Skip to main content

Properties and Biomedical Applications of Perfluorochemicals and Their Emulsions

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Topics in Applied Chemistry ((TAPP))

Abstract

During the past 20 years, much attention has focused on the potential applications of emulsified perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in medicine and biology. Of particular interest has been their use as vehicles for respiratory gas transport, primarily as O2-carrying resuscitation fluids designed to supplement conventional blood transfusion. For this reason, PFC emulsions have been frequently, but somewhat inaccurately, referred to as “blood substitutes”. However, important clinical applications for PFCs and their emulsions also exist in areas as diverse as hemodilution and microcirculatory management, cancer therapy, diagnostic tissue imaging, and ophthalmologic surgery. Moreover, PFCs appear to be valuable in both basic and applied research for perfusing isolated organs and for regulating the growth of cell cultures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. J. P. Cohn, Bioscience 37, 647 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G. P. Biro and P. Biais, CRC Crit. Rev. Oncol Haem. 6, 311 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. N. S. Faithfull, in: Blood Substitutes: Preparation, Physiology and Medical Applications (K. C. Lowe, ed.), pp. 130–148, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  4. K. C. Lowe, in: Blood Substitutes: Preparation, Physiology and Medical Applications (K. C. Lowe, ed.), pp. 149–172, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. C. Lowe, in: Ischemic Diseases and the Microcirculation—New Results (K. Messmer, ed.), pp. 100–107, Zuckschwerdt, Munich (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. C. Lowe, Vox Sang 60, 129 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. J. G. Riess, Vox Sang. 61, 225 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. T. King, B. J. Mulligan, and K. C. Lowe, Bio/Technology 7, 1037 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. T. King, B. J. Mulligan, and K. C. Lowe, in: Oxygen Transport to Tissue (J. Piiper, T. K. Goldstick, and M. Meyer, eds.), Vol. XII, pp. 283–290, Plenum Press, New York (1990).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  10. J. G. Riess and M. Le Blanc, Pure Appl. Chem. 54, 2383 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. G. D. Chase, R. A. Deno, A. R. Gennaro, M. R. Gibson, C. K. Stewart, R. E. King, A. N. Martin, E. A. Swinyard, C. T. VanMeter, A. Osol, B. Witlin, and J. E. Hoover, Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences (14th edn.), Mack, Easton (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. G. Riess and M. Le Blanc, in: Blood Substitutes: Preparation, Physiology and Medical Applications (K. C. Lowe, ed.), pp. 94–129, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  13. S. K. Sharma, K. C. Lowe, and S. S. Davis, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. 14, 2371 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. C. Chubb, Biol. Reprod. 33, 854 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Naito and K. Yokoyama, Perfluorochemical Blood Substitutes, Tech. Inform. Ser. No. 5, Green Cross, Osaka (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  16. K. K. Tremper and S. T. Anderson, Ann. Rev. Med. 36, 309 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. D. E. Hammerschmidt and G. M. Vercellotti, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 431–438, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  18. G. M. Vercellotti and D. E. Hammerschmidt, in: Blood Substitutes: Preparation, Physiology and Medical Applications (K. C. Lowe, ed.), pp. 173–182, Ellis Horwood, Chichester (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. Xiong, R. A. Zhang, H. F. Chen, W. Y. Huang, C. P. Luo, and W. T. Cao, Chin. J. Surg. 19, 213 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. F. F. Beloyartsev, E. I. Mayevsky, and B. I. Islamov, Ftorosan Oxygen Carrying Perifluorochemical Plasma Substitute, Acad. Sci. USSR, Pushchino (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  21. H. S. Chen and Z. H. Yang, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 403–409, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  22. R. E. Moore, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 443–445, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  23. P. Menasch, C. Grousset, C. Mouas, R. E. Moore, and A. Piwnica, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 607–616, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  24. K. Yokoyama, T. Suyama, H. Okamoto, M. Watanabe, H. Ohyanagi, and Y. Saitoh, Artif. Org. 8, 34 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Mitsuno, H. Ohyanagi, K. Yokoyama, and T. Suyama, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 365–373, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  26. S. S. Davis, K. C. Lowe, and S. K. Sharma, Br. J. Pharmacol 89, 665P (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  27. S. K. Sharma, A. D. Bollands, S. S. Davis, and K. C. Lowe, in: Oxygen Transport to Tissue (I. A. Silver and A. Silver, eds.), Vol. IX, pp. 97–108, Plenum Press, London (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  28. S. K. Sharma, K. C. Lowe, and S. S. Davis, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 447–450, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  29. A. D. Bollands, K. C. Lowe, S. K. Sharma, and S. S. Davis, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 39, 1021 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. A. D. Bollands, K. C. Lowe, S. K. Sharma, and S. S. Davis, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 451–453, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  31. K. C. Lowe, A. D. Bollands, and P. D. Raven, Comp. Biochem. Physiol 93C, 311 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  32. R. F. Mattrey, Am. J. Radiol. 152, 247 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. D. M. Long, D. C. Long, R. F. Mattrey, R. A. Long, A. R. Burgan, W. C. Herrick, and D. F. Shellhamer, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 411–420, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  34. R. F Mattrey, P. L. Hilpert, C. D. Long, D. M. Long, R. M. Mitten, and T. Peterson, Crit. Care Med. 17, 652 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. P. K. Bentley, O. L. Johnson, C. Washington, and K. C. Lowe, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 45, 182 (1993).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. C. Thomas, F. L. De Vathaire, E. Lartigau, E. P. Malaise, and M. Guichard, Radiat. Res. 118, 476 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. S. Davis, J. Hadgraft, and K. J. Palin, in: Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology (P. Becher, ed.), Vol. 2, pp. 159–238, Marcel Dekker, New York (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  38. I. R. Schmolka, J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 54, 110 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. P. K. Bentley, S. S. Davis, O. L. Johnson, K. C. Lowe, and C. Washington, J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41, 661 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. T. A. Lane and V. Krukonis, Transfusion 28, 375 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. O. L. Johnson, C. Washington, and S. S. Davis, Int. J. Pharmaceutics 59, 131 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. S. Magdassi and A. Siman-Tov, Int. J. Pharmaceutics 59, 69 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. K. C. Lowe, D. C. McNaughton, and J. P. Moore, Br. J. Pharmacol. 82, 276P (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  44. L. C. Clark, E. W. Clark, R. E. Moore, D. G. Kinnett, and E. I. Inscho, in: Advances in Blood Substitute Research (R. B. Bolin, R. P. Geyer, and C. J. Nemo, eds.), pp. 169–180, Liss, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  45. C. M. Sharts, A. A. Malik, J. C. Easdon, and L. Khawli, J. Fluorine Chem. 34, 365 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. B. M. Fung, E. A. O’Rear, J. Afzal, C. B. Frech, D. L. Mamrosh, and M. Gangoda, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 439–440, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. G. Riess, C. Arlen, J. Greiner, M. Le Blanc, A. Manfredi, S. Pace, C. Varescon, and L. Zarif, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 421–430, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  48. K. C. Lowe, in: Oxygen Transport to Tissue (M. Mochizuki, C. R. Honig, T. Koyama, T. K. Goldstick, and D. F. Bruley, eds.), Vol. X, pp. 655–663, Plenum Press, New York (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  49. K. C. Lowe, Clin. Hemorheol. 12, 141 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  50. W. R. Ravis, J. F. Hoke, and D. L. Parsons, Drug Metab. Rev. 23, 375 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. L. Nanney, L. M. Fink, and R. Virmani, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 108, 631 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Y. Tsuda, K. Yamanouchi, K. Yokoyama, T. Suyama, M. Watanabe, H. Ohyanagi, and Y. Saitoh, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 473–483, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  53. J. Lutz and P. Metzenauer, Pflügers Arch. 387, 175 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. O. Castro, A. E. Nesbitt, and D. Lyles, Am. J. Hematol. 6, 15 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. J. Lutz, in: Perfluorochemical Oxygen Transport (K. Tremper, ed.), Int. Anesth. Clin., Vol. 23, pp. 63–93, Little Brown, Boston (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  56. F. Pfannkuch and N. Schnoy, in: Advances in Blood Substitute Research (R. B. Bolin, R. P. Geyer, and C. J. Nemo, eds.), pp. 209–219, Liss, New York (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  57. A. D. Bollands and K. C. Lowe, Comp. Biochem. Physiol 85C, 309 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. A. D. Bollands and K. C. Lowe, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 86C, 431 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. A. D. Bollands and K. C. Lowe, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C, 127 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. K. C. Lowe and A. D. Bollands, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 495–504, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  61. M. Hammarstrom, R. Mullins, and D. Sgoutas, Clin. Chem. 29, 1418 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. T. L. Prather, J. Grane, C. R. Keese, and I. Giaever, J. Immun. Methods 87, 211 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. R. F. Kampschmidt, M. L. Worthington, and M. I. Mesecher, J. Leukocyte Biol. 39, 123 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. G. R. Hodges, S. E. Worley, J. M. Kemner, N. I. Abdou, and G. M. Clark, J. Leukocyte Biol. 39, 141 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. N. C. Molina, G. R. Hodges, S. E. Worley, and N. I. Abdou, Clin. Immun. Immunopath. 42, 211 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. N. V. Adrianov, A.I. Archakov, and M. Zigler, Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. (USSR) 108, 164 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. F. H. Armstrong and K. C. Lowe, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94C, 345 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. F. H. Armstrong and K. C. Lowe, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99C, 561 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. K. C. Lowe and F. H. Armstrong, Biomat. Art. Cells Immob. Biotechnol. 20, 993 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. R. P. Shrewsbury, L. G. White, G. M. Pollack, and W. A. Wargin, J. Pharmacol. 38, 883 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. R. P. Shrewsbury and L. G. White, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 62, 137 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. K. C. Lowe and C. Washington, Nature 358, 717 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. G. M. Vercellotti, D. E. Hammerschmidt, P. R. Craddock, and H. S. Jacob, Blood 59, 299 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  74. K. M. M. Shakir and T. J. Williams, Prostaglandins 23, 919 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J. A. Cook, W. C. Wise, G. E. Tempel, and P. V. Halushka, Circ. Shock 15, 193 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. J. X. Wilson, N. H. West, M. Amies, and E. Michalska, Neurosci. Lett. 62, 329 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. R. Virmani, D. Warren, R. Rees, L. M. Fink, and D. English, Transfusion 23, 512 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. R. Virmani, L. M. Fink, K. Gunter, and D. English, Transfusion 24, 343 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. R. Bucala, M. Kawakami, and A. Cerami, Science 220, 965 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. A. D. Bollands and K. C. Lowe, Biotechnol. Lett. 11, 265 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. R. L. Janco, R. Virmani, P. J. Morris, and K. Gunter, Transfusion 25, 578 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. T. A. Lane and G. E. Lamkin, Blood 64, 400 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. L. E. McCoy, C. A. Becker, T. H. Goodin, and M. I. Barnhart, Scanning Electron Microsc. 16, 311 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  84. A. K. Bajaj, M. A. Cobb, R. Virmani, J. C. Gray, R. T. Light, and M. B. Forman, Circulation 79, 645 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. R. D. Bell, J. L. Osterholm, S. W Duckett, K. Anderchek, P. L. Gorsuch, and L. A. Schneider, in: Cerebrovascular Diseases (M. D. Ginsberg and W. D. Dietrich, eds.), pp. 265–271, Raven Press, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  86. A. J. Triolo, J. L. Osterholm, G. M. Alexander, R. D. Bell, and G. D. Frazer, Neurosurgery 26, 480 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. R. Virmani, M. B. Forman, and F. D. Kolodgie, Circulation 81 (Suppl. IV), 57 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  88. M. B. Forman, D. A. Ingram, and J. D. Murray, Clin. Hemorheol. 12, 121 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  89. H. V Anderson, D. L. Nelson, P. P. Leimgruber, G. S. Roubin, and A. R. Gruentzig, in: Transfusion Medicine: Recent Technological Advances (K. Murawski and F. Peetoom, eds.), pp. 3–20, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  90. M. Cleman, C. C. Jaffe, and D. Wohlgelernter, Circulation 74, 555 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. C.C. Jaffe, D. Wohlgelernter, H. A. Highman, and M. Cleman, in: Transfusion Medicine: Recent Technological Advances (K. Murawski and F. Peetoom, eds.), pp. 21–27, Liss, New York (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  92. M. J. Cowley, F. R. Snow, G. DiSciascio, K. Kelly, C. Guard, and J. V. Nixon, Circulation 81 (Suppl. IV), 27 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  93. K. M. Kent, M. W. Cleman, M. J. Cowley, M. B. Forman, C. C. Jaffe, M. Kaplan, S. B. King, M. W. Krucoff, and T. Lassar, Am. J. Cardiol. 66, 279 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. M. B. Forman, J. M. Perry, B. H. Wilson, M. S. Verani, P. R. Kaplan, F. A. Shawl, and G. C. Friesinger, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 18, 911 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. B. A. Teicher and S. A. Holden, Cancer Treat. Rep. 71, 173 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. S. Rockwell, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 519–531, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  97. R. A. Lustig, C. M. Rose, and N. L. Mclntosh-Lowe, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 511–518, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  98. G. E. Kim and C. W. Song, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol 25, 99 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. B. A. Teicher, N. L. McIntosh-Lowe, and C. M. Rose, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 533–546, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  100. S. A. Holden, T. S. Herman, and B. A. Teicher, Radiother. Oncol. 18, 59 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. M. Guichard, Radiother. Oncol. Suppl. 20, 59 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. D. J. Chaplin, M. R. Horsman, and D. S. Aoki, Br. J. Cancer 63, 109 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. C. Thomas, J. G. Riess, and M. Guichard, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 59, 433 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. B. A. Teicher, Biomat. Art. Cells Immob. Biotechnol. 20, 875 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. B. W. Henderson and T. J. Dougherty, Photochem. Photobiol. 55, 145 (1992).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. R. K. Chowdhary, R. B. Cundall, and C. G. Morgan, Photochem. Photobiol. 51, 395 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. V. H. Fingar, T. S. Mang, and B. W. Henderson, Cancer Res. 48, 3350 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. M. C. Berenbaum, S. L. Akande, F. H. Armstrong, P. K. Bentley. R. Bonnett, R. D. White, and K. C. Lowe, in: Oxygen Transport to Tissue (J. Piiper, T. K. Goldstick, and M. Meyer, eds.), Vol. XII, pp. 277–282, Plenum Press, New York (1990).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  109. K. C. Lowe, S. L. Akande, R. Bonnett, R. D. White, and M. C. Berenbaum, Biomat. Art. Cells Immob. Biotechnol. 20, 925 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. P. M. Joseph, Y. Yuasa, H. L. Kundel, B. Mukherji, and H. A. Sloviter, Invest. Radiol. 20, 504 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. R. F. Mattrey, D. J. Schumacher, H. T. Tran, Q. Guo, and R. B. Buxton, Biomat. Art. Cells Immob. Biotechnol. 20, 917 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. J. E. Fishman, P. M. Joseph, M. J. Carvlin, M. Saadi-Elmandjra, B. Mukherji, and H. A. Sloviter, Invest. Radiol. 24, 65 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. R. F. Mattrey, F. W Scheible, B. R. Gosink, D. M. Long, and C. B. Higgins, Radiology 145, 759 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. N. J. Patronas, J. Hekmatpanah, and K. Doi, J. Neurosurg. 58, 650 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. V. K. Bhutani and T. H. Shaffer, Biol. Neonate 44, 257 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. B. Widjaja, J. Wuthe, A. Schmidt, B. Seitz, and R. Rufer, Res. Exp. Med. 188, 425 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. S. Greenspan, M. R. Wolfson, S. D. Rubenstein, and T. S. Shaffer, J. Pediatr. 117, 106 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. L. C. Clark and F. Gollan, Science 152, 1755 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. J. A. Kylastra, M. O. Tissing, and A. van der Maen, Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Int. Org. 8, 378 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. P. R. Lynch, J. S. Wilson, T. H. Shaffer, and N. Cohen, Undersea Biomed. Res. 10, 1 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. T. H. Shaffer, D. L. Forman, and M. R. Wolfson, Undersea Biomed. Res. 11, 287 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. J. Lutz and G. Herrmann, Pflugers Arch. 401, 174 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. B. D. Spiess, R. J. McCarthy, K. J. Tuman, A. W. Woronowicz, K. A. Tool, and A. D. Ivankovich, Undersea Biomed. Res. 15, 31 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. N. S. Faithfull, J. Klein, H. T. Van Der Zee, and P. J. Salt, Br. J. Anaesth. 56, 867 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. N. S. Faithfull, P. J. Salt, J. Klein, H. Van Der Zee, H. Soini, and W. Erdmann, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 191, 463 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. J. Klein, N. S. Faithfull, P. J. Salt, and A. Trouwborst, Anesth. Analg. 65, 734 (1986).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. C. A. Reindorf, J. Kurantsin-Mills, J. B. Allotey, and O. Castro, Am. J. Hemat. 19, 229 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. V. V. Tuliani, E. A. O’Rear, B. M. Fung, and B. D. Sierra, J. Biomat. Res. 22, 45 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. C. M. Smith, R. P. Hebbel, D. P. Tukey, C. C. Clawson, J. G. White, and G. M. Vercellotti, Blood 69, 1631 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. K. P. W. J. McAdam (ed.), New Strategies in Parasitology, Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  131. S. Chang, H. Lincoff, N. J. Zimmerman, and W. Fuchs, Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 761 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. S. Chang, V. Reppucci, N. J. Zimmerman, M. H. Heinemann, and D. J. Coleman, Ophthalmology 96, 785 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. L. D. Segel, J. L. Ensunsa, and W. A. Boyle, Am. J. Physiol. 252, H349 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. K. Ueda, T. Genda, I. Hirata, M. Shimada, T. Shibata, T. Ueda and R. Omoto, J. Heart Lung Transplant. 11, 646 (1992).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. J. L. Skibba, J. Sonsalla, R. J. Petroff, and P. Denor, Eur. Surg. Res. 17, 301 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. T. E. Felker, D. Gantz, A. M. Tercyak, C. Oliva, S. B. Clark, and D. M. Small, Hepatology 14, 340 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. S. Fuchinoue, K. Takahashi, S. Teraoka, H. Toma, T. Ashishi, and K. Ota, Transplant. Proc. 18, 566 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  138. T. S. Kurki, A. L. Harjula, L. J. Heikkila, A. L. Lehtola, P. Hammainen, E. Taskinen, and S. P. Mattila, J. Heart Transplant. 9, 424 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. V. P. Malley, D. M. Keyes, and R. G. Postier, J. Surg. Res. 40, 210 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. H. Ohyanagi, O. Ohashi, S. Nakayama, M. Yamamoto, S. Okumura, and Y. Saitoh, in: Blood Substitutes (T. M. S. Chang and R. P. Geyer, eds.), pp. 585–594, Marcel Dekker, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  141. T. Urushihara, K. Suminoto, M. Ikeda, K. Yamanaka, H. Q. Hong, H. Ito, Y. Fukuda, and K. Dohi, Biomat. Art. Cells Immob. Biotech. 75, 227 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  142. C. Chubb and P. Draper, Am. J. Physiol. 248, E432 (1985).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. C. Chubb and P. Draper, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 184, 489 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. A. R. Smith, W. van Alphen, N. S. Faithfull, and M. Fennema, J. Plastic Reconst. Surg. 75, 227 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. A. R. Scialli and G. C. Goeringer, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 26, 507 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. C. Ceschlin, M. C. Malet-Martino, G. Michel, and A. Lattres, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 300 Ser. III, 669 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lowe, K.C. (1994). Properties and Biomedical Applications of Perfluorochemicals and Their Emulsions. In: Banks, R.E., Smart, B.E., Tatlow, J.C. (eds) Organofluorine Chemistry. Topics in Applied Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1202-2_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1202-2_27

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1204-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1202-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics