Abstract
The parasitic disease schistosomiasis is a major health problem in many tropical countries and over 300 million people are infected. Freshwater snails act as intermediate hosts for the parasite and because of that, the infection is transmitted among humans on water contact, mainly in rural areas with minimal domestic water supply and poor sanitary facilities. It has been realized that eradication of the disease is impossible with the available resources and therefore the immediate aim is control of morbidity. Despite the success of some control programs, the prevalence of schistosomiasis remains constant, largely because population growth and development of man-made water resources is continuing (WHO, 1993). Treatment of water bodies with molluscicidal compounds, in order to reduce the number of transmitting snails, is considered an important element in integrated strategies for morbidity control. However, large scale use of synthetic molluscicides are impeded by the high costs and thus there is a demand for inexpensive alternatives (Mott, 1987). The interest in studying plant material containing molluscicidal compounds is based on the idea of producing a local supply of molluscicides in the endemic areas at low cost and by simple technologies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aue, W.P., Bartholdi, E., and Ernst, R.R., 1975, Two-dimensional spectroscopy. Application to nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Chem. Phys. 64: 22–29.
Braunschweiler, L. and Ernst, R.R., 1983, Coherence transfer by isotropic mixing. Application to proton correlation spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson. 53: 521.
Burum, D.P. and Ernst, R.R.,1980, Net polarisation transfer via a J-ordered state for signal enhancement of low-sensitivity nuclei, J. Magn. Reson. 39: 163.
Chandiwana, S.K., Mavi, S., and Ndamba, J., 1986, A preliminary report on the distribution of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’Herit) in Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Agric. J. 83: 1.
Domon, B., Dorsaz, A.-C., and Hostettmann, K., 1984, High performance liquid chromatography of oleanane saponins, J. Chromatogr. 315: 441.
Domon, B. and Hostettmann, K., 1984, New saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit., Hely. Chim. Acta 67: 1310.
Dorsaz, A.-C. and Hostettmann, K., 1986, Further saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit., Helv. Chim. Acta 69: 2038.
Elferink, J.G.R., 1977, The hemolytic action of saponins. Pharm. Weekbl. 112: 1.
Ferrier, R.J., 1983, Monosaccharides and their derivatives. In: Supplements to the 2nd edition of Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Vol. I (part FG). M.F. Ansell, Ed., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co.
Freeman, R. and Morris, G. A., 1978, Experimental chemical shift correlation maps in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 684.
Horton, W.J., 1968, Wld. Hlth. Org . Molluscicide Information Series,24:V.
Hostettmann, K., Kizu, H., and Tomimori, T.,1982, Molluscicidal properties of various saponins, Planta Med. 44: 34.
Hough, L. and Richardson, A.C., 1967, The monosaccharides: Pentoses, hexoses, heptoses and higher sugars. In: Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 2nd ed. Vol. I (part F), S. Coffey, Ed., Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam.
King, T.A., Jervers, K. Richardson, H., and Falshaw, C.P., 1968, Abstract of 5th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Natural Products,F.43, London.
Lambert, J.D.H., Temmink, J.H.M., Marquis, J., Parkhurst, R.M., Lugt, Ch.B., Lemmich, E., Wolde-Yohannes, L., and DeSavigny, D., 1991, Endod: Safety evaluation of a plant molluscicide, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 14: 189.
Lemma, A., 1970, Laboratory and field evaluation of the molluscicidal properties of Phytolacca dodecandra, Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 42: 597.
Lemma, A., 1965, A preliminary report on the molluscicidal property of Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), Ethiop. Med. J. 3: 187.
Lemma, A., Brody, G., Newell, G.W., Parkhurst, R.M., and Skinner, W.A., 1972, Studies on the molluscicidal properties of Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), i. Increased potency with butanol extraction, J. Parasitol, 58: 104.
Lemma, A., Heyneman, D., and Silangwa, S.M., Eds., 1983, Phytolacca dodecandra (Endod). Towards Controlling Transmission of Schistosomiasis with the Use of a Natural Product, Final Report of the International Workshop, Lusaka, Zambia.
Lugt, Ch. B., 1981, Phytolacca dodecandra berries as a means of controlling bilharzia transmitting snails, Litho Printer, Addis Ababa.
Macura, S., Huang, Y., Suter, D., and Ernst, R.R., 1981, Two-dimensional chemical exchange and cross-relaxation spectroscopy of coupled nuclear spins, J. Magn. Reson. 43: 259.
Macura, S. and Ernst., R.R., 1980, Elucidation of cross relaxation in liquids by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Mol. Phys. 41: 95.
Makhubu, L., Lemma, A., and Heyneman, D., 1987, Endod II (Phytolacca dodecandra). Report of the Second International Workshop on Endod, Phytolacca dodecandra, Mbabane, Swaziland, Council on International and Public Affairs, New York.
Monkiedje, A., Wall, J. H., Englande, A. J., and Anderson, A. C., 1990, A new method for determining concentrations of Endod-S (Phytolacca dodecandra) in water during mollusciciding, J. Environ. Sci. Health 25: 777.
Mott, K.E., ed., 1987, Plant Molluscicides, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York.
Nakamura, T., Inoue, K., Nojima, S., Sankawa, U., Shoji, J., Kawasaki, T., and Shibata, S., 1979, Interaction of saponins with red blood cells as well as with the phosphatidylcholine liposomal membranes, J. Pharm. Dyn. 2: 374.
Ndamba, J., 1993, Agronomic and Other Factors that Influence the Yield. Molluscicidal Potency and Saponin Content of the Berries of Phytolacca dodecandra, Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ndamba, J., Chandiwana, S.K., and Makaza, N., 1989b, Knowledge, attitudes and practices among rural communities in Zimbabwe in relation to Phytolacca dodecandra - a plant molluscicide, Social Sci. and Med. 28: 1249.
Ndamba, J., Lemmich, E., and Molgaard, P., 1994b, Investigation of the diurnal, ontogenetic and seasonal variation in the molluscicidal saponin content of Phytolacca dodecandra aqueous berry extracts, Phytochemistry 35: 95.
Ndamba, J., Chandiwana, S.K., and Kanyande, C., 1992, Factors influencing the natural distribution of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’Herit) plants in Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Science News 25: 59.
Ndamba, J. and Chandiwana, S.K., 1988, The geographical variation in the molluscicidal potency of Phytolacca dodecandra in Zimbabwe, Trop. Geograph. Med. 40: 34.
Ndamba, J., Chandiwana, S.K., and Makaza, N., 1989a, The use of Phytolacca dodecandra berries in the control of trematode-transmitting snails in Zimbabwe, Acta Trop. 46: 303.
Ndamba, J., Lemmich, E., and Molgaard, P., 1994a, Release of molluscicidal saponins from. Phytolacca dodecandra aqueous berry extracts as influenced by the male plant and the extraction procedure, Biochem. System. Ecol. 22: 249.
Nose, M., Amagaya, S., and Ogihara, Y., 1989, Effects of saikasaponin metabolites on the hemolysis of red blood cells and their adsorbability on the cell membrane. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 37: 3306.
OECD, 1981, OECD Guidelines for Testing Chemicals. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris.
Parkhurst, R.M., Mthupha, B.M., Liang, Y-S., Bruce, J.I., Lambert, J.D.H., Collier, T.L., ApSimon, J.W., Wolde-Yohannes, L., Heath, G.E., Jones, W.O., Stobaeus, J.K., and Makhubu, L.P., 1989, The molluscicidal activity of Phytolacca dodecandra. 1. Location of the activating esterase., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 158: 436.
Parkhurst, R.M., 1975, The chemotaxonomy of Phytolacca species, Indian J. Chem. 13: 757.
Parkhurst, R.M., Thomas, D.W., Skinner, W.A., and Cary, L.W., 1973b, Molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra: Lemmatoxin-C., Indian J. Chem. 11: 1192.
Parkhurst, R.M., Thomas, D.W., Skinner, W.A., and Cary, L.W., 1973a, Molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra: Oleanoglycotoxin-A, Phytochemistry, 12: 1437.
Parkhurst, R.M., Thomas, D.W., Adams, R.P., Makhubu, L.P., Mthupa, B.M., WoldeYohannes, L., Mamo, E., Heath, G.E., Stobaeus, J.K., and Jones, W.O., 1990, Triterpene aglycones from various Phytolacca dodecandra populations, Phytochemistry 29: 1171.
Parkhurst, R.M., Thomas, D.W., Skinner, W.A., and Cary, L.W., 1974, Molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra: Lemmatoxin, Can. J. Chem. 52: 702.
Powell, J.W. and Whalley, W.B., 1969, Triterpenoid saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra, Phytochemistry 8: 2105.
Segal, R., Shatkovsky, P., and Milo-Goldzweig, I., 1974, On the mechanism of saponin hemolysis-I. Hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond, Biochem. Pharmacol. 23: 973.
Segal, R. and Milo-Goldzweig, I., 1975, On the mechanism of saponin hemolysis-II. Inhibition of hemolysis by aldonolactones, Biochem. Pharmacol. 24: 77.
Slacanin, I., Marston, A., and Hostettmann, K., 1988, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of molluscicidal saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccacae), J. Chromatogr. 448: 265.
Thiilborg, S.T., Bragger Christensen, S., Cornett, C., Olsen, C.E., and Lemmich, E., 1993
Molluscicidal saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra, Phytochemistry 32:1167.
Thiilborg, S.T., Bragger Christensen, S., Comett, C., Olsen, C.E., and Lemmich, E., 1994, Molluscicidal saponins from a Zimbabwean strain of Phytolacca dodecandra, Phytochemistry 36: 753.
Thiilborg, S. T., 1993, Molluscicidal and Hemolytic Saponins from Phytolacca dodecandra, Ph. D. Thesis, Royal Danish School of Pharmacy and Danish Bilharziasis Labora tory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
UNFSSTD/IDRC, 1986, Endod Toxicology. Report of the Expert Group Meeting, United Nations, New York.
W.H.O., 1983, Report of the scientific working group on plant molluscicides, unpublished. W.H.O., 1993, The Control of Schistosomiasis, Wld. Hlth. Org. Tech. Rep. Ser. 830:53.document, TDR/SCH-SWG, 4: 83. 3.
Wolde-Yohannes, L., Demeke, T., and Lambert, J.D.H., 1987, Cultivation studies of Phytolacca dodecandra and its role in schistosomiasis control, In Makhubu, L., Lemma, A., Heyneman, D., 1987, Endod 11 (Phytolacca dodecandra). Report of the Second International Workshop on Endod,Phytolacca dodecandra, Mbabane, Swaziland, Council on International and Public Affairs, New York.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thiilborg, S.T., Cornett, C., Lemmich, E. (1996). Investigations of Molluscicidal Saponins from the Endod Plant Phytolacca dodecandra . In: Waller, G.R., Yamasaki, K. (eds) Saponins Used in Traditional and Modern Medicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 404. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1367-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1367-8_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1369-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1367-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive