of psychologists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 547–552.
Schoener, G. R., Milgrom, J. H., Gonsiorek, J. C., Luepker, E. T., & Conroe, R.M. (1989). Psychotherapists’ sexual involvement with clients: Intervention and prevention. Minneapolis: Walk-In Counseling Center.
Strasburger, L., Jorgenson, L., & Randies, R. (1991). Criminalization of psychotherapist-patient sex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 859–863.
Williams, M. H. (1992). Exploitation and inference: Mapping the damage from therapist-patient sexual involvement. American Psychologist, 47, 412–421.
B. Articles and Books 5. Suicide
Amchin, J. D., Wettstein, R. M., & Roth, L. R. (1990). Suicide, ethics, and the law. In S. J. Blumenthal & D. J. Kupfer (Eds.), Suicide over the life cycle. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Benensohn, H. S., & Resnik, H. L. (1973). Guidelines for “suicide-proofing” a psychiatric unit. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 27, 204–212.
Berman, A. L. (1989). Case consultation: Malpractice. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 19, 395–402.
Bongar, B. (1991). The suicidal patient: Clinical and legal standards of care. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bursztajn, H., Gutheil, T. G., Brodsky, A., & Swagerty, E. L. (1988). “Magical thinking,” suicide, and malpractice litigation. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 16, 369–377.
Bursztajn, H., Gutheil, T. G., Hamm, R. M., & Brodsky, A. (1983). Subjective data and suicide assessment in the light of recent developments, Part 2. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 6, 331–350.
Ebert, B. W. (1987). Guide to conducting a psychological autopsy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 52–56.
Greenberg, D. F. (1974). Involuntary psychiatric commitments to prevent suicide. New York University Law Review, 49, 227–269.
Gutheil, T. G., Bursztajn, H., Hamm, R. M., & Brodsky, A. (1983). Subjective data and suicide assessment in the light of recent developments, Part 1. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 6, 317–329.
Kaye, N. S., & Soreff, S. M. (1991). The psychiatrist’s role, responses, and responsibilities when a patient commits suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 739–743.
Litman, R. E. (1982). Hospital suicides: Lawsuits and standards. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 12, 212–220.
Margolis, P. M., Meyer, G. G., & Louw, J. C. (1965). Suicidal precautions: A dilemma in the therapeutic community. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 224–231.
O’Leary, W. D. (1989). Custodial suicide: Evolving liability considerations. Psychiatric Quarterly, 60, 31–71.
Pauker, S. L., & Cooper, A. M. (1990). Paradoxical patient reactions to psychiatric life support: Clinical and ethical considerations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 488–491.
Rachlin, S. (1984). Double jeopardy: Suicide and malpractice. General Hospital Psychiatry, 6, 302–307.
Szasz, T. (1986). The case against suicide prevention. American Psychologist, 41, 806–812.
B. Articles and Books 6. Supervision and Consultation
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Guidelines for psychiatrists in consultative, supervisory, or collaborative relationships with nonmedical therapists. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1489–1491.
American Psychiatric Association. (1989). Guidelines regarding psychiatrists’ signatures. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1390.
American Psychiatric Association. (1991). Guidelines for psychiatric practice in community mental health centers. American journal of Psychiatry, 148, 965–966.
Firman, G. J. (1988). Ostensible agency: Another malpractice hazard. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 510–512.
Goldberg, R. S., Riba, M., & Tasman, A. (1991). Psychiatrists’ attitudes toward prescribing medication for patients treated by nonmedical psychotherapists. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 276–280.
Harrar, W. R., VandeCreek, L., & Knapp, S. (1990). Ethical and legal aspects of clinical supervision. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 37–41.
Kapp, M. (1983). Legal implications of clinical supervision of medical students and residents. Journal of Medical Education, 58, 293–299.
Kapp, M. (1984). Supervising professional trainees: Legal implications for mental health institutions and practitioners. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 35, 143–147.
Morgan, D. (1987). Liability for medical education. Journal of Legal Medicine, 8, 305–338.
Oliver, R. (1986). Legal liability of students and residents in the health care setting. Journal of Medical Education, 61, 560–568.
Reamer, F. G. (1989). Liability issues in social work supervision. Social Work, 445–448.
Simpson, C. L. (1977). Misrepresentation of medical students in teaching hospitals. Medical Trial Technique Quarterly 1977 Annual, 233–270.
Slovenko, R. (1980). Legal issues in psychotherapy supervision. In A. K. Hess (Ed.), Psychotherapy supervision: Theory, research and practice. New York: Wiley.
Vasile, R. G., & Gutheil, T. G. (1979). The psychiatrist as medical backup: Ambiguity in the delegation of clinical responsibility. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1292–1296.
B. Articles and Books 7. Record Keeping
Albeck, J. H., & Goldman, C. (1991). Patient-therapist codocumentation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 45, 317–334.
Beers, M. H., Munekata, M., & Storrie, M. (1990). The accuracy of medication histories in the hospital medical records of elderly persons. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 38, 1183–1187.
Fulero, S. M., & Wilbert, J. R. (1988). Record-keeping practices of clinical and counseling psychologists: A survey of practitioners. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 19, 658–660.
Gutheil, T. G. (1980). Paranoia and progress notes: A guide to forensically informed psychiatric record keeping. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 31, 479–482.
Hirsh, H. L. (1987). Physicians and medical records—A necessary evil? Medicine and Law, 6, 1–12.
Prosser, R. L. (1992). Alteration of medical records submitted for medicolegal review. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 2630–2631.
Rappaport, R. G. (1979). The psychiatrist on trial. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 7, 463–469.
Roach, W. H., Chernoff, S. N., & Esley, C. L. (1985). Medical records and the law. Rockville, MD: Aspen Publications.
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Slovenko, R. (1979). On the need for record keeping in the practice of psychiatry. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 7, 399–440.
Thompson, T. J., Thornhill, C. A., Realon, R. E., & Ervin, K. M. (1991). Improving accuracy in documentation of restrictive interventions by direct-care personnel. Mental Retardation, 29, 201–205.
Van Vort, W., & Mattson, M. R. (1989). A strategy for enhancing the clinical utility of the psychiatric record. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 40, 407–409.
Wilson, S. J. (1980). Recording: Guidelines for social workers. New York: Free Press.
B. Articles and Books 8. Electroconvulsive Therapy
Abrams, R. (1989). Malpractice litigation and ECT. Convulsive Therapy, 5, 365–367.
American Psychiatric Association, Task Force Report. (1990). The practice of electroconvulsive therapy. Washington, DC: Author.
Baxter, L. R., Roy-Byrne, P., Liston, E. H., & Fairbanks, L. (1986). Informing patients about electroconvulsive therapy: Effects of a videotape presentation. Convulsive Therapy, 2, 25–29.
Benedict, A. R., & Saks, M. J. (1987). The regulation of professional behavior: Electroconvulsive therapy in Massachusetts. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 15, 247–275.
Guze, B. H., Baxter, L. R., Liston, E. H., & Roy-Byrne, P. (1988). Attorneys’ perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy: Impact of instruction with an ECT videotape demonstration. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 29, 520–522.
Kramer, B. A. (1990). ECT use in the public sector: California. Psychiatric Quarterly, 61, 97–103.
Krouner, L. W. (1973). Shock therapy and psychiatric malpractice: The legal accommodation to a controversial treatment. Forensic Science, 2, 397–439.
Perr, I. N. (1980). Liability and electroshock therapy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25, 508–513.
Slawson, P. F. (1985). Psychiatric malpractice: The electroconvulsive therapy experience. Convulsive Therapy, 1, 195–203.
Slawson, P. F. (1989). Psychiatric malpractice and ECT: A review of national loss experience. Convulsive Therapy, 5, 126–130.
Taub, S. (1987). Electroconvulsive therapy, malpractice, and informed consent. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 15, 7–54.
Whitcomb, D. (1988). The regulation of electroconvulsive therapy in California: The impact of recent constitutional interpretations. Golden Gate University Law Review, 18, 469–494.
Winslade, W. J., Liston, E. H., Ross, J. W., & Weber, K. D. (1984). Medical, judicial, and statutory regulation of ECT in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1349–1355.
B. Articles and Books 9. Informed Consent
See “Informed Consent” in Bibliography of Chapter 5, pp. 142–145.
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Weiner, B.A., Wettstein, R.M. (1993). Professional Liability. In: Legal Issues in Mental Health Care. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1654-9_6
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