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Pulmonary Infections Caused by Haemophilus influenzae

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Pulmonary Infections and Immunity

Part of the book series: Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis ((IAPA))

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Abstract

Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative coccobacillus frequently present as part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract, but it may cause a wide variety of infections in children and adults. Under natural conditions, humans are the only known hosts of H. influenzae. Of fundamental importance to the understanding of infections caused by H. influenzae is the recognition that isolates may be nontypable (unencapsulated) or may elaborate one of six polysaccharide capsules designated types a through f. Encapsulated strains expressing type b capsular polysaccharide (a polymer of ribosylribitol phosphate) cause infections primarily in children younger than 6 years old and are responsible for most cases of systemic infection with H. influenzae. The most common systemic infection is meningitis, but epiglottitis, bacteremic cellulitis, septic arthritis, and pneumonia are also frequently seen. Nontypable H. influenzae are commonly resident flora in the pharynx of both children and adults. Although they are not usually the cause of infection with bacteremia, they are important etiologic agents of otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, and puerperal infection. Both encapsulated and unencapsulated H. influenzae may cause pulmonary infection.

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  1. Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children’s Hospital of Long Island Jewish Medical Center, Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New Hyde Park, New York, 11042, USA

    Lorry G. Rubin

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  1. St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, New Jersey, USA

    Herman Chmel

  2. University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Mauro Bendinelli

  3. University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA

    Herman Friedman

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Rubin, L.G. (1994). Pulmonary Infections Caused by Haemophilus influenzae . In: Chmel, H., Bendinelli, M., Friedman, H. (eds) Pulmonary Infections and Immunity. Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1063-9_4

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