Abstract
State-of-the-art extraction technology for drug of abuse analysis has its origins in liquid-liquid extractions. The literature is filled with liquid-liquid methods for extracting a wide variety of drugs with an even wider variety of methods. Some methods are effective, some are not [1–4]. Major difficulties with liquid-liquid extractions are that highly polar, water soluble molecules are difficult to extract with high efficiency from biological matrices. Methods are time consuming and large volumes of solvents are required, the resulting extracts are not necessarily clean and recoveries may be variable. The first steps towards alternative methods which would eventually result in the ultimate development of solid-phase extraction (SP) involved the use of columns based on diatomaceous earth.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A.C. Moffat, J.V. Jackson, M.S. Moss and B. Widdop (eds.). Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of Drugs, The Pharmaceutical Press, London, pp6–34 (1986).
M.M. Baden, N.N. Valanju, S.K. Verma and S.N. Valanju. Confirmed identification of biotransformed drugs of abuse in urine. Amer. J. Clin. Path. 57, 43–51 (1972).
L.J. Dusci and L.P. Hackett. The detection of some basic drugs and their major metabolites using gas-liquid chromatography. Clin. Toxicol. 14, 587–593 (1979).
B.C. Thompson and Y.H. Caplan. J. Anal. Toxicol. 1, 66–69 (1977).
J.D. Power, B. McKenna and M.B. Lambert. The use of extube extraction columns in horse drug screening. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Kentucky, pp7-17 (1988).
J.T. Stewart, T.S. Reeves and I.L. Honiberg. Comparison of solid-phase extraction techniques for assay of drugs in aqueous and human plasma samples. Anal. Letts. 17(B16), 1811–1826 (1984).
N. Weissman, M.L. Lowe, J.M. Beattie and J.A. Demetriou. Screening method for detection of drugs of abuse in human urine. Clin. Chem. 17(9), 875–881 (1971).
M. Stajic, Y.H. Caplan and R.C. Baker. Detection of drugs using XAD-2 resin. I. Choice of resin, chromatographic conditions and recovery studies. J. Forensic. Sci. 24(4), 722–731 (1979).
N. Elahi. Encapsulated XAD-2 extraction technique for a rapid screening of drugs of abuse in urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 4, 26–30 (1980).
N. Dunnett, P. Chalmers, P.J. Bassett and M. Walden. A solid phase extraction method for general drug screening. Proceedings of the International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians, Kentucky, pp19-22 (1988).
B.K. Logan, D.T. Stafford, I.R. Tebbett and C.M. Moore. Rapid screening for 100 basic drugs and metabolites in urine using cation exchange solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J. Anal. Toxicol. 14, pp154–159 (1990).
C. Moore. JFSS 30, 123–129 (1990).
B. Thompson, J. Kuzmack, D. Law and J. Winslow. LC-GC 7, pp846-850.
M.J. Kogan, D.J. Pierson, M.M. Durkin and N.J. Willson. Thin-layer chromatography of benzoylecgonine: a rapid qualitative method for confirming the EMIT Urine Cocaine Metabolite Assays. J. Chromatogr. 490, 236–242 (1989).
Trinh Vu-Du and André Vernay. Simultaneous detection and quantitation of 06-monoacetylmorphine, morphine and codeine in urine by gas chromatography with nitrogen-specific and/or flame ionisation detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 4(2), 65–69 (1990).
Trinh Vu-Du and André Vernay. Evaluation of sample treatment procedures for the routine identification and determination at nanogram level of 06-monoacetylmorphine in urine by capillary GC and dual NPD (nitrogen phosphorus detection) — FID. Biomed. Chromatogr. 13(3), 162–166 (1990).
R.L. Thies, D.W. Cowens, P.R. Cullis, M.B. Bally and Lawrence D. Mayer. Method for rapid separation of liposome-associated doxorubicin from free doxorubicin in plasma. Anal. Biochem. 188, 65–71 (1990).
L. Baskin, J. Charlson, P. Chezick and G. Lawson. Determination of serum nicotine concentration using solid-phase extraction and GC-MS with selected ion monitoring. Amer. J. Clin. Path. (1991).
J. Charlson and G. Lawson. Automated sample preparation and simultaneous analysis of four cardioactive drugs in serum. To be published at AA.C.C. Meeting in July 1991.
L.C. Matassa, D. Woodward, R.K. Leavitt, P. Firby and P. Beaumier. Detection of glycopyrrolate in equine urine by LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Submitted for publication in J. Chromatogr. Biomed. Appl. 21. A. Singh, M. Ashraf, K. Granby, U. Mishra and M. Mudhusudana Rao. Screening and confirmation of drugs in horse urine by using a simple column extraction procedure. J. Chromatogr., 473, 215–226 (1989).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Heebner, E., Telepchak, M., Walworth, D. (1994). A Note on the Use of Novel Bonded Phase Adsorbents for the Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Biological Matrices. In: Stevenson, D., Wilson, I.D. (eds) Sample Preparation for Biomedical and Environmental Analysis. Chromatographic Society Symposium Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1328-9_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1328-9_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1330-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1328-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive