Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Fumonisins in Food pp 369–393Cite as

Approaches to the Risk Assessment of Fumonisins in Corn-Based Foods in Canada

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 392))

Abstract

The presence of fumonisins and associated mycotoxins from Fusarium moniliforme in corn-based foods has recently become a concern in North America and elsewhere. Monitoring of various corn based foods and food commodities for fumonisins is ongoing in both the USA and Canada, and the results can be used for preliminary exposure assessments. The role of Fusarium moniliforme and the fumonisins in some diseases of livestock has been established. Considerable information is available on the mechanism of action of the fumonisins. With the availability of increased quantities of pure fumonisins, several sub-chronic toxicity studies, designed to establish dose response characteristics in rodents have now been completed. However, since concerns about the chronic toxicity of the fumonisins have not yet been adequately addressed, a tolerable daily intake cannot be established at this time. With the information at hand it is, nevertheless, possible to arrive at an interim risk assessment, which can be used to make interim risk management decisions. A total of 361 samples, covering 4 years of a Canadian survey, have been analyzed to date. Of these, 64 contained ≥ 0.1 μg/g fumonisin B1, and 10 contained ≥ 1 μg/g. The ‘all persons’ estimate for the intake of fumonisins from these foods was < 0.089 μg/kg bw for 5–11 year-old children, and lower for other age groups. Based on an assessment of the available information on the toxicity of fumonisins, it can be concluded that these estimated intakes are unlikely to pose a health risk.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alberts, J. F.; Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Thiel, P. G.; Marasas, W. F. O.; van Schalkwyk, D. J.; Behrend, Y. Effects of temperature and incubation period on production of fumonisin-B1 by Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1990, 56, 1729–1733.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bane, D. P.; Neumann, E. J.; Hall, W. F.; Harlin, K. S.; Slife, R. L. N. Relationship between fumonisin contamination of feed and mystery swine disease-A case-control study. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 121–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondy, G.; Barker, M.; Mueller, R.; Fernie, S.; Miller, J. D.; Armstrong, C.; Hierlihy, S. L.; Rowsell, P.; Suzuki, C. Fumonisin B1 toxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats. American Chemical Society, Annual Meeting, April 2–6, Anaheim, Ca. 1995, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullerman, L. B. and Tsai, W.Y.J. Incidence and levels of Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium proliferatum and fumonisins in corn and corn-based foods and feeds. J. Food Prot. 1994, 57, 541–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casteel, S. W.; Turk, J. R.; Cowart, R. P.; Rottinghaus, G. E. Chronic toxicity of fumonisin in weanling pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1993, 5, 413–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casteel, S. W.; Turk, J. R.; Rottinghaus, G. E. Chronic effects of dietary fumonisin on the heart and pulmonary vasculature of swine. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1994, 23, 518–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christley, R. M.; Begg, A. P.; Hutchins, D. R.; Hodgson, D. R.; Bryden, W. L. Leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Aust. Vet. J. 1993, 70, 225–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, F. S.; Li, G. Y. Simultaneous occurrence of fumonisin B1 and other mycotoxins in moldy corn collected from the Peoples Republic of China in regions with high incidences of esophageal cancer. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 847–852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, B. M.; Harrison, L. R. Fumonisin-induced pulmonary edema and hydrothorax in swine. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 79–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colvin, B. M.; Cooley, A. J.; Beaver, R. W. Fumonisin toxicosis in swine-clinical and pathologic findings. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1993, 5, 232–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doko, M. B.; Visconti, A. V. Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn and corn-based human food stuffs in Italy. Food Addit. Contam. 1994, 11, 433–439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupuy, J.; Lebars, P.; Boudra, H.; Lebars, J. Thermostability of fumonisin B1 a mycotoxin from Fusarium moniliforme, in corn. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1993, 59, 2864–2867.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fincham, J. E.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Taljaard, J. J. F.; Kriek, N. P. J.; Badenhorst, C. J.; Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Seier, J. V.; Smuts, C. M.; Faber, M.; Weight, M. J.; Slazus, W.; Woodroof, C. W.; Van Wijk, M. J.; Kruger, M.; Thiel, P. G. Atherogenic effects in a non-human primate of Fusarium-moniliforme cultures added to a carbohydrate diet. Atherosclerosis 1992, 94, 13–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floss, J. L.; Casteel, S. W.; Johnson, G. C.; Rottinghaus, G. E.; Krause, G. F. Developmental toxicity in hamsters of an aqueous extract of Fusarium moniliforme culture material containing known quantities of fumonisin B1. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1994, 36, 5–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franceschi, S.; Bidoli, E.; Baron, A. E.; La Vecchia, C. Maize and risks of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus in northeastern Italy. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1990, 82, 1407–1411.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Thiel, P. G.; Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W. F. O. Investigations on the carcinogenicity of fusarin C-a mutagenic metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme. Carcinogenesis 1986, 7, 1899–1901.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Thiel, P. G.; Horak, R. M.; Vleggaar, R.; Kriek, N. P. J. Fumonisins novel mycotoxins with cancer-promoting activity produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1988, 54, 1806–1811.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Kriek, N. P. J.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Thiel, P. G. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of the Fusarium moniliforme metabolite, fumonisin B1, in rats. Carcinogenesis 1991, 12, 1247–1251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Snyman, S. D. Mutagenicity of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Mycotoxin Res. 1991, 7, 46–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Vleggaar, R.; Thiel, P. G.; Cawood, M. E. Fumonisins-isolation, chemical characterization and biological effects. Mycopathologia 1992a, 117, 11–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Semple, E.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Farber, E. The cancer-initiating potential of the fumonisin B mycotoxins. Carcinogenesis 1992b, 13, 433–437.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Cawood, M. E.; Snyman, S. D.; Vleggaar, R.; Marasas, W. F. O. Structure-activity relationships of fumonisins in short-term carcinogenesis and cytotoxicity assays. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1993, 31, 407–414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Cawood, M. E.; Snyman, S. D.; Marasas, W. F. O. Fumonisin B1 dosimetry in relation to cancer initiation in rat liver. Carcinogenesis 1994, 15, 209–214.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haschek, W. M.; Motelin, G.; Ness, D. K.; Harlin, K. S.; Hall, W. F.; Vesonder, R. F.; Peterson, R. E.; Beasley, V. R. Characterization of fumonisin toxicity in orally and intravenously dosed swine. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 83–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Health and Welfare Canada. Nutrition Canada. Food Consumption Patterns Report. Health and Welfare Canada: Ottawa, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hendrich, S.; Miller, K. A.; Wilson, T. M.; Murphy, P. A. Toxicity of Fusarium proliferatum-fermented nixtamalized corn-based diets fed to rats: effect of nutritional status. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 1649–1654.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopmans, E. C.; Murphy, P. A. Detection of fumonisin-b(l), fumonisin-b(2), and fumonisin-b(3) and hydrolyzed fumonisin-b(l) in corn-containing foods. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 1655–1658.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IARC. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Toxins derived from Fusarium moniliforme: fumonisins B1 and B2 and fusarin C. In Some Naturally occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins. World Health Organization, IARC: Lyon, France, 1993, 56, 445-466; 537; 565-567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W. F. O.; van der Walt, F. E. Oesophageal and other main cancer patterns in four districts of Transkei, 1981–1984. S. Afr. Med. J. 1987a, 72, 27–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaskiewicz, K.; van Rensburg, S. J.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Gelderblom, W. C. A. Carcinogenicity of Fusarium moniliforme culture material in rats. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1987b, 78, 321–325.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneshiro, T.; Vesonder, R. F.; Peterson, R. E. Fumonisin-stimulated N-acetyldihydrosphingosine, n-acetyl-phytosphingosine, and phytosphingosine products of Pichia-(Hansenula)-ciferri, NRRL Y-1031. Current Microbiol. 1992, 24, 319–324.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kellerman, T. S.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Thiel, P. G.; Gelderblom, W. C. A.; Cawood, M.; Coetzer, J. A. W. Leukoencephalomalacia in two horses induced by oral dosing of fumonisin B1. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1990, 57, 269–275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuiper-Goodman, T.; Ominski, K.; Marquardt, R. R.; Malcolm, S.; McMullen, E.; Lombaert, G. A.; Morton, T. Estimating human exposure to ochratoxin A in Canada. In Human Ochratoxicosis and its Pathologies. Colloque INSERM vol. 231. Creppy, E. E.; Castegnaro, M.; Dirheimer, G., Eds.; John Libbey, Eurotext Ltd.: Montrouge, France, 1993, pp 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebars, J.; Lebars, P.; Dupuy, J.; Boudra, H.; Cassini, R. Biotic and abiotic factors in fumonisin B, production and stability. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1994, 77, 517–521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marasas, W. F. O.; Kriek, N. P. J.; Fincham, J. E.; van Rensburg, S. J. Primary liver cancer and oesophagaeal basal cell hyperplasia in rats caused by Fusarium moniliforme. Int. J. Cancer 1984, 34, 383–387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marasas, W. F. O.; Jaskiewicz, K.; Venter, F. S.; Van Schalkwyk, D. J. Fusarium moniliforme contamination of maize in oesophageal cancer areas in Transkei. S. Afr. Med. J. 1988, 74, 110–114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motelin, G. K.; Haschek, W.M; Ness, D. K.; Hall, W. F.; Harlin, K. S.; Schaeffer, D. J.; Beasley, V. R. Temporal and dose-response features in swine fed corn screenings contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins. Mycopathologia 1994, 126, 27–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. A.; Rice, L. G.; Ross, P. F. Fumonisin B1 fumonisin B2, and fumonisin B3 content of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois corn and corn screenings. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 263–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norred, W. P.; Plattner, R. D.; Vesonder, R. F.; Bacon, C. W.; Voss, K. A. Effects of selected secondary metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme on unscheduled synthesis of DNA by rat primary hepatocytes. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1992a, 30, 233–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norred, W. P.; Wang, E.; Yoo, H.; Riley, R. T.; Merrill, A. H. In vitro toxicology of fumonisins and the mechanistic implications. Mycopathologia 1992b, 117, 73–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norred, W. P.; Plattner, R. D.; Chamberlain, W. J. Distribution and excretion of [14C] fumonisin B, in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Natural Toxins 1993, 1, 341–346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, D. L.; Rua, S. M.; Mirocha, C. J.; Abdalla, E. S. A. M.; Cong, Y. W. Mutagenic potentials of fumonisin contaminated corn following ammonia decontamination procedure. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 105–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pestka, J. J.; Azconaolivera, J. I.; Plattner, R. D.; Minervini, F.; Doko, M. B.; Visconti, A. Comparative assessment of fumonisin in grain-based foods by ELISA, GC-MS, and HPLC. J. Food Prot. 1994, 57, 169–172.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittet, A.; Parisod, V.; Schellenberg, M. Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn-based products from the wiss market. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1992, 40, 1352–1354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prelusky, D. B.; Trenholm, H. L.; Rotter, B. A.; Miller, J. D.; Savard, M. E.; Yeung, J. M.; Scott, P. M. Biological fate of fumonisin B1 in food-producing animals. ACS meeting, April 2-6, Anaheim, Ca. 1995, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prelusky, D. B.; Trenholm, H. L.; Savard, M. E. Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labelled fumonisin B, in swine. Natural Toxins 1994, 2, 73–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, R. T.; Wang, E.; Merrill, A. H. Liquid Chromatographie determination of sphinganine and sphingosine-use of the free sphinganine-to-sphingosine ratio as a biomarker for consumption of fumonisins. J.Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1994, 77, 533–540.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross. P.F.; Rice, L. G.; Reagor, J. C.; Osweiler, G. D.; Wilson, T. M.; Nelson, H. A.; Owens, D. L.; Plattner, R. D.; Harlin, K. A.; Richard, J. L.; Colvin, B. M.; Banton, M. I. Fumonisin B1 concentrations in feeds from 45 confirmed equine leukoencephalomalacia cases. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1991, 3, 238–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, P. F.; Rice, L. G.; Osweiler, G. D.; Nelson, P. E.; Richard, J. L.; Wilson, T. M. A review and update of animal toxicoses associated with fumonisin-contaminated feeds and production of fumonisins by Fusarium isolates. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 109–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, P. F. What are we going to do with this dead horse. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1994, 77, 491–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchis, V.; Abadias, M.; Oncins, L.; Sala, N.; Vinas, I.; Canela, R. Occurrence of fumonisins B1 and B2 in corn-based products from the Spanish market. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 2147–2148.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, J. J.; Crane, H. M.; Xia, J.; Liotta, D. C.; Merrill, A. H. Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and stimulation of DNA synthesis by fumonisin B1-a molecular mechanism for carcinogenesis associated with Fusarium moniliforme. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 3475–3481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P. M.; Lawrence, G. A. Liquid Chromatographie determination of fumonisins with 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1992, 75, 829–834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P. M.; Lawrence, G. A. Determination of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 in alkali-processed corn foods. 108th AOAC International Annual Meeting, Sept 12–15, Portland, Oregon 1994a, p39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P. M.; Lawrence, G. A. Stability and problems in recovery of fumonisins added to corn-based foods. J.Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1994b, 77, 541–545.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, P. M.; Lawrence, G. A. Analysis of beer for fumonisins. J. Food Prot. 1995, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S.; Sydenham, E. W.; Thiel, P. G.; Gelderblom, W. C. A. Quantitative determination of fumonisin B1 and fumonisins B2 by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Liqu. Chromatogr. 1990, 13, 2077–2087.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S.; Thiel, P. G.; Sydenham, E. W.; Alberts, J. F.; Gelderblom, W. C. Fate of a single dose of the 14C-labeled mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 in rats. Toxicon. 1992a, 30, 768–770.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S.; Thiel, P. G.; Sydenham, E. W. Initial studies on the toxicokinetics of fumonisin B1 in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1992b, 30, 277–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S.; Thiel, P. G.; Sydenham, E. W.; Alberts, J. F. Biliary excretion of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1994a, 32, 489–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, G. S.; Thiel, P. G.; Sydenham, E. W.; Alberts, J. F.; Cawood, M. E. Distribution and excretion of a single dose of the mycotoxin fumonisin B, in a non-human primate. Toxicon 1994b, 32, 735–741.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shier, W. T.; Abbas, H. K.; Mirocha, C. J. Toxicity of mycotoxins fumonisins B1 and B2 and Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersica toxin (AAL) in cultured mammalian cells. Mycopathologia 1991, 116, 97–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solt, D. B.; Farber, E. New principle for the analysis of chemical carcinogenesis. Nature 1976, 263, 702–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stack, M. E.; Eppley, R. M. Liquid Chromatographic determination of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 in corn and corn products. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1992, 75, 834–837.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sydenham, E. W.; Thiel, P. G.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Shephard, G. S.; van Schalwyk, D. J.; Koch, K. R. Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei, Southern Africa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 1900–1903.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sydenham, E. W.; Shephard, G. S.; Thiel, P. G.; Marasas, W. F.; Stockenström, S. Fumonisin contamination of commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 2014–2018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sydenham, E. W.; Thiel, P. G.; Stockenström, S.; Shephard, G. S. Ca(OH)2 treatment: its influence on fumonisin B1 in corn [abstract]. VIII International IUPAC Symposium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins. November 6–13. 1992, p43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thiel, P. G.; Marasas, W. F. O.; Sydenham, E. W.; Shephard, G. S.; Gelderblom, W. C. A. The implications of naturally occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 3–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trucksess, M. W.; Stack, M. E.; Allen, S.; Barrion, N. Immunoaffinity column coupled with liquid chromatography for determination of fumonisin B1 in canned and frozen sweet corn. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 1995, 78, 705–710.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ueno, Y.; Aoyama, S.; Sugiura, Y.; Wang, D. S.; Lee, U-S; Hirooka, E. Y.; Hara, S.; Karki, T.; Chen, G.; Yu S-Z. A limited survey of fumonisins in corn and corn-based products in Asian countries. Mycotoxin Res. 1993, 9, 27–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • USDA. Foods commonly eaten by individuals: amounts per day and per eating occasion. Pao, E. M.; Fleury, K. H.; Gunther, P. M.; Mickle, S. G., Eds.; US Department of Agriculture: Hyattsville, Md, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, K. A.; Chamberlain, W. J.; Bacon, C. W.; Norred, W. P. A preliminary investigation on renal and hepatic toxicity in rats fed purified fumonisin B1. Natural Toxins 1993, 1, 222–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, K. A.; Chamberlain, W. J.; Bacon, C. W.; Herbert, R. A.; Walters, D. B.; Norred, W. P. Subchronic feeding study of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 in B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 1995a, 24, 102–110.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, K. A.; Bacon, C. W.; Norred, W. P.; Chapin, R. E.; Chamberlain, W. J. Reproductive toxicity study of Fusarium moniliforme culture material in rats [abstract]. Toxicologist 1995b, 15, 215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, E. et al. Inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis by fumonisins: Implications for diseases associated with Fusarium moniliforme. J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 26, 14486–14490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. M.; Ross, P. F.; Rice, L. G.; Osweiler, G. D.; Nelson, H. A.; Owens, D. L.; Plattner, R. D.; Reggiardo, C.; Noon, T. H.; Pickrell, J. W. Fumonisin B1 levels associated with an epizootic of equine leukoencephalomalacia. J. Vet. Diagnos. Invest. 1990, 2, 213–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, T. M.; Ross, P. F.; Owens, D. L.; Rice, L. G.; Green, S. A.; Jenkins, S. J.; Nelson, H. A. Experimental reproduction of ELEM-A study to determine the minimum toxic dose in ponies. Mycopathologia 1992, 117, 115–120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoo, H. S.; Norred, W. P.; Wang, E.; Merrill, A. H.; Riley, R. T. Fumonisin inhibition of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and cytotoxicity are correlated in LLC-PK1 cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1992, 114, 9–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizawa, T.; Yamashita, A.; Luo, Y. Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high-and low-risk areas for human esophageal cancer in China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1994, 60, 1626–1629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhen, B.; Yang, S.; Ding, L.; Han, F.; Yang, W.; Liu, Q. The culture and isolation of fungi from the cereals in five high and three low incidence counties of oesophageal cancer in Henan province (China). Chin. J. Oncol. 1984, 6, 27–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Canada, Food Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0L2, Canada

    T. Kuiper-Goodman, P. M. Scott & N. P. McEwen

  2. Health Protection Branch, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2J 3Y1, Canada

    G. A. Lombaert

  3. Health Protection Branch, Scarborough, Ontario, M1P 4R7, Canada

    W. Ng

Authors
  1. T. Kuiper-Goodman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. M. Scott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. P. McEwen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. G. A. Lombaert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. W. Ng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Summit-Argo, Illinois, USA

    Lauren S. Jackson

  2. General Mills, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Jonathan W. DeVries

  3. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA

    Lloyd B. Bullerman

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kuiper-Goodman, T., Scott, P.M., McEwen, N.P., Lombaert, G.A., Ng, W. (1996). Approaches to the Risk Assessment of Fumonisins in Corn-Based Foods in Canada. In: Jackson, L.S., DeVries, J.W., Bullerman, L.B. (eds) Fumonisins in Food. Advances in Experimental medicine and Biology, vol 392. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1379-1_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1381-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1379-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation