Abstract
The CES-D, as it is almost always called, is a 20-item measure of depression developed by Radloff (1977) for use in survey research. It can be used as an interview schedule or a questionnaire. Radloff generated the items on the basis of items used in previously validated depression scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Depression Scale. She chose the items to represent six major components of depression identified in clinical writings and factor analyses: “depressed mood, feelings of guilt and worthlessness, feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, psychomotor retardation, loss of appetite, and sleep disturbance” (Radloff, 1977, p. 386). The scale has recently been used for quick screening of medical patients as well as epidemiological research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Altshuler, L., Post, R., & Fedio, P. (1991). Assessment of affective variables in clinical trials. I. E. Mohr & P. Brouwers (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical trials: The neurobehavioral approach. Berwyn, PA: Swets & Zeitlinger.
Bech, P. (1993). Rating scales for psychopathology, health status, and quality of life. A compendium on documentation in accordance with DSM-III-R and WHO systems. Berlin: Springer.
Bech, P., Bolwig, T. G., Dein, E., Jacobsen, O., & Gram, L. F. (1975). Quantitative rating of manic states: Correlation between clinical assessment and Biegel’s objective rating scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 52, 1–6.
Bech, P., Gjerris, A., Andersen, J., Bojholm, S., Kramp, P., Bolwig, T. G., Kastrup, M, Clemmesen, L., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1985). The Melancholia Scale and the Newcastle Scales: Item-combinations and inter-observer reliability. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 58–63.
Bech, P., & Rafaelsen, O. J. (1980). The use of rating scales exemplified by a comparison of the Hamilton and Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica, 62 (Suppl. 285), 128-131.
Bech, P, & Rafaelsen, O. (1986). The Melancholia Scale: Development, consistency, validity, and utility. In N. Sartorius & T. Ban (Eds.), Assessment of depression (pp. 259–269). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Beigel, A., & Murphy, D. L. (1971). Assessing clinical characteristics of the manic state. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 688–694.
Beigel, A., Murphy, D. L., & Bunney, W. E. (1971). The Manic-State Rating Scale: Scale construction, reliability, and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 25, 256–262.
Berndt, D. (1990). Inventories and scales. In B. Wolman & G. Strieker (Eds.), Depressive disorders: Facts, theories, and treatment methods (pp. 255–274). New York: Wiley.
Biggs, J. T., Wylie, L. T., & Ziegler, V. E. (1978). Validity of the Zung self-rating depression scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 381–385.
Bramley, P., Easton, A., Morley, S., & Snaith, R. (1988). The differentiation of anxiety and depression by rating scales. Acta-Psychiatrica-Scandinavica, 77, 133–138.
Breslau, N. (1985). Depressive symptoms: Major depression, and generalized anxiety: A comparison of self-report and the CES-D and results from diagnostic interviews. Psychiatry Research, 15, 219–229.
Brown, G. L., & Zung, W. W. K. (1972). Depression scales: Self-physician-rating? A validation of certain clinically observable phenomena. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 13, 361–367.
Carroll, B. J., Fielding, J. M., & Blashki, T. G. (1973). Depression ratings scales: A critical review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 361–366.
Chambon, O., Cialdella, P., Kiss, L., Poncet, F., & Milani-Bachman, D. (1990). Study of the unidimensionality of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale using Rasch analysis in a French sample of major depressive disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry, 23, 243–245.
Chambon, O., Cialdella, P., Kiss, L., Poncet, F., & Milani-Bachman, D. (1990). Study of the unidimensionality of the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale using Rasch analysis in a French sample of major depressive disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry, 23, 243–245.
Cohen, S., Khan, A., & Cox, G. (1989). Demographic and clinical features predictive of recovery in acute mania. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 638–642.
Costello, C, & Devins, G. (1989). Screening for depression among women attending their family physicians. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 434–451.
d’Amato, F. (1988). Studio clinico condotto con alprazolam presso servizi dipartimentali di igiene mentale del territorio. Psichiartria-e-Psicoterapia-Analclitica, 7, 373–388.
Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG). (1990). Paroxetine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor showing better tolerance, but weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 289–299.
Davies, B., Burrows, G., & Poynton, C. (1975). A comparative study of four depression rating scales. Australian and New Zealand journal of Psychiatry, 9, 21–24.
Double, D. T. (1990). The factor structure of manic rating scales, journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 113–119.
Fudge, J. L., Perry, P. J., Garvey, M. J., & Kelly, M. W. (1990). A comparison of the effect of fluoxetine and trazadone on the cognitive functioning of depressed outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 275–280.
Fuhrer, R., & Rouillon, F. (1989). La version francaise l’eschelle CES-D. European Psychiatry, 4, 163–166.
Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 23, 56–62.
Hamilton, M. (1967). Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 6, 278–296.
Hamilton, M. (1980). Rating depressive patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 21–24.
Hamilton, M. (1986). The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. In N. Sartorius & T. A. Ban (Eds.), Assessment of depression (pp. 143–152). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Hamilton, M, & Shapiro, C. M. (1990). Depression. In D. F. Peck & C. M. Shapiro (Eds.), Measuring human problems: A practical guide (pp. 25–65). New York: Wiley.
Griffin, P., & Kogut, D. (1988). Validity of orally administered Beck and Zung depression scales in a state hospital setting. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 756–759.
Guy, W. (1976). ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
Husaini, B., Neff, J., Harrington, Hughes, M., & Stone, R. (1980). Depression in rural communities: Validating the CES-D Scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 20–27.
Liebowitz, J., H., Rudy, V., Gershon, E. S., & Gillis, A. (1976). A pharmacogenetic case report: Lithium-responsive postpsychotic antisocial behavior. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 17, 655–660.
Maier, W., Philipp, M. Heuser, L, Schlegel, S., Buller, R., & Wetzel, H. (1988). Improving depression severity assessment: Reliability, internal validity and sensitivity to change of three observer depression scales. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 22, 3–12.
Maier, W., Heuser, I., Philipp, M., Frommberger, U., & Demuth, W. (1988). Improving depression severity assessment: II. Content concurrent and external validity of three observer depression scales. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 22, 13–19.
Marcos, T, & Salamero, M. (1990). Factor study of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Bech Melancholia Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 178–181.
Marone, J., & Lubin, B. (1968). Relationship between set 2 of the depression adjective checklists (DACL) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Psychological Reports, 22, 333–334.
McNamara, K. (1992). Depression assessment and intervention: Current status and future directions. In S. Brown & R. Lent, Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 691–718). New York: Wiley.
Murphy, D. L., & Beigel, A. (1974). Depression, elation, and lithium carbonate responses in manic patient subgroups. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 643–648.
Myers, J., & Weissman, M. (1980). Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 1081–1084.
Nagel, K., Adler, L. E., Bell, J., Nagamoto, H. T, & Freedman, R. (1991). Lithium carbonate and mood disorder in recently detoxified alcoholics: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 15, 978–981.
Noh, S., Avison, W, & Kaspar, V. (1992). Depressive symptoms among Korean immigrants: Assessment of a translation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 4, 84–91.
Rabkin, J., & Klein, D. (1987). The clinical measurement of depressive disorders. In A. Marsella, R. Hirschfeld, & M. Katz (Eds.), The measurement of depression. New York: Guilford.
Radioff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401.
Rehm, L. D. (1987). The measurement of behavioral aspects of depression. In A. J. Marsella, R. M. Hirschfeld, & M. M. Katz (Eds.), The measurement of depression (pp. 199–239). New York: Guilford.
Ramos-Brieva, J., Lafuente-Lopez, R., Montejo-Iglesias, M., Moreno-Sarmiento, A. (1991). Validez predictiva de la escala de Zung en deprimidos ancianos. Actas-Luso-Espanolas-de-Neurologia,-Psiquiatria-y-Ciencias-Afines, 19, 122–126.
Roberts, R., Andrews, J., Lewinsohn, P., & Hops, H. (1990). Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 2, 122–128.
Roberts, R., & Vernon, S. (1983). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: Its use in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 41–46.
Schlegel, S., Maier, W., Phillip, M., Aldenhoff, J., Heuser, I., Kretzschmar, K., & Benkert, O. (1989). Computed tomography in depression: Association between ventricular size and psychopathology. Psychiatry Research, 29, 221–230.
Schlegel, S., Nieber, D., Herrmann, D., & Bakauski, E. (1991). Latencies of the P300 component of the auditory event-related potential in depression are related to the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale but not to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 83, 438–440.
Schulberg, H., Saul, M., McClelland, M., Ganguli, Christy, W., & Frank, R. (1985). Assessing depression in primary medical and psychiatric practices. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 1164–1170.
Thompson, C. (1989). Affective disorders. In C. Thompson (Ed.), The instruments of psychiatric research (pp. 87–126). New York: Wiley.
Turner, J. A., & Romano, J. M. (1984). Self-report screening measures for depression in chronic pain patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 40, 909–913.
Weissman, M., Sholomskas, D., Pottenger, M., Prusoff, B., & Locke, B. (1977). Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: A validation study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 106, 203–214.
Weyerer, S., Geiger-Kabisch, C, Denzinger, R., & Pfeifer-Kurda, M. (1992). Die deutsche Version der CES-D Skala. Ein geeignetes Instrument zur Erfassung von Depressionen bei alteren Menschen? Diagnostica, 38, 354–365.
Zieh, J. Attkisson, C, & Greenfield, T. (1990). Screening for depression in primary care clinics: The CES-D and the BDI. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 20, 259–277.
Zimmerman, M., & Coryell, W. (1994). Screening for major depressive disorder in the community: A comparison of measures. Psychological Assessment, 6, 71–74.
Zung, W. W. K. (1965). A self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63–70.
Zung, W. W. K. (1967). Factors influencing the self-rating depression scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 16, 543–547.
Zung, W. (1986). Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and Depression Status Inventory. In N. Sartorius & T. Ban (Eds.), Assessment of depression. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Zung, W. W. K., Richards, C, & Short, M. (1965). Self-rating depression scale in an out-patient clinic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 508–515.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schutte, N.S., Malouff, J.M. (1995). Mood Disorders. In: Sourcebook of Adult Assessment Strategies. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1277-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1277-0_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1279-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1277-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive